低纬子午环光轴指向变化测定中的问题

本文介绍了低纬子午环光轴指向变化的情况,指出这是无法用传统子午环的修正公式作模拟的;文章叙述了自准直反射光经过两次反射甚至三次反射的现象及其处理方法,最后还指出了这套测量系统中的机械设计失误和改进的方法。     

低纬子午环光轴指向变化测定中的问题

本文介绍了低纬子午环光轴指向变化的情况 ,指出这是无法用传统子午环的修正公式作摸拟的 ;文章叙述了自准直反射光经过两次反射甚至三次反射的现象及其处理方法 ,最后还指出了这套测量系统中的机械设计失误和改进的方法。     

低纬子午环轴准直器稳定性的改善

本文介绍了低纬子午环设置轴准直器测定枢轴不规则影响的必要性以及对其光轴指向稳定性的要求,分析了存在不稳定现象的原因,叙述了消除不稳定现象的方法和实施的效果,最后给出了枢轴不规则影响的量级和修正精度.     

低纬子午环轴准直器稳定性的改善

本文介绍了低纬子午环设置轴准直器测定枢轴不规则影响的必要性以及对其光轴指向稳定性的要求,分析了存在不稳定现象的原因,叙述了消除不稳定现象的方法和实施的效果,最后给出了枢轴不规则影响的量极和修正精度。     

低纬子午环配备科学CCD的初步方案

根据低纬子午环配备科学ＣＣＤ后仍然能对天体位置作绝对测定的要求，提出了该仪器配备科学ＣＣＤ的初步方案，包括在子午方向和卯酉方向观测时，ＣＣＤ芯片如何跟踪星像，如何将芯片致冷，提高信噪比，既能保持镜筒的平衡，又不破坏观测室内空气的稳定性，如何更准确地测定光轴指向的变化。文中还对一次观测的天区面积作了估计。     

低纬子午环的轴准直器与枢轴不规则的测定

本文论述了因枢轴不规则和两个叉臂的温差引起水平轴指向漂移的影响；详细叙述了用轴准直器测定和修正这种影响的方法；并且给出了测定轴准直器参数的方法。精度估计表明，在低纬子午环上使用了电水准器和轴准直器后，对枢轴的加工精度降低了一个数量级，并且降低了对轴系稳定性的要求，然而测量和修正这些误差的精度却是很高的。     

天文实测蒙气差的研究

建立在子午—卯酉交替观测原理基础上的低纬子午环（ＬｏｗＬａｔｉ－ｔｕｄｅＭｅｒｉｄｉａｎＣｉｒｃｌｅ）即将出厂投入调试及试运行阶段，进一步研究天文蒙气差修正将是低纬子午环进行高精度观测的重要保证之一。作为对天文蒙气差修正的初步研究，本文首先分析了影响天文蒙气差的主要气象因素，对蒙气差随各种条件的变化情况进行了讨论；在此基础上，推算了大气平面平行层模型以及同心球层模型下的蒙气差值，论述了蒙气差表的编制方法，进而对各种蒙气差理论公式计算所得的修正值进行了分析比较；针对理论计算蒙气差值精度的不足，本文着重阐述了利用低纬子午环（ＬＬＭＣ）进行大气蒙气差实测的方法、原理，较为详尽的说明传统的方法不能满足实测大气折射的要求，而低纬子午环由于自身一些新的特点，能够满足Ｔｅｌｅｋｉ所提出的四个要求；在此基础上推导了相应的计算公式并进一步探讨了实测大气等密度倾斜的方法，最后给出了相应的精度估计，就如何建立一个适合于观测点的实用的实测大气模型进行了探讨     

基于线阵RETICON的低纬子午环仪器状态采集系统

对于一台高精度的天体测量望远镜，对其仪器本身的状态进行实时的监测是十分必要的，一方面，从监测中可以了解仪器的变化及工作的稳定度，另一方面，可以利用所测定的仪器变化量来对所观测到的数据进行修正。本文介绍了Ｒｅｔｉｃｏｎ的基本原理并着重介绍了其在低纬子午环的各种仪器参数监测中的软硬件构成。     

低纬子午环的转轴观测

传统子午环有一系列仪器误差,如方位差、准直差、水平差、镜筒弯曲和度盘分划误差等等,在观测结果中都要改正这些误差的影响。本文对传统子午环和采用转轴观测方式的低纬子午环测定仪器误差的方法进行了比较,论述了采用转轴观测,可以方便地消除和测定一些仪器误差;最后讨论了采用转轴观测方式的低纬子午环的一些特点。     

低纬子午环为何能取得高精度观测数据

叙述了低纬子午环在研制中没有对加工提出苛刻的高精度要求的原因，分析了仪器在目前状态下，仪器方位指向、水平轴指向和望远镜光轴指向的实际精度，论述了克服这些指向误差影响，提高观测精度的基本思路，以及仪器研制成功的关键所在。     

On the theory of the oblateness of the Sun

In this paper we first emphasize why it is important to know the successive zonal harmonics of the Sun's figure with high accuracy: mainly fundamental astrometry, helioseismology, planetary motions and relativistic effects. Then we briefly comment why the Sun appears oblate, going back to primitive definitions in order to underline some discrepancies in theories and to emphasize again the relevant hypotheses. We propose a new theoretical approach entirely based on an expansion in terms of Legendre's functions, including the differential rotation of the Sun at the surface. This permits linking the two first spherical harmonic coefficients (J ₂ and J ₄) with the geometric parameters that can be measured on the Sun (equatorial and polar radii). We emphasize the difficulties in inferring gravitational oblateness from visual measurements of the geometric oblateness, and more generally a dynamical flattening. Results are given for different observed rotational laws. It is shown that the surface oblateness is surely upper bounded by 11 milliarcsecond. As a consequence of the observed surface and sub-surface differential rotation laws, we deduce a measure of the two first gravitational harmonics, the quadrupole and the octopole moment of the Sun: J ₂=−(6.13±2.52)×10⁻⁷ if all observed data are taken into account, and respectively, J ₂=−(6.84±3.75)×10⁻⁷ if only sunspot data are considered, and J ₂=−(3.49±1.86)×10⁻⁷ in the case of helioseismic data alone. The value deduced from all available data for the octopole is: J ₄=(2.8±2.1)×10⁻¹². These values are compared to some others found in the literature. Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238718479     

Accounting for the viscosity of the fluid core in the problem of the physical libration of the moon

A two-component theoretical model of the physical libration of the Moon in longitude is constructed with account taken of the viscosity of the core. In the new version, a hydrodynamic problem of motion of a fluid filling a solid rotating shell is solved. It is found that surfaces of equal angular velocity are spherical, and a velocity field of the fluid core of the Moon is described by elementary functions. A distribution of the internal pressure in the core is found. An angular momentum exchange between the fluid core and solid mantle is described by a third-order differential equation with a right-hand side. The roots of a characteristic equation are studied and the stability of rotation is proved. A libration angle as a function of time is found using the derived solution of the differential equation. Limiting cases of infinitely large and infinitely small viscosity are considered and an effect of lag of a libration phase from a phase of action of an external moment of forces is ascertained. This makes it possible to estimate the viscosity and sizes of the lunar fluid core from data of observations.     

Calculation of the global system of the field-aligned currents on the dayside of the magnetosphere

Using the well-known equation for the normal component of the current which exist near the tangential discontinuity in the plasma in the case of the frozen-in magnetic field, and supposing that the current closes in the ionosphere in the auroral oval in the region 1, one calculates and compares with the data of observations the dependence of the density of the field-aligned current at the level of the ionosphere on the local time.     

On the systematic errors of the determinations of the absolute orientation of the meridian marks

The classical method of determination of the absolute azimuth (or Bessel's parameter n) can secure sufficiently precision for RA from observations of stars at high geographical latitudes during polar night only.     

Rotation of the elastic Earth: the role of the angular-velocity-dependence of the elasticity-caused perturbation

We calculate the so-called convective term, which shows up in the expression for the angular velocity of the elastic Earth, within the Andoyer formalism. The term emerges due to the fact that the elasticity-caused perturbation depends not only on the instantaneous orientation of the Earth but also on its instantaneous angular velocity. We demonstrate that this term makes a considerable contribution into the overall angular velocity. At the same time the convective term turns out to be automatically included into the correction to the nutation series due to the elasticity, if the series is defined by the perturbation of the figure axis (and not of the rotational axis) in accordance with the current IAU resolution. Hence it is not necessary to take the effect of the convective term into consideration in the perturbation of the elastic Earth as far as the nutation is related to the motion of the figure axis.     

Impact of the Quadrupole Moment of the Sun on the Dynamics of the Earth-Moon System

Range of values of the Sun's mass quadrupole moment of coefficient J₂ arising both from experimental and theoretical determinations enlarge across literature on two orders of magnitude, from around 10^-7 until to 10^-5. The accurate knowledge of the Moon's physical librations, for which the Lunar Laser Ranging data reach an outstanding precision level, prove to be appropriate to reduce the interval of J₂ values by giving an upper bound of J₂. A solar quadrupole moment as high as 1.1 10^-5 given either from the upper bounds of the error bars of the observations, or from the Roche's theory, is not compatible with the knowledge of the lunar librations accurately modeled and observed with the LLR experiment. The suitable values of J₂ have to be smaller than 3.0 10^-6. As a consequence, this upper bound of 3.0 10^-6 is accepted to study the impact of the Sun's quadrupole moment of mass on the dynamics of the Earth-Moon system. Such as effect (with J₂ = 5.5±1.3 × 10^-6) has been already tested in 1983 by Campbell & Moffat using analytical approximate equations, and thus for the orbits of Mercury, Venus, the Earth and Icarus. The approximate equations are no longer sufficient compared with present observational data and exact equations are required. As if to compute the effect on the lunar librations, we have used our BJV relativistic model of solar system integration including the spin-orbit coupled motion of the Moon. The model is solved by numerical integration. The BJV model stems from general relativity by using the DSX formalism for purposes of celestial mechanics when it is about to deal with a system of n extended, weakly self-gravitating, rotating and deformable bodies in mutual interactions. The resulting effects on the orbital elements of the Earth have been computed and plotted over 160 and 1600 years. The impact of the quadrupole moment of the Sun on the Earth's orbital motion is mainly characterized by variations of , , and . As a consequence, the Sun's quadrupole moment of mass could play a sensible role over long time periods of integration of solar system models. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On the role of the motion of the photospheric footpoints of the magnetic field lines

By means of a simple relation between the velocity v of the fluid particle and the velocity v_f of the photospheric footpoint of the magnetic field line v_z and B_z being respectively the components of v and the magnetic field B normal to the photospheric surface, it is shown formally that through the phtospheric surface the transport of all the quantities attributed to the magnetic field, such as the magnetic flux, the magnetic energy and the helicity, is independent of v_z, and v_f is the only kinematical quantity on which the transport depends. In addition, in the neighborhood of the neutral line the velocity v_l of the moving curve of constant B_z is found to be equal approximately to the component of v or v_f in the direction of v_l. Since v_l can be measured or extimated, so can the components of v and v_f near the neutral line.     

Determination of the temperature of the solar corona from the spectrum of the electron-scattering continuum

When the K-corona is formed by the scattering of photospheric radiation from free electrons, the Fraunhofer lines are greatly broadened by the thermal motions of the hot electrons. This paper discusses the possibility of measuring the coronal electron temperature from the residual depressions in the K-coronal spectrum. If the ratio of the intensities at 4100 Å and 3900 Å can be measured to an accuracy of ±1%, the coronal temperature can be inferred to an accuracy of ±0.2 MK. The temperature of a coronal inhomogeneity may also be measured by this method, provided the position angle is known.Now at Fraunhofer Institute, Freiburg, Germany.     

在后牛顿引力理论(PPN形式)中引力常数变化对地球自转产生的效应

介绍和论述了在后牛顿引力理论(PPN形式)中在优越参考系和非优越参考系中经过参数化后引力常数变化对地球自转产生的效应,其中特别重点介绍了年周期变化的效应。此外也将理论结果同观测结果相对比。