海陆过渡相煤系非常规天然气储层特征及共探共采浅析——以榆社-武乡区块为例

为了更好地揭示海陆过渡相煤系非常规天然气储层特征,服务于非常规天然气共探共采,以榆社-武乡区块煤系地层为研究对象,开展了地层划分与对比及煤层气、页岩气储层特征研究,对煤系非常规天然气共探共采的可行性进行了探讨。结果表明:研究区主力煤层为山西组3号煤层和太原组15号煤层,煤体结构多为原生结构,孔隙度平均12.34%,3号煤层含气量16.48 m~3/t,15号煤层含气量16.90 m~3/t。泥页岩矿物成分以黏土和石英为主,脆性矿物平均质量分数40.48%,TOC质量分数平均2.04%,镜质体反射率R_0>2.0%。孔隙度平均3.80%,渗透率平均0.078×10~(-3)μm~2,含气量平均0.44 m~3/t。煤层气和页岩气在本区具有共探共采的可行性。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界页岩气形成条件及勘探潜力

为了研究鄂尔多斯盆地中生界页岩气的勘探潜力,对鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7段陆相泥页岩开展了有机地球化学测试、扫描电镜及X射线衍射分析、孔渗特征分析等测试工作。结果表明:长7段泥页岩中有机质类型以Ⅰ型~Ⅱ2型为主,有机碳含量分布在0.32%~18.40%,一般大于1.0%;镜质体平均反射率分布在0.54%~1.17%,平均值为0.88%,表明该区中生界泥页岩处于低成熟-成熟阶段,具备页岩气聚集成藏的地质条件。在泥页岩矿物组成方面,石英、长石等脆性矿物的含量介于29.1%~89.6%,平均含量为53.6%,而黏土矿物含量分布在9.1%~65.5%,含量一般低于50%,以伊利石占主导;储集空间包括粒间孔、粒内孔及有机质孔等多种基质孔隙以微裂缝,总体上,该区泥页岩表现为低孔隙度(平均为4.69%)、低微渗透率(平均为0.157×10~(-3)μm~2)的特点。通过与国内外典型页岩相比,鄂尔多斯盆地长7段具有良好的页岩气资源潜力。     

义马地区上古生界页岩气储层特征及有利目标层优选

以钻孔编录为基础查明义马地区上古生界富有机质泥页岩分布特征,利用X衍射、扫描电镜分析、孔渗测试、等温吸附实验等手段,从矿物组成、孔隙结构特征、渗透性和含气性方面展开上古生界页岩气储层特征分析,评价富有机质泥页岩层段生烃条件并优选页岩气有利目标层。研究表明:研究区发育5套富有机质泥页岩层段,平均厚度为7.88~24.80 m,上古生界富有机质泥页岩脆性系数集中分布在40%~60%,纳米-微米级裂缝和粒间-粒内微小孔发育,孔隙度平均2.2%,埋深在1 800 m以浅的富有机质泥页岩渗透率大于0.1×10~(-3)μm~2,吸附气含量为1.15~1.84 m~3/t。优选埋深在600~1 800 m的山2段和山1—太1段为页岩气有利目标层。     

陆相泥页岩储层岩石物理性质及含气性影响因素

川西须五段地层发育大套陆相泥页岩夹砂岩层,泥页岩层含气性较好,具有巨大的页岩气勘探开发潜力;但目前研究程度尚浅。基于该现状,结合大量测试及测井资料,对须五段页岩的物理性质及含气性影响因素进行了综合研究。研究结果表明,须五段陆相泥页岩属富黏土硅质泥页岩相,与美国Fort及Barnett地区潜质页岩具有类似的岩石物理性质。影响须五段页岩含气性的影响因素包括:有机质含量、矿物组成及含量、物性、脆性、气体赋存状态及超压。须五段泥页岩的主要储集空间为有机质孔、矿物晶间孔、溶蚀孔及微裂缝。页岩气含气量与有效孔隙度及气相渗透率均具有较好的正相关性。当页岩中黏土含量35%时,含气性及脆性均较高;随着黏土含量的增加,页岩含气性与脆性间无明显相关性。含气量较高的页岩层具有较高的含气饱和度,须五段陆相泥页岩吸附气含量约占60%,以吸附气为主,表明吸附态是陆相页岩储层中一种重要的气体赋存方式。     

湘中地区中奥陶统烟溪组富有机质页岩地质特征

通过野外地质调查与室内分析测试,对湘中地区中奥陶统富有机质页岩分布、有机地球化学特征、储层特征进行研究,总结湘中地区中奥陶统烟溪组黑色页岩的地质特征。研究结果表明:研究区中奥陶统烟溪组黑色页岩分布广、厚度大(40～160 m),有机碳质量分数较高(0.87%～6.20%),普遍大于2.00%;演化程度处于成熟—过成熟阶段,干酪根类型属于Ⅰ型,页岩生气条件良好;页岩的矿物组成包括石英、长石、方解石、白云石、黏土矿物和少量黄铁矿等,其中脆性矿物质量分数为47%～87%,孔隙类型包括粒间孔、晶间孔、铸模孔、溶蚀孔、有机质孔等,属大孔至毛细孔,孔隙度为3.4%～10.8%,渗透率为(0.003～0.015)×10~(-3)μm~2,平均为0.005×10~(-3)μm~2,与四川盆地东南缘页岩气发现区的相当,具备页岩气形成的地质条件;中奥陶统烟溪组是湖南省页岩气勘探研究的新层位,其中新宁—祁东—宁远地区是有利勘探区。     

黔西南地区龙潭组煤系页岩气勘探前景

黔西南地区龙潭组煤系地层富有机质泥页岩广泛发育,通过野外地质调查、实测剖面、钻井验证以及样品测试等手段,系统分析了上二叠统龙潭组泥页岩分布特征和储层特征。结果表明,研究区龙潭组泥页岩主要形成于海陆过渡相沉积环境,页岩单层厚度较薄、层数多、累计厚度大。泥页岩有机质类型主要以Ⅱ2型为主,Ⅲ型和Ⅱ1型次之,为偏生气型;有机质丰度高,变化范围大,TOC介于0.6%~18.87%之间,平均为4.37%;热演化程度适中,Ro主体介于1.00%~2.50%之间,平均为2.03%,处于高一过成熟阶段,利于干气生成;脆性矿物含量相对较低,平均为37.11%,黏土矿物含量相对较高,平均为48.56%,有利于页岩气的吸附赋存;页岩含气量较高,平均可达到2.4 m~3/t,达到工业开发标准。综上所述,研究区龙潭组页岩具备较好的页岩气勘探前景,可考虑与相邻煤层和致密砂岩实施多目标分段压裂、"三气"合采。     

川东北侏罗系千佛崖组页岩气勘探潜力分析

通过对比国内外页岩气成藏的有利地质条件,分析测试发现川东北侏罗系千佛崖组暗色泥页岩具有埋藏深度适中(3 500～4 000 m),厚度较大,TOC平均质量分数大于1.0%,热演化程度在1.43%～1.62%之间,孔隙度平均为4.08%,渗透率平均为1.106 6×10-3μm2,并且脆性矿物质量分数高等特点,具有良好的页岩气成藏和开发条件,勘探潜力巨大.     

大巴山前缘田坝剖面五峰组-龙马溪组页岩储层特征

为拓展四川盆地五峰组-龙马溪组页岩气勘探地域,以大巴山前缘巫溪县田坝剖面为基础,通过有机地球化学、矿物组分、扫描电镜、比表面积-孔径和等温吸附等方法,对五峰组-龙马溪组页岩储层的各项参数进行研究。结果显示五峰组-龙马溪组硅质泥页岩富含生物化石,按照TOC质量分数2%为优质页岩的划分标准,仅龙马溪组发育优质页岩段,厚54.31m,TOC质量分数平均为3.80%、Rb平均为2.90%、Ro平均为2.28%;TOC与硅质、脆性矿物含量呈反比,与黏土矿物、黄铁矿含量和BJH总孔容呈正比,黏土矿物含量与BJH总孔容呈正比。有机质孔与层间页理缝构成最主要的储集空间,以两端开口的中孔为主,为页岩气的赋存提供了储集空间与渗流通道。TOC与黏土矿物含量共同控制页岩储层微观孔隙结构的发育。储层孔隙度与渗透率稳定,比表面较大,吸附量大,吸附能力强。与焦页1井对比分析,发现巫溪田坝地区龙马溪组页岩具有高TOC、高Rb、高硅质含量、高白云石含量和低长石、低碳酸盐岩、低孔隙度、低渗透率的"四高四低"特征,热演化程度适中,微孔隙-裂缝系统发育,有利于页岩气富集。     

渝东南龙马溪组黑色页岩矿物组成及其页岩气意义

在野外露头和岩心观察描述的基础上,通过扫描电镜和X线衍射对矿物质量分数和毛管压力曲线进行分析,并分析渝东南地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩的矿物学、储层物性、孔喉分布和岩石脆性等特征。研究结果表明:研究区下志留统龙马溪组页岩矿物成分以黏土矿物和石英为主,其中黏土矿物平均质量分数为42.3%,石英平均质量分数为39.2%,其次为长石(平均质量分数为12.6%)、碳酸盐矿物(平均质量分数为5.6%)和黄铁矿(平均质量分数为0.8%),其中脆性矿物质量分数较高,平均质量分数可达58%,岩石脆度平均达45%。下志留统龙马溪组页岩有效孔隙度均值为3.18%,渗透率均值为11.8×10~(-5)μm2,属于低孔低渗的非常规致密储层;页岩中石英质量分数与储层有效孔隙度和渗透率呈正比例关系,而黏土矿物质量分数与有效孔隙度呈弱的正比例关系,与渗透率也呈较弱的反比例关系。     

渝东南龙马溪组页岩气储层物性特征

 页岩气储层的物性特征是决定页岩气开发方案的重要因素。通过对渝东南下志留统龙马溪组页岩露头岩心的实验测试,研究了渝东南地区页岩气储层的物性特征。结果表明,渝东南龙马溪组页岩地层为层理发育,频散现象明显,但随着层理倾角的逐渐增加,波速整体呈下降趋势;页岩的孔隙度变化范围为1.5%～2.5%,渗透率变化范围为2.5×10^-4～1.3×10^-3mD,孔径分布以中孔隙为主,大孔隙较少,基本上没有微孔隙,毛管力较大;页岩的石英含量高,黏土含量低,为硬脆性页岩,脆性参数为0.49～0.77,平均为0.58;黏土成分以伊利石为主,含少量绿泥石和伊/蒙混层,不含蒙脱石,膨胀性能弱。研究结果为渝东南地区页岩气储层的开采方式选择、失稳机理分析以及压裂液方案设计提供了依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-