基于可用数据速率的3G与无线局域网垂直切换触发机制

针对传统垂直切换触发机制存在不能保证实时提供最高可用数据速率的问题,提出一种更充分利用网络资源并且能够有效避免不必要切换的方法。引入IEEE 802.21介质独立切换（MIH）标准,利用MIH提供的介质独立信息服务（MIIS）获取能够覆盖到移动终端的候选无线局域网（WLAN）的相关参数,通过获取的相关参数计算其最大可用数据速率,将候选WLAN的可用数据速率与3G网络对比,做出切换决策：当检测到数据速率更高的WLAN时,能够及时地切换到该WLAN;若移动终端移动出WLAN覆盖范围则切换回3G网络。仿真实验表明相比传统垂直切换触发机制,该方案对网络资源的利用更充分,并且能够有效避免不必要的切换。     

A predictive handover scheme to improve service quality in the IEEE 802.21 network

The Media Independent Handover (MIH) standard defined in the IEEE 802.21 specification supports vertical handovers across heterogeneous networks. A cross-layer scheduling scheme is proposed to exploit Link Going Down information from MIH to predict handover requirements, and then improve the performance of Quality of Service (QoS) enabled transport services given the limited radio spectrum available for handovers in a heterogeneous network environment. According to simulation results, the proposed scheme can effectively increase the effective range of QoS sensitive services at the cell border while executing the handover procedure.     

Implementation and performance study of IEEE 802.21 in integrated IEEE 802.11/802.16e networks

In this paper, we propose a framework for the implementation of the IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) standard and evaluate its performance through experiments in integrated 802.11/802.16e networks. The IEEE 802.21 standard defines three types of MIH services (event, command, and information) that facilitate the mobility management and handover process in heterogeneous networks. To support MIH services, we develop a MIH-capable mobile node and the MIH information service server. Then, we introduce the Connection Manager (CM) which utilizes MIH services. Two main roles of CM are supporting seamless vertical handovers and efficient access point (AP) discoveries. From the experimental results in the real test-bed, we can know that the MIH services can be used to reduce packet losses during a vertical handover and to reduce the AP discovery time and energy consumption of mobile nodes.     

基于群集移动节点的切换算法

无线蜂窝网的信号切换依赖IP层的移动切换,IETF提出的代理移动IPv6(PMIPv6)协议可以保证移动终端应用IPv6网的快速切换,但是它在切换时延方面仍然无法保证实时通信的服务质量。研究基于PMIPv6协议,提出群集移动节点(CMN)算法,应用媒体无关切换(MIH)技术,减少了大量移动节点,同时提出切换请求时系统时延增大的问题,扩展原始代理绑定更新消息结构(A-PBU)。最后模拟网络模型和节点移动模型,从切换时延方面分析算法的有效性。实验结果表明,系统应用CMN算法与原始切换算法相比可以大大降低切换时延。     

An enhanced framework for providing multimedia broadcast/multicast service over heterogeneous networks

Multimedia broadcast multicast service （MBMS） with inherently low requirement for network resources has been proposed as a candidate solution for using such resources in a more efficient manner. On the other hand, the Next Generation Mobile Network （NGMN） combines multiple radio access technologies （RATs） to optimize overall network performance. Handover performance is becoming a vital indicator of the quality experience of mobile user equipment （UE）. In contrast to the conventional vertical handover issue, the problem we are facing is how to seamlessly transmit broadcast/multicast sessions among heterogeneous networks. In this paper, we propose a new network entity, media independent broadcast multicast service center （MIBM-SC）, to provide seamless handover for broadcast/multicast sessions over heterogeneous networks, by extensions and enhancements of MBMS and media independent information service （MIIS） architectures. Additionally, a network selection scheme and a cell transmission mode selection scheme are proposed for selecting the best target network and best transmission mode. Both schemes are based on a load-aware network capacity estimation algorithm. Simulation results show that the pro- posed approach has the capability to provide MBMS over heterogeneous networks, with improved handover performance in terms of packet loss rate, throughput, handover delay, cell load, bandwidth usage, and the peak signal-to-noise ratio （PSNR）.     

异构网络的垂直切换仿真建模及其性能评估

针对无线网络的异构化趋势,对WLAN和UMTS形成的异构网络进行扩展,使其包含WLAN, WiMAX和UMTS 3种网络。基于介质独立切换对扩展后异构网络中的垂直切换进行仿真建模。评估切换时延、切换期间的丢包数目和网络使用效率,结果表明,链路即将断开(LGD)方式的切换时延小于链路断开(LD)方式,且丢包数较少,网络使用效率随着功率强度门限系数的增大而降低。     

Connectivity opportunity selection in heterogeneous wireless multi-hop networks

This paper addresses the problem of selecting the best connectivity alternative for the user in a generic Heterogeneous Wireless Multi-hop Network (HWMN), integrating distinct wireless technologies and multi-mode cooperating stations. We propose a Connectivity opportunity Selection Algorithm (CSA) that uses network state information and mobility profile information to select the best connectivity based on the applications’ requirements. We provide a simulation-based performance evaluation of the CSA and compare it with a greedy network selection scheme. Furthermore, we propose an extended reference model that allows the integration of the concept of connectivity opportunity and our proposed CSA with the framework being defined by the upcoming IEEE 802.21 standard for Media Independent Handover services.     

媒体无关切换方案的安全性

针对移动节点移动到外地网络时媒体无关切换(MIH)的服务安全问题,提出一种基于diameter的密钥分发方案,为移动节点和外地MIH服务器建立信任关系,使用消息鉴别码为MIH信令提供完整性保护。使用BAN逻辑对密钥分发方案的安全性进行证明,分析表明该方案性能优于同类方案。     

A survey on applications of IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover framework in next generation wireless networks

Integration of various wireless access technologies is one of the major concerns in recent wireless systems in which multi-technology mobile devices are provided to users to roam between different access networks. Being an essential part in heterogeneous wireless systems, vertical handover is more complex than conventional horizontal handover. As IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) is the standard addressing a uniform and media-independent framework for seamless handover between different access technologies, many works have been carried out in the literature to employ MIH services in handover management This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the proposed mobility management mechanisms that are using this framework. As a comparative view, the paper categorizes the efforts according to the layer of mobility management and evaluates some of the representative methods discussing about their advantages and disadvantages The paper also looks into recent handover decision and interface management methods that are exploiting MIH Moreover, the extensions and the amendments proposed on MIH are overviewed.     

A location-based mobility tracking scheme for PCS networks

This paper introduces a location-based locating strategy for Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems. In the proposed scheme, location updates are based on the value of a movement counter. The update of the movement counter is based on information on the locations visited by a mobile terminal (MT) since the last location update. In particular, the cell identifiers and the corresponding movement counter values are maintained in the MT for a part of the visited cells since the last location update. When the MT enters a cell whose identifier is not stored in the MT, the movement counter increases by one. If the movement counter reaches the update threshold, a location update is triggered; otherwise, the cell identifier and the corresponding movement counter value are stored in the MT. When the MT enters a cell whose identifier is in the MT, the movement counter is assigned with the counter value kept in the MT for this cell, and all cells with greater counter values in the MT are removed. The proposed scheme allows the dynamic selection of the update threshold according to each user's calling and mobility patterns. Analytical and simulation models have been developed to compare the proposed scheme with both the movement-based scheme and the distance-based scheme. Results demonstrate that when the call-to-mobility ratio (CMR) is low, the proposed scheme can achieve a significant cost reduction compared to the movement-based scheme. For example, when the CMR is 0.01, a savings of around 25% in the optimal total cost per call arrival is achieved with the proposed scheme. Moreover, the proposed scheme is easier to implement than the distance-based scheme.     

A MIH-based approach for best network selection in heterogeneous wireless networks

In the next generation wireless networks, different technologies belonging to one or more operators should be integrated to form a heterogeneous environment based on an IP core network infrastructure. This ensures user mobility and service continuity by maintaining connections when switching between various technologies and it introduces new resources and possibilities for applications. In this context, an automatic interface selection based on instantaneous and practical constraints and user preferences (Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, available resources, security, power consumption, etc.) is therefore required. The different network selection and handover schemes proposed in the literature can be classified into three approaches according to who is responsible for making the handover decision: the terminal, the network or by a cooperation between both of them. However, these approaches keep presenting some drawbacks; namely the problem of resources management and network load balancing whenever the selection is controlled by the mobile terminal (MT) and the problem of scalability and unknown operator's management policy whenever the selection is rather controlled by the network.In this article, first we propose a MIH based approach for handover initiation and preparation for heterogeneous wireless network. The proposed framework is based on the principals of IEEE 802.21 for context information gathering and optimized handover decision making. Second, we propose a new architecture and new network selection scheme that explicitly take into account the current resource usage and the user preferences. Furthermore, our solution ensures the selection of the most suitable network for each flow while taking into consideration its expectations in terms of QoS. A feasibility study of implementing a new architecture on a single MT is evaluated by using typical scenarios and using various algorithms. Thanks to the introduced function entities and modules in the proposed architecture, network utilization balancing and user and application expectations, which are successfully assured without operator intervention. Performance analysis shows that the proposed algorithm best meets the common quality requirements.     

Within bounds and between domains: Reflecting on Making Tea within the context of design elicitation methods

Making Tea (MT) is a design elicitation method developed in eScience specifically to deal with situations in which (1) the designers do not share domain or artifact knowledge with design-domain experts, (2) the processes in the space are semi-structured and (3) the processes to be modeled can last for periods exceeding the availability of most ethnographers. We have used the method in two distinct eScience contexts, and may offer an effective, low cost way to deal with bridging between software design teams and scientists to develop useful and usable eScience artifacts. To that end, we propose a set of criteria in order to understand why MT works. Through these criteria we also reflect upon the relation of MT to other design elicitation methods in order to propose a kind of method framework from which other designers may be assisted in choosing elicitation methods and in developing new methods both for eScience contexts and beyond.     

基于移动的位置管理策略中最优寻呼研究

位置管理是个人通信网络的一个挑战性问题,用于跟踪移动台,有位置更新与寻呼两个基本操作.在一些知名的位置管理策略中,基于移动的位置管理策略(movement-based location management scheme)具有简单易行的特点:各移动台只需记住所越过的小区边界次数,一旦这个数超过事先定义的一个整数--移动门槛,就进行位置更新操作.在移动台的呼入符合泊松分布,移动台在各个小区的逗留时间符合指数分布的条件下,推导了基于移动的位置管理策略中移动台移动距离的概率分布及平均距离公式,并基于这些概率分布给出了最优顺序寻呼算法.最后,给出数值分析结果,以说明所给出的寻呼策略比其他已有策略更优.     

基于F-HMIPv6的MAP自适应选择算法

移动IPv6提供了移动节点在不同子网中漫游通信的能力,同时为了缩短切换延迟和减少丢包率,层次化移动IPv6模型、快速切换机制及F-HMIPv6相继被提出.在层次化移动IPv6模型和F-HMIPv6中引入了MAP来缩短绑定更新延迟,但目前还没有较完善的MAP选择算法被提出.提出了一种自适应的MAP选择算法,该算法能根据移动节点的移动特点来选择合适的MAP.     

Location management based on distance and direction for PCS networks

This paper proposes a distance-and-direction-based location management scheme with a nonisotropic mobility model to capture the directional movement of an MT, which remarkably reduces the total cost at the cost of a slight increase in the location update cost. In this scheme, whenever a distance threshold or a direction threshold is exceeded, a location update is performed. When a call arrives, the network pages the called MT within the paging area defined by the distance threshold and direction threshold. In addition, an online distance-and-direction calculation method, and an interactive distance-and-direction optimization algorithm are developed to dynamically adjust the paging area. We analyze this scheme using a Markov chain for both one-dimensional (1-D) case and two-dimensional (2-D) case. Specifically, a good state coalition method is proposed to reduce sharply the computational complexity of the 2-D cost evaluation. Numerical results suggest that substantial cost saving can be obtained by fully utilizing the mobility direction information. Therefore, the proposed scheme outperforms the distance-based scheme.     

一种支持IMS异构网络的垂直切换算法

为解决IMS异构无线网络的切换时延问题,设计一种IEEE 802.21定义的媒介无关切换标准与IMS架构相融合的方案,并在此基础上提出一种多路径冗余传输切换算法,采用马尔科夫决策过程实现在IMS异构网络中的无缝切换。NS-2仿真实验结果表明,该算法与传统垂直切换算法相比,在切换过程中的有效数据传输率、切换次数及切换稳定性均显示出一定优势。     

基于灰色预测的链路即将中断触发算法

及时有效的链路即将中断(LGD)触发机制对网络切换的性能有重要的影响。首先引入IEEE 802.21介质独立切换(MIH)标准,利用MIH提供的信息服务估计出网络切换所需时间,然后提出了一种基于灰色预测的LGD触发机制,通过估计的切换时间建立灰色预测模型,预测出终端的接收信号强度,动态确定触发时刻。并且为了降低预测开销,提出了基于信号衰减检测的灰色预测建模方法。仿真结果表明,算法实现了LGD及时有效地触发,而且可以减少不必要的预测开销,避免了终端资源的浪费。     

改进的FAST TCP参数选择方案

针对FAST TCP协议参数选择方案存在的参数选择问题,建立包含窗口更新周期参数和指数滤波环节的FAST TCP网络拥塞控制模型,应用劳思-郝尔维兹稳定判据分析该模型的稳定性,提出一种根据控制器增益参数、窗口更新周期和网络相关参数选择合适协议参数的改进方案以确保FAST TCP系统稳定。理论计算与仿真验证表明,与其他相关方案相比,该改进方案具有更准确的选择范围。     

A novel terminal-controlled handover scheme in heterogeneous wireless networks

In the next generation heterogeneous wireless networks, a mobile terminal (MT) with a multi-interface may have network access from different service providers using various technologies. In spite of this heterogeneity, seamless intersystem mobility is a mandatory requirement. One of the major challenges for seamless mobility is the creation of a vertical handover scheme, which is for users that move between different types of networks. In this article a seamless mobility handover scheme is presented. The novelty of the proposed scheme is that handover is fully controlled by the terminal. To improve the performance of the proposed handover scheme, a network discovery algorithm with fuzzy logic and a handover decision algorithm using multi criteria decision making (MCDM) based on vague sets are derived, which are both user-centric. With these algorithms, the handover scheme is power-saving, cost-aware, and performance-aware. Simulation results show that the novel handover scheme can perform network discovery in time to reduce handover dropping rate and present unnecessary activation of its interface to save the battery power, while effectively choose the optimum network through making trade-off among the user preference, network condition, and system performance.     

Improving cache locking performance of modern embedded systems via the addition of a miss table at the L2 cache level

To confer the robustness and high quality of service, modern computing architectures running real-time applications should provide high system performance and high timing predictability. Cache memory is used to improve performance by bridging the speed gap between the main memory and CPU. However, the cache introduces timing unpredictability creating serious challenges for real-time applications. Herein, we introduce a miss table (MT) based cache locking scheme at level-2 (L2) cache to further improve the timing predictability and system performance/power ratio. The MT holds information of block addresses related to the application being processed which cause most cache misses if not locked. Information in MT is used for efficient selection of the blocks to be locked and victim blocks to be replaced. This MT based approach improves timing predictability by locking important blocks with the highest number of misses inside the cache for the entire execution time. In addition, this technique decreases the average delay per task and total power consumption by reducing cache misses and avoiding unnecessary data transfers. This MT based solution is effective for both uniprocessors and multicores. We evaluate the proposed MT-based cache locking scheme by simulating an 8-core processor with 2 levels of caches using MPEG4 decoding, H.264/AVC decoding, FFT, and MI workloads. Experimental results show that in addition to improving the predictability, a reduction of 21% in mean delay per task and a reduction of 18% in total power consumption are achieved for MPEG4 (and H.264/AVC) by using MT and locking 25% of the L2. The MT results in about 5% delay and power reductions on these video applications, possibly more on applications with worse cache behavior. For the FFT and MI (and other) applications whose code fits inside the level-1 instruction (I1) cache, the mean delay per task increases only by 3% and total power consumption increases by 2% due to the addition of the MT.