坐骨神经干肿瘤的诊断和治疗

目的 提高对坐骨神经干肿瘤的认识,避免误诊误治。方法 总结７例坐骨神经干肿瘤的诊断和治疗经验。结果 ７例中韧带状瘤３例,横纹肌肉瘤１例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤３例。随访５个月－８年,韧带状瘤３例复发,再次手术切除,横纹肌肉瘤１例复发后拒绝治疗,余３例未复发。结论 坐骨神经干肿瘤的诊断必须进行细致的坐骨神经干的扪诊检查;治疗以根治手术为主,辅以化疗或放疗。     

周围神经缺损修复研究进展

周围神经损伤并形成缺损临床上较常见,治疗仍然是临床面临的一个巨大挑战.由于周围神经解剖和功能上的特殊性,其损伤修复是一个复杂的过程,精细的显微外科技术可以较好地恢复神经的连续性,但神经功能的恢复仍不令人满意.近年来,国内外学者始终还在为此进行着不懈的努力,在许多方面取得成就,尤其是异体神经移植已应用于临床.     

声学功能神经导管用于修复周围神经损伤

修复周围神经损伤是再生医学面临的一大难题，应运而生的新兴治疗方法中，低强度脉冲超声(LIPUS)具有无创、非侵入、高穿透及低衰减的优点，可有效刺激周围神经再生。随着组织工程学的发展，联合应用LIPUS和生物材料神经导管(NGC)可进一步提高轴突再生率，促进周围神经损伤恢复，极具临床应用前景。本文就LIPUS联合声学功能NGC修复周围神经损伤研究进展进行综述。     

Repair and reconstruction of peripheral nerve injuries

Axonal regeneration after transection is a complex biological process. It is not merely a process of tissue repair, but rather of cellular repair of a large number of nerve cells. Regeneration involves restoration of the original morphology of each single cell, rather than proliferation. Techniques in microneurosurgical reconstruction of peripheral nerve injuries have improved over the last two decades, with subsequent improvement in functional results. Nerve autografts are now routinely used to guide the regrowth of the proximal nerves to distal nerve segments. However, the limited source of expendable cutaneous nerves restricts the use of nerve grafting techniques and is associated with significant morbidity. With extensive injuries there is an insufficient quantity of nerve autograft material to facilitate optimal repair. In future, the use of artificial conduits or nerve allografts could provide a limitless source of material to reconstruct otherwise irreparable traumatic nerve injuries. Establishment of appropriate strategies to suppress host-immune reaction or donor antigenicity would facilitate clinical allogeneic nerve transplantation. Guest lecture presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association in Tokyo on April 13, 1996.     

Effects of nerve growth factor on acetylcholinesterase activity of the proximal stump of the transected sciatic nerve

28 rats were studied. They were divided into four groups of 7 rats of each: one-day control animals (Group A), sevenday control animals (Group B), one-day nerve growth factor (NGF)-treated animals (Group C) and seven-day NGF-treated animals (Group D). In all animals, the right sciatic nerve was explored and completely transected using microscissors under a microscope. In NGF-treated animals, NGF (0.1 mg/kg NGF) was injected subcutaneously. In control animals, there was a statistically significant decrease in AChE activity in the proximal stump of the transected sciatic nerve at 7-day measurements (p < 0.05). In the NGF-treated groups, mean AChE activity in the proximal stump of the transected sciatic nerve was decreased at the 7-day measurement. AChE activity difference between control and NGF-treated groups, measured on the 7th day, are statistically significant (p < 0.01). These results demonstrate the effect of NGF on the cholinergic system.     

肌皮神经与尺神经端侧缝合重建屈肘功能的实验研究

目的 研究周围神经端侧缝合后侧支发芽再生能力及用于臂丛上干撕脱伤重建屈肘功能的可行性.方法 选用24只Wistar大鼠.左前肢为实验侧:于距肱二头肌入肌点12mm处切断肌皮神经,远断与外膜开窗1.0mm×0.5mm的尺神经做端侧缝合.右前肢为对照侧:切断1/2尺神经束,近端与肌皮神经远断端做端端外膜缝合.按取材时间随机分为A、B、C三个时间组,每组8只,分别于术后3、6、12周取材,进行大体观察.神经组织学、电生理、肱二头肌收缩力和肌湿重、辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)示踪检测.结果A组实验侧再生纤维数目和B组实验侧动作电位振幅、潜伏期与对照例相比有显著性差异(P<0.01),实验侧均低于对照例.随术后时间的延长,其余各项指标无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 肌皮神经与尺神经端侧缝合后确实存在侧支发芽能力,并获得部分神经肌肉功能恢复,为临床治疗臂丛神经上干撕脱伤重建屈肘功能提供了新思路.     

Peripheral nerve cathter techniques

Peripheral nerve catheters (PNC) or perineural catheters are used synonymously to describe placing a catheter in close proximity to nerve plexuses or individual nerves for the provision of continuous pain relief. The indications of PNCs extend beyond upper and lower extremity or thopaedic surgery to perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing a broad range of surgical procedures (e.g. abdominal, vascular, thoracic, breast and trauma surgeries). PNC use can facilitate early mobilization after surgery by providing high quality analgesia that in turn leads to reduced opioid consumption and associated opioid related side effects. Perioperative PNC analgesia can result in reduced length of in-hospital stay and improved rates of patient satisfaction. Insertion of peripheral nerve catheters can be done by either anaesthetist or surgeon. Long-term benefits are still to be ascertained. Risks are similar to those for peripheral nerve block, although catheter dislodgement remains a specific problem.     

Peripheral nerve catheter techniques

Peripheral nerve catheters (PNC) or perineural catheters are used synonymously to describe placing a catheter in close proximity to nerve plexuses or individual nerves for the provision of continuous pain relief. The indications of PNCs extend beyond upper and lower extremity orthopaedic surgery to perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing a wide range of surgical procedures (e.g. abdominal, vascular, thoracic, breast and trauma surgeries). PNC use can facilitate early mobilization after surgery by providing high quality analgesia that in turn leads to reduced opioid consumption and associated opioid related side effects. Perioperative PNC analgesia can result in reduced length of in-hospital stay and improved rates of patient satisfaction. Insertion of peripheral nerve catheters can be done by either anaesthetist or surgeon. Long term benefits are still to be ascertained. Risks are similar to peripheral nerve block although catheter dislodgement remains a specific problem.     

壳聚糖神经导管修复犬胫神经缺损的实验研究

目的:探讨壳聚糖涂层并预置引导纤维神经导管修复周围神经缺损的效果。方法:18条杂交犬,平均分成3组,无菌条件下切断左侧胫神经,制成25mm的犬胫神经缺损模型。采用壳聚糖涂层并预置引导纤维的聚乳酸和聚羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)神经导管作为实验组A组,以单纯PLGA神经导管为B组,自体神经移植组为C组作对照,每组6条犬。术后12周后通过一般观察,肌电图检查,HE染色和S-100免疫组化观察,再生神经图像分析等评价修复的效果。结果:术后12周各组再生神经已通过神经导管长入远端,肌电图,HE染色和图像分析结果表明A组再生神经轴突数量及再生神经质量优于B组(P<0.05);C组优于A、B组。结论:壳聚糖涂层并预置引导纤维的神经导管能有效修复周围神经缺损。     

Repair of peripheral nerve defect with direct gradual lengthening of the proximal nerve stump in rats.

We investigated the effect of direct gradual lengthening on the proximal nerve stump and subsequent nerve regeneration in rats. A 10-mm-long nerve segment was resected from the sciatic nerve of each rat. The proximal nerve stump was directly lengthened at a rate of 1 mm/day using an original external nerve distraction device. Experiment I: After distraction periods of 10, 15, and 20 days, the length of each nerve was evaluated, and the lengthened nerve stump was also examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Experiment II: After a distraction period of 20 days, both nerve stumps were refreshed and direct end-to-end neurorrhaphy was performed. For control, 10-mm nerve grafting was immediately performed after nerve resection. Nerve regeneration was evaluated electrophysiologically and histologically 7, 9, and 15 weeks after nerve resection in both groups. The whole proximal nerve stump, including the endoneurium and the axon, could be lengthened in proportion to the distraction period. There were no significant differences in motor nerve conduction velocity and tetanic muscle contraction force between both groups. Histologically, the total number of myelinated fibers was significantly greater in the nerve lengthening group than in the autografting group. This study demonstrated that the whole proximal nerve stump including the endoneurium and the axon could be lengthened by direct gradual distraction, and that this method might have potential application in the repair of peripheral nerve defects.     

周围神经断裂减张缝合术

目的 介绍并评价３种新的修复周围神经断裂减张缝合方法。方法 治疗周围断裂８９６例,１０３条神经,其中正中神经２０条,桡神经３９条,尺神经４４条。分别采用外膜－外膜法,神经瘤外膜－外膜法,外膜－神经床法等３种方法,使神经断端在无张力下缝合。结果 手术优良率８４．４％。结论 神经减张缝合术效果确切,利于神经的再生。     

端侧缝合加搭桥对周围神经再生的影响

目的建立周围神经端侧缝合加搭桥的动物模型,比较其与端端缝合及单纯端侧缝合对神经再生的影响。方法SD大鼠45只,随机均分为3组:端端缝合组(A组)、端侧缝合组(B组)、端侧缝合加搭桥组(C组)。分别于术后2、8、16周对再生神经及正常对照行电生理、组织学及超微结构观察,分析并比较神经传导速度(NCV)、复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)、神经纤维计数(NFC)、神经超微结构等指标,行相应的统计学处理。结果C组在术后8周及16周时,再生神经的NCV、NFC、纤维形态、支配肌肉的CMAP等指标均优于B组(P<0.01),但不如A组。结论周围神经端侧缝合加搭桥后的再生效果明显优于单纯端侧缝合,但与端端缝合仍存在差距。     

Use of tubulization (nerve conduits) in repairing nerve defects in children

Background:

Direct neurorrhaphy, nerve grafting interposition and neurotization are the options for nerve repair in children, whereas few reports about using nerve conduits (tubulization) are referred to pediatrics in the literature. The authors present their experience about nerve repairing by means of nerve tubes during the developmental age when the harvesting of nerve grafts and also vein grafts of adequate caliber for bridging nerve defects is difficult. A critical review of their case series offers indications for using nerve conduits in pediatrics.

Materials and Methods:

Fifteen patients were treated using the nerve tubulization; nine patients were affected by obstetrical brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) while six were suffering from peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs).

Results:

In patients suffering from OBPP, we observed 1 good, 3 fair and 5 bad results. In the PNI group, we observed 4 patients who had good results while only 2 had a bad outcome. No fair results were observed.

Conclusions:

In peripheral nerve repairing in children by using nerve conduits, the outcome has been widely effective even when dealing with mixed and motor nerve, thus nerve tubulization might be considered as an alternative to nerve grafting. Conversely, considering the uncertain result obtained in brachial plexus repairing, the conduits cannot be considered as a first choice of treatment in brachial plexus reconstruction.     

Common peroneal nerve palsy

Two cases of common peroneal nerve palsy after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery are described and the possible causative mechanisms are discussed.     

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor mimicking carotid body tumor--case report and review

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor is a rare neurogenic tumor that usually presents in geriatic patients. Typically, it is found in the trunk and extremities and rarely presents in the head and neck region. It may mimic a carotid body tumor when it presents in the neck. We report the first case of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the vagus nerve in an adolescent boy. He presented with an asymptomatic lateral neck lump that was thought to be a benign schwannoma on preoperative imaging. We describe the diagnostic dilemma and management difficulties in this patient and review the literature.     

Peripheral nerve schwannomas — an analysis of 16 patients

Summary 16 patients with peripheral nerve neurinomas (benign schwannomas) were operated upon in our hospital between 1990–1995. The largest tumours were found on proximal segments of peripheral nerves (brachial plexus: 15 cm, sciatic nerve: 20 cm). The average duration of symptoms was 1 1/2 years (range: 3 months — 15 years). Pain or painfull paraesthesias were the main complaints (13/16). Postoperatively, 9 patients were painfree while 4 improved. Similarly, neurological deficits were favourably influenced by the operation: Out of 5 patients with motor deficits 4 had complete, 1 patient had partial recovery. One out of 4 patients with sensory deficits had complete recovery, 2 remained unchanged, while 1 worsened. Two patients developed new motor and 6 patients new sensory deficits, which (in the course of time) did not disappear completely. New deficits developed predominantly in patients with large tumours or longstanding symptoms. Tumour recurrences were not seen during the follow-up period of 23 months. Our findings revealed that in the majority of cases peripheral nerve neurinomas can be excised with good results. Patients should be treated by a neurosurgeon with special expertise in peripheral nerve surgery. The patient should be thoroughly informed pre-operatively about any eventual new neurological deficits following surgery.     

Large-gap peripheral nerve repair using xenogeneic transplants in rhesus macaques

Surgical intervention is required to successfully treat severe, large-gap (≥4 cm) peripheral nerve injuries. However, all existing treatments have shortcomings and an alternative to the use of autologous nerves is needed. Human and porcine nerves are physiologically similar, with comparable dimensions and architecture, presence and distribution of Schwann cells, and conserved features of the extracellular matrix (ECM). We report the repair of fully transected radial nerves in 10 Rhesus Macaques using viable, whole sciatic nerve from genetically engineered (GalT-KO), designated pathogen free (DPF) porcine donors. This resulted in the regeneration of the transected nerve, and importantly, recovery of wrist extension function, distal muscle reinnervation, and recovery of nerve conduction velocities and compound muscle action potentials similar to autologous controls. We also demonstrate the absence of immune rejection, systemic porcine cell migration, and detectable residual porcine material. Our preliminary findings support the safety and efficacy of viable porcine nerve transplants, suggest the interchangeable therapeutic use of cross-species cells, and highlight the broader clinical potential of xenotransplantation.     

Peripheral nerve suture

Peripheral nerve suture (neurorrhaphy) is a method of nerve repair that has been employed for many years, although the development and spread of microsurgery has helped to improve the techniques used. Now, by using microscopes and microsurgical techniques, peripheral nerve suturing can be performed more precisely and atraumatically than in the past. The technique is now indicated for a wider range of cases, including suturing of the brachial plexus and its branched axillary nerve, and for digital nerves. In addition to conventional epineurial sutures, a funicular suture has been introduced, and results using these two methods are now being compared. Advances have also been made in the field of rehabilitation, including the introduction of electromyogram (EMG) biofeedback therapy and re-education of sensation. Included in the issues that need to be further addressed are the treatment of nerve injuries caused by severe crushing and traction, and misdirection of regenerated nerves. It is hoped that more studies will be carried out to encompass a broad range of topics, from basic research to promote nerve regeneration to rehabilitation. In this paper, the author reviews the past 20 years, experience of peripheral nerve suturing, discusses the problems encountered, and outlines future prospects. Presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association     

化学去细胞同种异体神经移植术后病人的护理

[目的]探讨对化学去细胞同种异体神经修复周围神经损伤的护理及康复。[方法]自2003年4月-2006年4月，应用化学去细胞同种异体神经移植治疗完全断裂周围神经损伤患者39例，术后及出院后进行专项护理及康复，术后6个月以上患者随访共21例，对结果进行统计分析。[结果]21例患者中，16例神经损伤恢复效果达到优良，修复优良率达到71．4％。[结论]对化学去细胞同种异体神经移植术后的患者进行康复及护理，可以获得良好的临床效果。