低频循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变的Burgers模型分析

为了研究盐岩在低频循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性,采用恒轴压、循环围压的应力加载方式对盐岩开展了低频循环荷载蠕变试验。试验结果显示,当蠕变时间较短时,盐岩轴向蠕变曲线近似为平滑曲线,波动性不大;当时间增加到一定程度以后,盐岩变形随围压变化而发生明显的波动。总体来看,循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变曲线与Burgers模型蠕变曲线较为相似。将Burgers模型分解为Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型,忽略材料的疲劳效应,分别推导了恒轴压、循环围压应力加载方式下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程,分析了荷载循环周期对模型蠕变性的影响规律;将循环荷载下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程进行叠加,得到了循环荷载下Burgers模型的轴向蠕变方程,并利用盐岩蠕变试验结果对其合理性进行了验证。结果表明:拟合曲线和试验曲线吻合良好,该模型能够较好地反映盐岩在循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性和荷载变化对盐岩蠕变性的重要影响,特别是能够反映出不同荷载循环周期下盐岩变形随荷载变化而发生的明显的波动现象。     

冻土-混凝土接触面动剪强度研究

为了研究冻土-混凝土接触面的力学特性,开发了一种低温动荷载直剪仪,它是在普通直剪仪框架的基础上,安装了动力加载系统和温度控制系统。该装置能够保证在负温条件下对冻土进行动荷载直剪试验,从而测定冻土的动力学参数。为了研究寒区冻土与混凝土构筑物的相互作用,使用该仪器进行了一系列的多因素接触面动直剪试验,试验结果表明了冻土-混凝土接触面在动荷载作用下的行为特征,多因素对比试验则揭示了接触面动剪强度的影响因素和变化规律。     

采用有厚度接触单元对桩基沉降的研究

选用描述桩土接触面特性的有厚度接触面本构模型与土塑性特点的弹塑性本构模型, 利用研制的二维有限元程序, 研究了在荷载作用下桩的几何特征、物理特性与土及接触面的物理特性对桩基沉降的影响, 得出了几点规律性的结论。     

循环荷载下土体变形特性研究

为研究循环荷载下土体变形特性,基于已有的分数阶黏壶构建循环荷载下分数阶黏壶,并将其替换为西原模型黏塑性体中的常值黏壶,建立了可描述循环荷载下土体变形规律的分数阶西原模型。当循环荷载应力幅值大于土体临界应力幅值时,模型为反映土体破坏型变形规律的分数阶西原模型;反之,则为反映土体稳定型、临界型变形规律的广义Kelvin模型。采用应力分解法,将循环荷载分解为一个静力荷载和一个平均应力值为0的循环荷载,基于流变力学理论给出了静力作用下基于该模型的流变本构方程,再根据黏弹性力学理论构建了交变应力作用下基于该模型的动态响应本构方程,将已获得的土体流变本构方程与动态响应本构方程叠加,得到新的土体本构方程。结果表明:与既有的试验结果相比,基于分数阶西原模型所建立的本构方程可较好描述循坏荷载下土体各种类型的变形特征,对土体各类型变形曲线的拟合效果较好,拟合系数均在0.90以上,且模型参数值随循环荷载动应力幅值的增大而以幂函数形式减小。     

循环荷载下饱和软黏土的动骨干曲线模型研究

通过饱和软黏土室内不排水动三轴试验,研究了循环周次和动应力幅值对土体动力特性的影响。结果表明,在循环荷载作用下,随着循环周次的增加,土体均存在不同程度的刚度软化现象。根据动应力幅值大小的不同,循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的动应变发展形态可分为3种类型:稳定型、破坏型和临界型。根据动应力-应变关系曲线特点,提出了含动应力幅值、固结围压和循环周次等影响因素的动骨干曲线模型。该模型所得的拟合值与试验值比较吻合。与传统骨干曲线模型相比,该模型能够体现土体在循环荷载作用下的刚度软化特性,更加切合实际。     

考虑桩-土非线性接触的自平衡桩基测试有限元分析

自平衡桩基测试由于不受场地限制,在桥梁桩基检测和水上试桩领域得到较为广泛应用,但由于自身承受荷载机理、桩土相互作用与传统桩基静载测试不同,目前其实际应用仍然存在一些问题,因此需要在自平衡加载方式下建立合理数值模型来为进一步理论分析奠定模型基础。在考虑桩体非线性接触面基础上,研究了决定非线性接触性质的摩擦系数计算原则及相关模型参数取值,基于ANSYS接触面单元建立了自平衡桩基有限元模型,以武汉工程为依托,与实测结果进行对比,结果表明基于接触面单元建立的自平衡桩基模型具有更高的精确度,能够很好反映真实荷载作用下上下段桩位移曲线图。     

采用有厚度接触对桩基沉降的研究

选用刻画桩土接触面特性的有厚度接触面本构模型与土塑性特点的弹塑性本构工效的利用研制的二维有限元程序,研究了在荷载作用下桩的几何特征,物理特性与土的物理特性及接触面物理特性对桩基沉降的影响,得出了几点规律。     

考虑循环软化特性的饱和软土弹塑性本构关系研究

将软化指数关系与非等向硬化模量场理论相结合,研究了可描述循环荷载作用下饱和软土软化特性的增量弹塑性模型。该模型借助硬化模量的插值和映射中心的移动,在偏应力空间中构造硬化模量的演化规则;通过在弹塑性模量插值函数中引入初始弹塑性模量软化系数,模拟循环荷载作用下软土的刚度软化特性;通过引入硬化模量调整系数,增强循环加载时应力-应变曲线的滞回特性;再通过引入反映应变累积速率和大小的模型参数,描述循环加载时软土的应变累积特性。利用Idriss提出的指数关系式近似拟合软化系数随应力循环次数的变化关系,并通过引入循环应力参数建立了循环软化系数与静应力水平和循环应力水平的关系。阐述了确定模型参数的方法,并利用模型预测了相关试验结果,通过预测结果与试验结果的对比,验证了该模型描述循环荷载作用下软土软化特性的可行性。     

温控桩-土接触面三轴试验系统研制与验证

为探讨温度对桩?土接触面力学性质的影响,自主研制了一套温控桩?土接触面三轴试验仪。基于常规土工三轴仪压力腔,搭建桩?土接触面构件,分别增设桩体和土体温度控制系统,实现非等温条件下桩?土接触面热力耦合特性测试。开展了不同类型、温度荷载等级下桩?砂土接触面热?力耦合特性三轴试验,实测了桩体与土体温度控制精度、桩?土接触面剪切应力、不排水条件下的孔隙水压力以及排水条件下的体积变化等规律,初步验证了试验系统的可靠性和准确性。该试验系统结构简单、拆装方便,可实现温控桩?土接触面三轴试验与常规/温控三轴试验的自由切换。相关研究成果将为桩?土接触面热?力耦合机制与本构模型的建立提供技术支撑。     

软黏土在循环荷载作用下动力本构模型的研究

针对软黏土在循环荷载作用下的变形特性,即几乎不存在纯弹性变形阶段及应变趋于零时仍存在能量耗散,结合软土地铁车站振动台模型试验中对饱和软黏土进行的动三轴试验,利用边界面模型理论建立了软黏土的黏弹塑性动力本构模型。并进一步利用该模型对自由场振动台试验进行数值模拟计算,计算与试验的结果基本吻合。该本构模型可用于循环荷载作用下软黏土的动力响应分析。     

A two-mechanism soil–structure interface model for three-dimensional cyclic loading

A three-dimensional (3D) soil–structure interface model is proposed within the two-mechanism constitutive theory and bounding surface theory originally established for soils. The proposed model has two main characteristics: first, the model is formulated based on two different and superposed deformation mechanisms. The first mechanism is due to the stress ratio increment, and the second is due to the normal stress increment. Each mechanism induces a shear strain component and a normal strain component. The proposed model can be reduced to the conventional single-mechanism interface model. Second, the plastic modulus and stress dilatancy are defined using the bounding surface theory. The plastic flow rule under cyclic loading is modified and assumed to be dependent on both the stress state of the mapping point and the stress reversal loading direction. The proposed model was validated against the available 3D interface tests and was found to satisfactorily reflect the salient features of the interfaces under monotonic and cyclic loading paths with different normal boundaries. The problem in which the elastic normal stiffness in conventional single-mechanism interface models is often underestimated to enhance the simulation performance under varying normal stress conditions is solved by incorporating the second mechanism. And the effect of the second mechanism on the modeling behavior is discussed. The modified plastic flow direction accurately simulates the 3D cyclic shear response, and the difference between the model simulation and test result increases with the number of cycles by use of the plastic flow direction defined in conventional bounding surface theory.     

Numerical simulation of the effect of interface friction of a bounding structure on shear deformation in a granular soil

Recently, the shear behavior of a cohesionless granular strip that is in contact with a very rough surface of a moving bounding structure has been numerically investigated by several authors by using a micropolar hypoplastic continuum model. It was shown that the micropolar boundary conditions assumed along the interface have a strong influence on the deformations within the granular layer. In previous investigations, only interface friction angles for very rough bounding structures were assumed. In contrast, the focus of the present paper is on the influence of the interface roughness on the deformation behavior of the granular strip when the interface friction angle is lower than the peak friction angle of the granular material. In addition to the interface friction angle, particular attention is also paid to the influence of the mean grain diameter, the solid hardness, the initial void ratio, and the vertical stress on the maximum horizontal shear displacement within the granular layer before sliding is started. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

边界面模型在FLAC3D中的开发及验证

利用FLAC3D程序提供的二次开发平台UDM在VC++编译环境下实现了一基于修正剑桥模型的简化边界面模型的开发。介绍了边界面模型的基本原理,并给出了开发关键技术和具体实施方法。通过三轴加卸载试验、不排水静三轴试验、不排水动三轴试验等几种数值试验与修正剑桥模型进行了对比研究。计算结果验证了所开发的边界面模型的正确性及相对修正剑桥模型的优越性。     

堆石料三维边界面模型在FLAC3D中的开发与验证

堆石料三维边界面模型结合了统一非线性强度准则,可以反映三维应力空间堆石料的应变硬化、软化以及体积收缩和剪胀等传统本构模型难以反映的力学特性。基于三维边界面模型的基本理论,通过FLAC3D提供的二次开发平台,在VC++环境下实现了三维边界面本构模型的二次开发,并给出基于FLAC3D程序的边界面本构模型开发的关键步骤、编程要点和调试方法。利用开发的本构模型,开展了三轴压缩试验的数值模拟计算,并与理论值进行了对比分析。结果表明,嵌入在FLAC3D中的三维边界面本构模型能够较好地反映设定试验条件下的材料性能,而且三维边界面本构模型模型参数简单,都可从常规三轴试验获得,从而验证了三维边界面模型二次开发程序的优越性与合理性。     

循环荷载作用下黏土改进边界面模型

为克服边界面模型应用不便、不能反映卸载过程中土体的弹塑性性质的缺陷,提出了一个循环荷载作用下可考虑弹塑性加、卸载过程的重塑黏土改进边界面模型。模型采用了简单的边界面形式,可大大简化该模型理论的推导与计算;采取了不预先定义边界面大小的方式,有效地降低了改进边界面模型在应用过程中的经验性;加入边界面胀缩规则,使模型可考虑土样卸载过程中的弹塑性性质,进而可反映土样的滞回特性。通过对重塑黏土进行循环三轴数值模拟试验,并与真实试验结果进行对比分析,验证了改进边界面模型的合理性和有效性。数值验证结果表明,改进边界面模型具有物理意义明确、参数易于确定、形式相对简单的特点,且该模型计算精度较高,计算结果与试验结果吻合得较好。     

湛江海域结构性软土的边界面损伤模型研究

鉴于天然软土普遍具有结构性的特点,为了考虑软土结构性的逐渐破损过程,提出反映结构损伤的损伤参量。在边界面理论的弹塑性模量中直接引入损伤函数,建立结构性软土的边界面损伤模型,避免了在边界面方程中引入损伤变量带来的复杂性,易于在土工数值分析时采用。将理论预测与某海洋软土三轴排水与不排水剪切试验结果比较,显示了该模型的合理性。     

Sensitive bounding surface constitutive model for structured clay

The main purpose of the paper is to present a relatively simple, yet realistic, constitutive model for simulations of structured sensitive clays. The proposed constitutive model can simulate 1‐D and isotropic consolidation, and drained and undrained shear response of sensitive structured clay. The proposed sensitive bounding surface model is based on concepts from the modified Cam clay model 8 and bounding surface plasticity 27 , with the addition of a simple degradation law. The key material parameters are M, λ, κ, and ν from the modified Cam clay framework, h from the bounding surface framework to model a smoothed elasto‐plastic transition, and ω_v, ω_q, and S_sr to model softening associated with destructuration. The model has separate parameters to model destructuration caused by volumetric strain and deviatoric strain. The model is capable of modeling unusual behavior of strain softening during 1‐D compression (i.e., a reduction of effective stress as void ratio decreases). A good match between test results and the model simulation is demonstrated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of yielding and stress–stain behavior of shanghai soft clay

In this paper, a simple bounding surface plasticity model is used to reproduce the yielding and stress–strain behavior of the structured soft clay found at Shanghai of China. A series of undrained triaxial tests and drained stress probe tests under isotropic and anisotropic consolidation modes were performed on undisturbed samples of Shanghai soft clay to study the yielding characteristics. The degradation of the clay structure is modeled with an internal variable that allows the size of the bounding surface to decay with accumulated plastic strain. An anisotropic tensor and rotational hardening law are introduced to reflect the initial anisotropy and the evolution of anisotropy. Combined with the isotropic hardening rule, the rotational hardening rule and the degradation law are incorporated into the bounding surface formulation with an associated flow rule. Validity of the model is verified by the undrained isotropic and anisotropic triaxial test and drained stress probe test results for Shanghai soft clay. The effects of stress anisotropy and loss of structure are well captured by the model.