Fatty acids of the mud skipper boleophthalmus boddaerti

The fatty acid composition of the body and the liver lipids of Boleophthalmus boddaerti, a mud skipper fish belonging to the Gobiidae family, have been determined by argentation column chromatography (a.c.c.) and gas-liquid chromatography (g.l.c.). The levels of 20:5ω3 (ca 14%), a biologically important fatty acid, was found to be considerably high. Other major component acids were, 16:0, 18:0, 16:1, 18:1, 20:3ω9, 22:5ω3 and 22:6ω3. Besides, a large number of minor components were identified and estimated. The liver lipid contained unusually high levels (ca 90%) of non-saponifiables.     

Fatty acids of a whitefish (Coregonus albula) flesh lipids

Using gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods 50 fatty acid components of the flesh lipids of a fresh-water whitefish have been examined in detail. The total lipids represented, on average, 3.0% of the wet weight of whitefish fillets. Saturated, monoenoic and polyenoic fatty acids were present in proportions of 31.4, 22.4 and 44.2%, respectively. About half of the total saturated acids was composed of palmitic acid (16:0, 16.1 %), which is generally abundant in fish lipids. The proportion of saturated iso- and anteiso-acids was 2.9%. The major monoenoic acid was oleic acid (18:1,ω9 10.6%), whereas the monoenoic C₂₀-acids were present only in minor amounts and the monenoic C₂₂-acids were not detected at all. The polyenoic fatty acids were predominantly of ω3 series with docosahexaenoic (22:6ω3, 9.4%) and cicosapentaenoic (20:5ω3, 7.7%) acids as the major components. Linoleic (18:2ω6), linolenic (18:3ω3), octadecatetraenoic (18:4ω3) and arachidonic (20:4ω6) acids were also present in remarkable proportions each amounting to about 4.5% of the total fatty acids.     

Fatty acids of the lipids of murrels

The fatty acid composition of the body, liver and visceral lipids of four species of murrel, has been determined by argentation column fractionation and gas-liquid chromatography (g.l.c.). Levels of 20:4ω6 (ca 7–22%) unusually high for fish, occur in the majority of lipids analysed. Other predominant components were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2ω6, 18:3ω3, 22:4ω6, 22:5ω6, 22:5ω3 and 22:6ω3.     

Nutrient composition of the marine snail (Hexaplex trunculus) from the Tunisian Mediterranean coasts

BACKGROUND: Marine snail (Hexaplex trunculus) presents increasing nutritional, commercial and economical importance, being widely consumed in northern Africa, particularly in Mediterranean countries. From a nutritional point of view there is still limited information on the chemical composition of edible tissues (meat and hepatopancreas) of this species. Therefore, the aims of the present work were to study the proximate chemical composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles of H. trunculus from the Tunisian Mediterranean coasts. RESULTS: Fatty acid profiles showed that the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content is higher than the saturated fatty acids (SFA). The yields of PUFA and SFA present in the meat fat were 68.2% and 33.4% of the total fatty acids, respectively. Similar values were obtained in the hepatopancreatic lipidic fraction. Snail tissues contain valuable concentrations of PUFA, especially n‐6 and n‐3 with chain lengths of 20 and 22 carbons. All edible tissues were valuable sources of essential amino acids. Aspartic acid is the major amino acids present in the meat and hepatopancreas. The concentrations of nutrients were also determined in the hepatopancreas and meat of H. trunculus. Significantly high concentrations of minerals and trace elements were found in these tissues. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that H. trunculus is an important source of protein and essential amino acids. Furthermore, the snail lipidic fraction contains high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids benefical for human health. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Lipids and of fatty acids of edible crabs of the north-western Pacific

Analyses of lipids and fatty acids in muscles and hepatopancreas of five commercially exploited crabs inhabiting the Sea of Japan and the Okhotsk Sea, namely Paralithodes camtschaticus, Paralithodes platypus, Chionoecetes opilio, Chionoecetes angulatus and Chionoecetes japonicus, have been carried out. The total lipid level (TL) in muscles ranged from 0.53% of wet weight (ww) to 1.57% of ww and the amount of phospholipids exceeded that of triglycerides. The TL contents in the hepatopancreas of all crabs were higher than in muscles and varied between 10.2% ww in C. angulatus and 19.8% ww in P. platypus, the major class of lipids being triglycerides. The main polar lipids in the hepatopancreas and muscles were phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Among polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the n-3 fatty acids have dominated; 16:0, 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were the main fatty acids contained in the tissues studied. In all the crabs, excluding C. angulatus, the PUFAs n-3/n-6 ratio in muscles varied between 7.02 and 10.3 while, in the hepatopancreas, the ratio varied between 4.00 and 6.62.     

Fatty acid profile and mineral content of the wild snail (Helix pomatia) from the region of the south of the Turkey

AbstractThe fatty acid and mineral compositions in the flesh of wild snail (Helix pomatia) collected in the region of Cukurova in Turkey were evaluated. Proximate analysis of snails showed that they are rich in protein (18%) and low in lipid (0.49%). The main fatty acids detected were C16:0 (12%) C18:0 (19%), C22:0 (7%), C18:1 n–9 (17%), C18:2 n–6 (16%) and C20:2 n–11.14c (10%). The total SFA, MUFA and PUFA content of lipids were 37.87, 19.65 and 25.83% of total fatty acids, respectively. The major minerals found were Ca, P, K, Mg and Na. However, Fe, Mn and Zn contents of snail meat are less than 2 mg/100 g. The results of this study have showed that snails are good sources of protein and minerals.     

Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds of Guizotia Cass (Compositae)

Seeds of Guizotia abyssinica and wild Guizotia were analysed for oil content and fatty acid composition by multisequential and gas chromatographic methods, respectively. The oil content of G abyssinica ranged from 416 to 436 g kg^-1 (weight per kg dry matter of seeds) and that of the wild Guizotia taxa from 214 to 328 g kg^-1. Two unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic (54·3–72·8, weight percent of total oil) and oleic (5·4–26·8% of oil by wt) and two saturated fatty acids (palmitic (7·8–10%) and stearic (5·5–8·1%)) were about 91–97% of the fatty acids present. Palmitoleic, linolenic, arachidic, eicosenoic, behenic, erucic and lignoceric acids constituted about 2–3%. An unidentified fatty acid, probably an epoxy form of C: 20 or C: 22, has been found in all the materials and it was 1·1–6·6%. Total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were about 74–84% and 15–20%, respectively. Differentiation in fatty acid composition between the taxa is too small to be of taxonomic use. It is inferred that when gene transfer is desired hybridisation between the wild and cultivated taxa may not affect the oil quality of the latter and the oils of the wild taxa are possibly safe for human consumption. © 1997 SCI.     

Phospholipids of marine origin—the squid (Loligo vulgaris)

Squid (Loligo vulgaris) was found to contain 25 g kg^?1 lipids of which approximately 75% were phospholipids. The phospholipids were shown to consist of phosphatidylcholine (56% of total phospholipids), phosphatidylethanolamine (29%), phosphatidylserine (2%), phosphatidylinositol (2%). sphingomyelin (5%), lyso-phosphatidylcholine(3%) and the unusual lipid ceramide aminoethylphosphonic acid (3%). The major saturated fatty acid in both phospholipids and non-phosphorylated lipid was C16:0 (26% and 21%, respectively, of total fatty acids), while the major unsaturated fatty acid in both lipid fractions was C22:6n-3 (34% and 23%, respectively) followed by C20:5n-3 (14% in both lipids).     

Analysis of the composition and concentration of fatty acids in transgenic soybean (cp4-epsps1) oil

The transgenic and non-transgenic soybean seeds oils were extracted and the composition and concentration of the fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Sixteen different fatty acids were detected in both transgenic and non-transgenic soybean oil: C14:0, C16:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C20:1, C20:2, C22:0, C20:5, C22:1, C24:0 and C22:6. The concentration of 12 of 16 fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, C18:1, C18:2, C20:0, C20:1, C20:2, C22:0, C20:5, C22:1, C24:0 and C22:6) in transgenic soybean oil were higher than those in non-transgenic one (P < 0.05). The concentration of C17:0 and C18:3 were lower than those in non-transgenic one (P < 0.05). The total fatty acids concentration increases by 12.6 % (P < 0.01). The degree of saturation of transgenic soybean oil increased from 58.7 to 69.8 % (P < 0.01). All the data above show that the insertion of foreign genes can change the concentration of fatty acids in plant oil. The mechanism for these changes should be studied.     

Evaluating nutritional quality of pacific fish species from fatty acid signatures

Eight fish species common to the Pacific Northwest coastal waters were categorised according to total lipids in a ranking from lean fish (e.g. walleye pollock) to oily fish (e.g. herring) species. Comprehensive fatty acid signatures were compared on both the relative proportion of total fatty acids and the proportion of total carcass lipid content. Generally, fish species from the Pacific coast had a relatively high proportion of n-3 highly polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFAs), of which more than 80% was accounted for by C20:5n-3 (EPA) and C22:6n-3 (DHA), with species-specific and lower proportions of oleic acid (C18:1n-9) and palmitic acid (C16:0) also dominating. The MUFA contents of fish were lower (P < 0.05) in the lipids of lean and low-fat fish compared to those of fattier species. In contrast, higher (P < 0.05) proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) existed in the low-fat species with DHA contents ranging from 18% to 29% in the low-fat fish and from 8% to 10% in the fattier fish, such as herring and capelin. Expressing the same fatty acid content data in terms of absolute amount of fatty acids (e.g. gFA/100 g wet tissue) showed that both EPA and DHA contents in the flesh of pollock and hake were indeed many fold lower than those found in fatty fish, such as herring. The findings confirm that it is important that both the total lipid content and the fatty acid composition of these Pacific fish food sources be considered when making evaluations on the nutritional quality.     

Proximate composition and selected mineral content of commercially important fish species from the black sea

Proximate composition, selected mineral (Zn, Fe, Cd, As, Hg, Pb, Ni, Cu) content and fatty acid profiles were determined in some widely consumed fish species obtained from the Black Sea. All fish species analysed individually were fairly high in protein (14·1–25·1%) and lipid (7·4–18·4%). Moisture and ash content varied within a narrow range. The mineral content was highly variable. The most abundant microelements in fish were Zn and Fe followed by Cu, and the remaining elements were present in amounts below toxic levels. Eight fatty acids (16: 0, 16:1, n-7, 18: 0, 18:1 n-9, 18: 2 n-6, 20:1 n-9, 20: 5 n-3, 22: 6 n-3) represented more than 60% of the fatty acid content. Saturated fatty acids ranged from 25·8 to 45·1%. Anchovy and whiting contained almost 35% of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exceeded that of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in almost all the fish species examined, and the actual content of these acids has shown that sprat, whiting, garfish, red mullet, shad and sea bream provide the recommended daily intake of 1 g of EPA+DHA with reasonable amounts of fillet. These results indicate that biological differences existing in fish species can influence the values to be set for the standards and composition. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Manipulation of fatty acid composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets with flaxseed oil

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most consumed species among freshwater fish reared in Brazil. However, studies show low levels of n‐3 fatty acids in freshwater fish reared in captivity in comparison with those reared in their natural habitats. The Nile tilapia used in this study were raised in captivity for a period of 5 months and fed varying amounts (0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5%) of flaxseed oil as a substitute for sunflower oil (control). No significant differences (P > 0.05) in total lipid (TL) content were found between fillets of tilapia fed the different diets. TL analysis of fatty acid methyl esters by capillary gas chromatography revealed a total of 50 components common to all treatments studied. The major fatty acids present were linoleic acid (18:2n‐6), oleic acid (18:1n‐9) and palmitic acid (16:0). All treatments led to significant % increases in α‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3). Increases in both total n‐3 fatty acids and total polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed concomitantly with decreases in total n‐6 fatty acids, resulting in increases in n‐3/n‐6 ratio, with increasing level of flaxseed oil in the feed. Thus feed supplementation with flaxseed oil contributed greatly to raising the nutritional lipid value of Nile tilapia fillets. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fatty acid composition of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896) in the north eastern Mediterranean

The fatty acid composition in muscle (claw and breast) and hepatopancreas of the Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus ) of the north-east Mediterranean were determined. Fatty acid compositions were analysed by gas chromatography. The results showed that the fatty acid profiles were significantly different between claw meat, breast meat and hepatopancreas of the crab. The percentage of total saturated fatty acids was higher in the hepatopancreas than in the claw or breast meats. The total n6 fatty acids were 8.61%, 7.80% and 5.34% in the hepatopancreas, claw meat and breast meat, respectively. The claw and breast meats contained significantly (P<0.05) higher amounts of total n3 fatty acids than did the hepatopancreas. The n3/n6 fatty acids ratio was higher in the breast meat than in the claw meat or the hepatopancreas.It is concluded that claw and breast meat are good sources of n3 PUFAs. Therefore, the results suggest that claw and breast meat of the blue crab are appropriate for human health.     

Phospholipids of marine origin. The lantern fish (Lampanyctodes hectoris)

Lantern fish of the species Lampanyctodes hectoris were shown to contain phospholipids (10 g kg^?1) and non-phosphorylated lipids (140 g kg^?1). The phospholipid fraction consisted of phosphatidyl choline (47% of total phospholipids), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (42%), phosphatidyl serine (3%), phosphatidyl inositol (1%), sphingomyelin (4%), lyso-phosphatidyl choline (1%) and cardiolipins (2%). Lantern fish (L hectoris) meals normally contain unacceptably high lipid contents (150 g kg^?1 and over); this characteristic was found not to be due to a high phospholipid level in the lantern fish. The major fatty acid of the phospholipids was C22:6n-3 (25% total fatty acids) followed by C16:0 (18%), C18:ln-9 (16%) and C20:5n-3 (8%). This distribution was different from that of the non-phosphorylated lipids where the major fatty acid was C16:0 (21%) followed by C18:ln-9 (19%), C20:5n-3 (11%), C20:l (7%) and C22:6n-3 (7%). The lantern fish press oil and residual meal lipids had fatty acid distributions similar to those of the non-phosphorylated lipids.     

Amino acid and fatty acid compositions and nutritional quality of muscle in the pomfret, Pampus punctatissimus

The pomfret, Pampus punctatissimus, is an important fisheries resource in China, but little is known about its amino acid and fatty acid compositions. Pomfret muscle contained 18.6% crude protein and 4.95% crude fat. Pomfret protein has a well-balanced amino acid composition, with high amounts of glutamic acid (114 mg/g), lysine (82.8 mg/g), leucine (76.7 mg/g), and aspartic acid (76.0 mg/g). Twenty two fatty acids were found in pomfret oil and saturated fatty acids were the most abundant (48.3%). Palmitic acid (16:0) was the dominant fatty acid, followed by oleic acid (18:1), DHA (22:6n-3), myristic acid (14:0) and stearic acid (18:0), with percentages of 30.5, 26.3, 12.2, 7.37 and 6.86, respectively. The ratio of n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was 8.04; thus, pomfret muscle is rich in n-3 PUFA.     

Differentiation of Cultured and Wild Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) Based on Fatty Acid Composition

Sturgeon species have attracted interest for aquaculture due to high value of the flesh, caviar and wild stock depletion. Lipid was extracted from sturgeon muscle using the Bligh and Dyer procedure. Fatty acids from total lipid were methylated using boron-trifluoride in methanol. Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography as weight %. The fatty acid profiles of lipids were different between cultured and wild sturgeon. Wild sturgeon had higher levels of 16:0, 16:1ω7, 18:1ω9, 22: 4ω6 and 22:5ω6. Cultured fish had higher levels of 18:2ω6, C20 and C22 monoenes, 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3. Stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) was used to develop a mathematical model to distinguish the two populations; the levels of 16:2ω6, 22:5ω6 and phytanic acid accurately identified the two fish populations.     

Seasonal Changes in Lipid Composition of Sardine (Sardina pilchardus)

Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) lipids have important nutritional characteristics because of their high level of ω3 fatty acids. Studies of the lipid composition of this pelagic species, studies were carried out monthly during one year. Total lipids ranged between 1.2% and 18.4% (w/w). The nonpolar lipids were dominant, mainly composed of triacylglycerols and highest in the fatty season. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were the principal polar lipids. They were both high in ω3 polyenoic fatty acids mainly 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3. PC and PE were isolated and their fatty acid profiles determined; PE was higher in 22:6ω3 than PC.     

Fatty acid composition of green crab (Carcinus mediterraneus) from the Tunisian mediterranean coasts

Green crab (Carcinus mediterraneus) was analysed for proximate and fatty acid composition. The yields of crab claw meat and hepatopancreas were 24.9–26.1% and 8.8–9.2%, respectively. Crude protein (NX6.25) and crude fat contents of crab claw meat were 17.8–18.2% and 0.85–1%, respectively, on a dry weight basis, while those of hepatopancreas were 13–14% and 21.8–22.7%, respectively. The fatty acid (FA) profiles were significantly different between claw meat, and hepatopancreas of the crab. The percentage of total saturated fatty acids was higher in the hepatopancreas (25.15–26.24% of total FAs) than in the claw meat (22.58–23.49% of total FAs). The main saturated fatty acids were palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0). Palmitic acid represented 11.5–12.45% and 11–11.5% of the total FAs in the hepatopancreas and in the claw meat, respectively. The percentages of stearic acid were 7.8–8.3% and 7–7.3% in the hepatopancreas and in the claw meat, respectively. Meanwhile, oleic acid (18:1) was the dominant monounsaturated fatty acid which represents 16.15–16.85% and 15.4–15.7% of the hepatopancreas and the claw meat total FAs, respectively. The dominant PUFA was arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) in both claw meat and hepatopancreas. The content of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) was higher in the hepatopancreas (13–13.5%) than in the claw meat (10.5–11.8%).     

Fatty acid composition of the lipids of the mantle and liver of cephalopod mollusks

The authors studied tissue lipids of flesh and liver of squids, the most important industrial objects in the Far East basin. Among them there were Todarodes pacificus, Ommastrephes bartrami, Berrytenthis magester, Sepia officinalis. Total lipids in flesh fluctuated from 0.50 to 2.61%. The liver of all squid species contains from 15.00 to 54.6% of lipids. The sum of lipids in the cuttlefish liver is from 5.43 to 12.30%. Lipids in edible tissues contain high amounts (50-55%) of phospholipids and monoglycerides. The following saturated fatty acids (SFA) prevail: C16:0 (from 14.68 to 28.64%). C14:0 (from 0.24 to 2.23%), C12:0 (from 0.25 to 2.82%). The cuttlefish lipids are characterized by the highest level of monounsaturated fatty acids: C16:1 (10.51%). C22:1 (13.59%). The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids of Bartram and Comandor squids and cuttlefish comprises 47.59-49.84%. C20:5 (5.40-20.20%) promotes a normal functioning of the cardiovascular system. The level of SFA in the Bartram squid liver lipids is more than 2 times lower (33.28/14.17) than in the tissue lipids, while in the Pacific Ocean (17.59/13.23), Comandor (39.20/30.71) squids and cuttlefish (20.39/17.82) they are at about the same level. The lipids of Comandor squid liver contain 22.98% of C16:0. The levels of the following acids are especially high: C18:1 (5.66-25.18%), C16:1 (1.49-20.32%), C22:1 (2.49-8.69%), C22:5 (4.13-6.83%), C20:5 (6.16-10.68%), C22:6 (3.10-10.18%), C20:4 (2.4-22.06%).     

The fatty acid composition of the main phospholipid fractions of the rumen and abomasum tissues of foetal and adult sheep

The fatty acid composition has been determined on phosphatidyl choline, phos-phatidyl ethanolamine and sphingomyelin fractions earlier isolated from the rumen and abomasum tissues of foetal and of adult Romney sheep. The major proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids was found in the phosphatidyl ethanolamine (17 to 43%) fraction and this was reduced in the phosphatidyl choline (7 to 25%) and sphingomyelin (1 to 4%) fractions. These features are in keeping with the results for mammalian tissues generally. The phosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions were further characterised by the low content of palmitic acid (<8%) compared with 25 to 30 % in the phosphatidyl choline fractions and 29 to 52% in the sphingomyelin fractions and by the occurrence of cyclopropane fatty acids. Consistent with the findings of other workers on mammalian tissues, the sphingomyelin fractions contained a relatively high content (16 to 27%) of higher w-saturated fatty acids including 22:0,23:0,24:0 and 25:0 and of tetracos-14-enoic (24:1 ω9) acid (5 to 16%). The total amounts of acids above C₂₀ tended to vary inversely with the levels of palmitic acid whereas the levels of stearic acid were relatively constant at 13 to 17%. Changes in fatty acid composition with age were generally not marked but the tissues of the foetus were distinguished from those of the foetus were distinguished from those of the adult by their substantial amount of eicosa-5,8,11-trienoic (20:3 ω9) acid together with relatively low contents of linoleic (18:2 ω6) and linolenic (18:3 ω3) acids and to a leser extent by reduced level of acids of the ω3 series. This was particularly reflected by the ratios of ω6/ω3 C₂₀ + C₂₂ acids in the phosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions, the valucs for the foetal rumen and abomasum tissues being 1.03 and 1.07, respectively, compared with corresponding values of 0.78 and 0.72 found in adult sheep. The results are consistent with a requirement for C₂₀ and C₂₂ polyunsaturated acids of the ω3 and ω6 series and some penetration of maternal fatty acids through the placenta. The resemblance between the fatty acid make-up and composition of foetal and maternal phospholipids suggests the possibiligy of transference of intact or lyso-phospholipids from the mother to the foetus through the placenta. However, such a possibility is counter-indicated by consideration of previous work using labelled intermediates and by the mechanism of conversion of linoleic and linolenic acids requiring their CoA derivatives in the formation of the corresponding polyunsaturated C₂₀ + C₂₂ acids. Nevertheless, the sharp cut-off of exogenous maternal fatty acids from the foetal triglycerides and their inclusion in the foetal phospholipids are not readily explainable.