在“鞍”型大尺度环流配置下西南低涡发展的物理过程及其对川东暴雨发生的作用

利用2005年7月6～9日川东地区暴雨过程的观测资料，从大尺度环流、水汽输送和温度平流，并利用湿位涡的垂直和水平分量(Pm1和Pm2）以及相当位温，分析诊断了此次暴雨发生的大尺度环流背景特征以及西南涡发展的物理过程, 其结果表明如下:(1)在此次暴雨发生期间，四川盆地北部由于受中高纬长波东移调整的影响, 不断有低压槽分裂出来并影响此地区, 在盆地的西南方向的孟加拉湾季风槽比较活跃, 南海季风向北输送由于受到西风输送的作用在四川盆地东南部也出现弱的横槽, 并且西太平洋副高西伸到四川盆地东部以及存在于高原中部的高压共同作用, 从而形成明显“鞍”型大尺度环流配置; (2)在此“鞍”型场大尺度环流背景下, 强西南气流绕流高原东侧直接进入四川盆地, 而弱西南气流则绕流云贵高原输送进入四川盆地东部, 受地形的阻挡和西伸的西太平洋副高的作用在四川盆地东部形成向北的急流辐合带, 同时, 由于两支气流输送着大量的水汽, 暖湿空气在川东地区形成高温高湿的辐合区; (3)在此“鞍”型场作用下, 盆地上空的低层不断聚集季风气流输送的大量暖湿空气, 而在高层有冷干空气侵入, 从而导致盆地内低涡系统强烈发展; (4) 由湿位涡的垂直分量和水平分量的诊断表明了在暴雨发生期间, 在四川盆地北部上空的高层不断有干空气入侵, 引起了垂直对流不稳定, 即Pm1<0, 并向盆地东北部发展, 从而使此区域气旋性涡度不断加强, 即低涡强烈发展; 并且, 在盆地上空低层暖湿空气相当位温的水平梯度对于西南低涡的发展和暴雨的发生同样起了重要作用, 正的Pm2中心与暴雨发生区域有很好的一致性, 这表明暴雨往往发生在高温高湿的强垂直不稳定区域。     

四川盆地三次代表性暴雨过程中低空急流作用分析

利用常规高空探测资料、FNL 1°×1°再分析资料和地面加密区域自动气象站资料,分析了四川盆地2013—2018年有低空急流参与的区域性暴雨过程,从中选出了3次典型个例,分别分析了低空急流在3次代表性暴雨过程中的作用。结果表明：(1)东高西低型和低槽东移型是最常出现的500 hPa环流形势,副热带高压、西南低涡、南海台风(热带低压)是最常见的影响系统。(2)低空急流输送暖湿空气至四川盆地,使降水区内整层水汽含量和不稳定能量显著增强;暴雨区通常对应着低层的水汽通量辐合中心和一个密集的能量锋区。(3)低空急流出口区的左侧为强辐合中心,通过动力作用形成稳定的上升气流支和正涡度柱,产生强降水;整层的正涡度柱对应短时强降水,达到对流层中层的正涡度柱对应持续性降水,当正涡度柱加强时,降水明显增强。(4)低空急流风速增强或急流下边界降低预示着急流影响地区极有可能产生强降水。     

“96.7”桂北、桂中大暴雨洪涝形势分析

分析了1996年7月中旬桂北、挂中大暴雨洪涝灾害天气过程，结果表明，这次持续性暴雨过程是由明显的四次低涡过程接连影响而造成的。在高空低槽加深滞留、低涡易发展时期，副高脊线是东北一西南走向配合益湾季风低压云系卷入，从而加大水汽输送是这次暴雨洪涝灾害过程和重要天气尺度因素。在分析这次大暴雨洪涝灾害过程前或环流形势特征中发现，500hPa由于上下游效应高原高压得到加强，脊前气流促成多个西南低涡生成后东移影响广西。中高纬巴湖低槽加深，脊前槽后的偏北气流加强，同时低层的前期低涡东移入海，出现高低层偏北气流叠加情况，…     

北疆北部一次暖区暴雪天气过程的综合分析

利用地面观测、高空探测常规资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析以及FY-2G红外云图,综合分析2016年11月10—13日北疆北部的暖区暴雪过程成因,结果表明:此次暴雪天气是在"单阻型"经向环流和有利的高低空天气系统配置下发生的,主要表现为500 hPa东欧阻塞高压脊稳定,西西伯利亚低涡和冷槽东南下至北疆境外的中亚地区,200～500 hPa低涡和冷槽系统深厚且呈前倾结构,低涡底部极锋锋区加强并压至北疆上空,700～850 hPa北疆北部有暖平流和暖脊发展,地面气压场呈"两高夹一低"形势,北疆在地面冷锋前部和暖锋后部的暖区内。中高层西北急流、低层偏西气流和偏东气流3支气流在暴雪区上空汇合,暴雪区位于高空低涡底部西北急流、低层暖平流和切变线、地面暖低压南部的高低空重叠区域内。500 hPa以下仅有一条西方水汽输送路径,最强水汽输送在600～700 hPa,最强水汽辐合位于850 hPa附近,最大暴雪中心(裕民)的水汽输送强度更强、厚度更厚、时间更长,其平均云顶黑体亮温TBB值较富蕴偏高10℃左右。     

东移西南低涡空间结构的气候学特征

对1991～2004年夏季（6～8月）西南四川盆地的低涡活动进行统计分类,比较分析了移出型和停滞型两类西南低涡生成初期的合成环流场,总结出影响低涡东移的三维环流结构的气候学特征：东亚中纬度地区对流层中高层的冷空气入侵造成中高层气温偏低,位势高度降低,伴随冷偏差中心南侧20°N～30°N由对流层顶至850 hPa都出现偏强西风,最大的西风偏差位于长江下游地区上空200 hPa。一方面,高层风速差异的纬向梯度加强了长江中游地区的高空辐散,在西南低涡东部形成有利于降水和气旋性环流发展的动力抬升机制。另一方面,对流层低层的西风偏差在青藏高原南麓至我国东部长江以南形成一条异常的水汽输送带,加强了低涡南侧的偏西风水汽输送作用,为低涡东部的降水潜热反馈作用提供了充足的水汽。西南低涡在这样有利的环流形势和水汽条件下更容易移出盆地。     

引发四川盆地东部暴雨的西南低涡结构特征研究

利用1951-2008年四川盆地(27°-32°N,105°-110°E)54个地面气象观测站网监测的日雨量资料,分析了四川盆地东部暴雨发生的气候特征。结果表明,四川盆地东部暴雨(或伴有雷雨大风、冰雹大风等)多发生在6-9月,川东北和渝东北是单站暴雨的高发区,重庆西部是大范围暴雨的多发区;引发四川盆地东部(宜宾、南充和重庆西部)暴雨的主要天气系统是西南低涡。对2007-2010年6次西南低涡暴雨过程进行了合成分析,分析表明,西南低涡热力结构特征具有200hPa存在明显增暖现象,对流层中低层则由暖转冷;西南低涡初期大气对流性不稳定明显;西南低涡动力结构特征具有200hPa西风急流在36°N附近,500hPa低槽东移,槽前正涡度加强,从对流层底垂直伸展到300hPa以上,正涡度中心随高度向西倾斜,850～500hPa平均正涡度大值区与低涡中心对应,对流层中低层北风大值区与南风大值区在低涡中心附近形成强水平风切变,同时低涡中心附近的垂直风切变也较明显。促使西南低涡发展的水汽主要来自南海,低空急流由南向北输送水汽,将对流层低层到大气边界层内的水汽输送到低涡中心附近。西南低涡发生、发展过程中在红外卫星云图上具有MCC等中-α尺度特征,发展强盛的西南低涡在多普勒天气雷达回波上有"列车效应"和中气旋特征。     

引发川东暴雨的“鞍”型大尺度环流背景及西南涡发展的诊断验证

本文在已有研究基础之上,利用2004年9月1～6日川东地区暴雨过程的观测资料,从大尺度环流、水汽输送和温度平流,并利用湿位涡的垂直和水平分量（Pm1和Pm2）以及相当位温诊断分析并验证川东暴雨发生的＂鞍＂型大尺度环流背景特征以及西南涡发展的物理过程,其结果表明如下：（1）在此次暴雨发生期间,仍存在显著＂鞍＂型大尺度环流配置;（2）在＂鞍＂型场大尺度环流背景下,强西南气流绕流高原东侧直接进入四川盆地,而弱西南气流则绕流云贵高原输送进入四川盆地东部,受地形的阻挡和西伸的西太平洋副高的作用在四川盆地东部形成向北的急流辐合带,同时,由于两支气流输送着大量的水汽,暖湿空气在川东地区形成高温高湿的辐合区;（3）在＂鞍＂型场作用下,盆地上空的低层不断聚集季风气流输送的大量暖湿空气,而在高层有两股冷干空气侵入,从而导致了盆地内低涡系统强烈发展,由湿位涡的诊断表明了在暴雨发生期间,在四川盆地北部上空的高层不断有干空气入侵,引起了垂直对流不稳定,即Pm1〈0,并向盆地东北部发展,从而使此区域气旋性涡度不断加强,即低涡强烈发展;并且,在盆地上空低层暖湿空气相当位温的水平梯度对于西南低涡的发展和暴雨的发生同样起了重要作用,正的Pm2中心与暴雨发生区域有很好的一致性,这表明暴雨往往发生在高温高湿的强垂直不稳定区域;（4）＂鞍＂型场大尺度环流背景、孟加拉湾及南海水汽输送辐合、川北冷空气侵入,西南低涡发展是川东暴雨发生的共同特征。     

一次西南低涡诱发四川盆地持续性暴雨的诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°日4次再分析资料,针对2011年7月3—6日四川盆地持续性暴雨过程的影响系统和各物理量作了分析研究。结果表明:暴雨过程中不断有低压短波槽东移南下,西太平洋副高西伸至高原边缘,形成了有利的大尺度环流背景。对流层高层的强辐散与中层低涡的配合,低层强劲的南风暖湿急流与北风干冷气流在四川盆地内交汇,促使西南低涡发展和维持。高低层辐合辐散、对流运动强烈,持续强劲的水汽输送为暴雨维持起到了重要作用,暴雨持续期间产生不稳定能量释放从而又造成强烈的对流活动。螺旋度对暴雨落区及维持有较好的指示意义,暴雨落区与该地区上空中低层正、高层负局地垂直螺旋度中心有较好的对应关系。     

一次高原涡东移引发江淮强降水的动热力机制分析

利用ERA5(0.25°×0.25°)逐小时再分析资料,TRMM卫星降水资料和FY-2E卫星黑体亮温（TBB）资料等,探讨了2017年7月7-9日的一次移出高原涡形成发展的环流背景和移动特征,以及引发江淮流域强降水的动热力机制,并应用HYSPLIT4模式追踪江淮流域强降水的水汽源地。结果表明：此次高原涡生成于高原中部,先向东南方移动,到达四川中部后转为东北向移动,生命史为39 h。200 hPa南亚高压和高空急流强度较强,低涡位于高空急流入口区右侧的辐散区,促使低涡形成和发展。500 hPa低涡前部的负变高中心以及西太平洋副热带高压边缘的西南气流引导低涡的东移和转向。低涡移出高原后处于高空槽前正涡度平流造成的减压区,加之大地形背风坡有利于气旋性涡度增强,低涡得以发展。低涡下高原后沿江淮切变线移动,槽后的冷空气与携带孟加拉湾和南海水汽的偏南气流汇合,在锋生作用下低涡发展为江淮气旋,降雨量迅速增强达到大暴雨标准。高低空急流的耦合和低层对流不稳定的发展加强了动力抬升作用,有利于江淮强降水的形成。强降水的水汽源地主要为南海和孟加拉湾,降水最强时段对应辐合上升运动最强,对流云发展旺盛使降水得以维...     

高原低涡移出高原的动力结构特征分析

利用ECMWF资料对2001年6月1~5日东移出高原的低涡个例的动力结构进行了诊断分析。结果表明:(1)低涡东移过程中,闭合等高线或者闭合气旋式环流的垂直厚度随时间呈加厚趋势;(2)高原低涡在东移过程中,垂直方向上几乎都是正涡度,500hPa上正涡度随时间呈增强趋势;(3)在高原上时涡区明显低层辐合、高层辐散;移出高原后表现为微弱的低层辐合、高层辐散,甚至低层辐散、中层辐合、高层辐散。(4)处于高原上时涡区整层都为上升运动,移出高原以后上升运动微弱,中低空经常为下沉运动。(5)低涡处于高原上时,涡区在边界层始终有水汽辐合,移出高原以后在低空只有微弱的水汽辐合甚至辐散。涡区外围东南侧的槽前脊后区存在低空急流,是水汽通量和水汽辐合的大值区。      

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.