国内土壤环境污染现状与防治措施

本文从土壤的污染种类出发,分析了近年来我国土壤污染的现状.介绍了当前国内外土壤的重金属污染和有机污染的修复技术,主要包括物理化学修复法、植物修复法和微生物修复法等.同时针对我国土壤污染日益严重的状况,提出了土壤污染的防治措施,对已经污染的土壤采取有效措施加以修复、改良,同时进一步加强土壤污染综合防治与环境管理.     

基于DPSIR概念模型的土壤环境成效评估方法研究

土壤环境质量关系到农产品质量安全和人居环境健康。对优质土壤实施严格保护、对受污染土壤实施风险管控或治理与修复,构成了土壤污染防治的主体任务。为科学评价土壤污染防治成效,及时采取应对措施,切实维护土壤环境安全,文章在系统总结国内外关于指标概念框架、指标筛选方法等环境成效评估方法基础上,采用DPSIR(驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应)概念模型,基于可统计、可分解、可考核的原则,构建了可应用于地市和县级行政区土壤污染防治成效评价的指标体系。     

浅析加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省污染场地修复立法历程

正我国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要第四十章要求"实施土壤污染分类分级防治,优先保护农用地土壤环境质量安全,切实加强建设用地土壤环境监管。"我国也正在加紧制定土壤污染防治立法。加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的污染场地修复立法借鉴了美国《综合环境反应、赔偿和责任法》经验并吸取其教训,     

湖南石门砷污染农田土壤修复工程

正一、项目背景我国的土壤污染问题已不容忽视,因重金属造成的土壤污染对生态环境、农产品质量安全、人体健康构成严重威胁。2015年5月28日,国务院发布《土壤污染防治行动计划》,该《计划》提出以改善土壤环境质量为核心,以保障农产品质量和人居环境安全为出发点,坚持预防为主、保护优先、风险管控,突出重点区域、行业和污染物,实施分类别、分用途、分阶段治理。     

浅析土壤污染的种类、危害及防治措施

介绍了土壤污染的种类、危害,详细分析了土壤污染对人体健康的影响和防治措施.     

土壤污染防治刻不容缓

土壤是农业生产的基础,也是人类生存与发展环境的重要组成部分.土壤污染防治事关农产品质量和人体健康,事关经济社会发展和生态安全,既是环境与发展问题,更是民生问题.目前,我国土壤污染形势严峻,存在的突出问题有:一是耕地受农药、化肥污染的面积不断扩大,大量氮素进入土壤导致农产品硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐污染.同时,由于农业的面源污染导致土壤多种生态环境问题,如残留农膜恶化土壤物理性状,影响农业产量和农产品质量问题已日益凸显.二是部分地区土壤重金属污染严重,少数地区农产品因重金属含量超标而造成一定经济损失.三是工矿场地污染问题突出.四是流域性和区域性土壤污染问题突显,成为制约环境质量改善的主要瓶颈.土壤污染使污染物在农作物中积累,通过食物链进人人体诱发癌症和其他疾病,危害人体健康.     

我国目前土壤污染治理工作的进展情况

正进入二十一世纪以来,随着我国土壤污染问题日益凸显,土壤环境安全问题引起社会广泛关注。党和国家高度重视土壤环境保护工作,将土壤污染防治工作提上议事日程,放在与大气、水污染防治同等重要的位置,全面推进土壤污染防治工作。"十一五"期间,环境保护部组织开展了全国土壤污染状况调查,启动了土壤环境质量标准修订工作。"十二五"期间,出台了一系列土壤污染防治政策文件,加快推进土壤污染防治立法,制订实施了重金属综合防治规划,启     

国内土壤环境污染现状与防治措施

从土壤的污染种类出发,分析了近年来我国土壤污染的现状。介绍了当前国内外土壤的重金属污染和有机污染的修复技术,主要包括物理化学修复法、植物修复法和微生物修复法等。同时针对我国土壤污染日益严重的状况,提出了土壤污染的防治措施,对已经污染的土壤采取有效措施加以修复、改良,同时进一步加强土壤污染综合防治与环境管理。     

土壤污染防治先行区建设进展、问题与对策

土壤污染防治先行区建设是国家《土壤污染防治行动计划》确定的重要任务之一,承担着"出模式、出经验、出效果"的重要使命和责任。文章分析了全国6个土壤污染防治先行区的建设进展、存在的主要问题,结合《关于加强土壤污染综合防治先行区建设的指导意见》(环土壤〔2017〕165号)要求,提出了加快建设先行区建设步伐、确保如期实现目标指标的相关建议,为各地加快土壤污染防治环境管理提供参考。     

开展详查摸清土壤污染家底

正今年5月,国务院印发《土壤污染防治行动计划》(以下简称"土十条"),对今后一个时期我国土壤污染防治工作做出了全面战略部署,并且把"开展土壤污染调查,掌握土壤环境质量状况"作为首要任务.当前,我国土壤污染状况不清、原因不明和环境监管体系不完善等问题十分突出.笔者认为,组织开展全国土壤污染状况调查、详查,摸清全国土壤环境状况,掌握土壤污染情况,是制定土壤污染防治对策﹑做好土壤污染防治工     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.