320排CT冠状动脉成像与冠状动脉造影的影像对比研究

目的以选择性冠状动脉造影（SCA）为＂金标准＂评价320排CT冠状动脉成像技术对诊断冠状动脉狭窄的准确性。方法选择冠心病诊断明确或可疑冠心病患者共86例（男49例,女37例）。所有患者的心律均为窦性心律,心率≥75次/min的患者口服倍他乐克控制心率;均同期行320排器官动态容积CT（DVCT）与SCA,将320排DVCT与SCA的结果进行对照研究,直径≥1.5mm的冠状动脉节段纳入结果分析,冠状动脉狭窄定义为≥50%的狭窄,分析320排DVCT对冠状动脉不同节段、不同分支狭窄判断的准确性;并根据有无伪影和是否符合进一步狭窄评价的要求将冠状动脉图像质量分为四个等级（Ⅰ～Ⅳ级）。结果 320排DVCT显示的1032个冠状动脉节段均符合影像学评价要求（Ⅰ～Ⅲ级）;计算320排DVCT评价冠状动脉有无狭窄的总体敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为92.7%、96.1%、86.4%和98.0%,准确度为94.7%。结论 320排DVCT能清楚显示冠状动脉各分支节段,较为准确的诊断冠状动脉狭窄程度,亦可作为无创性诊断冠状动脉疾病的有力工具。     

心率及心律对320排容积CT冠状动脉血管成像及相关辐射剂量的影响

目的探讨320排容积CT(DVCT)冠状动脉血管成像心率(律)对图像质量、诊断准确性及辐射剂量的影响。方法回顾性分析济南军区总医院2009年11月至2010年7月行DVCT冠状动脉血管成像患者94例,男65例,女29例,年龄39～91岁,平均(65.6±10.3)岁。以图像质量1级(无运动伪影,优)至4级(严重伪影,差),按照美国心脏协会推荐的15分段法对冠状动脉图像质量进行评价。心率以扫描各心跳平均值表示,心律变化程度以扫描各心跳标准差(SD)表示。分析心率及心律变化对图像质量、辐射剂量的影响。对其中35例冠状动脉血管成像CT检查发现异常患者行冠状动脉导管造影(ICA),分析DVCT冠状动脉血管成像诊断管腔明显狭窄(狭窄率≥50%)的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值(PPV)、阴性预测值(NPV)。对双变量非正态分布资料采用Spearman相关分析或直线回归分析;利用多元回归分析心率与心律变化的相互作用。结果 (1)图像质量随着心率增高而降低(P<0.001),主要集中于优-良的转变,心律变化对图像质量无明显影响(P=0.16),通过心电编辑,优、良图像质量占96.4%,可诊断节段达99.7%;(2)平均辐射剂量...     

急性不典型胸痛患者320排CT心肺血管一站式成像分析

目的：探讨320排CT心肺血管一站式成像对急性不典型胸痛的诊断价值。方法收集79例表现为急性胸痛行320排CT心肺血管一站式成像检查的连续病例资料。对比剂使用三期双流速方案同时显示肺动脉、冠状动脉和胸主动脉,并测量三大血管强化CT值,评价图像质量及右心腔对比剂伪影。以传统冠状动脉血管造影为金标准,分析CTA诊断冠状动脉狭窄超过50%的准确性。结果所有患者肺动脉、冠状动脉、胸主动脉均得到良好强化。可诊断冠状动脉血管段比例为95.69%,仅有2例右心腔对比剂伪影影响右冠状动脉评价。所有患者中,22例结果为阴性,肺栓塞13例;胸主动脉病变16例,其中主动脉夹层9例,壁内血肿2例,穿透性溃疡3例,胸主动脉瘤2例;冠状动脉病变为17例,其中7例冠状动脉狭窄超过50%。以血管段为计算单位,CTA诊断冠状动脉狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确度为90.91％、97.65％、83.33％、98.81％、96.88％。结论320排CT心肺血管一站式成像能快速排查肺动脉、冠状动脉和胸主动脉病因,是急性胸痛鉴别诊断的有效方法。     

64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像122例分析

目的探讨64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的临床应用价值。方法对122例行冠状动脉CTA检查者采用多种后处理方法重建图像,回顾性分析总结64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像诊断冠心病的临床价值。结果发现不同类型粥样斑块310处;并与同期的常规冠状动脉造影对照了14例147节段,统计学结果为:64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像诊断管腔内径狭窄≥50%的敏感性95.5%,特异性92.2%,阴性预测值97.9%,阳性预测值82.7%。总符合率93.2%。结论 64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像是冠心病的有效筛查手段,具有较高的临床应用价值,是常规冠状动脉造影的重要补充。     

64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像与冠状动脉造影诊断冠心病的对比研究

目的比较64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像与冠状动脉造影诊断冠心病的价值。方法选择冠心病患者120例,所有患者均接受64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像及冠状动脉造影检查,比较两种检查方法对冠状动脉狭窄的显示情况及其敏感性、特异性、阳性预测率及阴性预测率。结果 (1)以冠状动脉造影为标准,64排螺旋CT冠脉成像显示的轻度冠脉狭窄数量较多,而中度及重度冠脉狭窄的数量较少,经统计学分析,两种检查方法间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。(2)依照冠脉造影的标准,64排螺旋CT冠脉成像对冠状动脉狭窄(≥50%)诊断的敏感性及特异性为96.4%(137/142)和96.8%(274/283),阳性预测率及阴性预测率为93.8%(137/146)和98.2%(274/279)。结论 64排螺旋CT在冠脉病变的诊断中具有较高的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测率和阴性预测率。     

64排螺旋CT冠状动脉造影与传统冠状动脉造影的对照研究

目的探讨64排螺旋CT冠状动脉造影（computed tomography coronary angiography, CTCA）,,对冠状动脉疾病的诊断价值。方法56例确诊或怀疑为冠心病的患者均行64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像和传统冠状动脉造影（conventional coro-nary angiography,CCA）检查,并以CCA的诊断结果作为金标准,采用美国心脏协会冠状动脉改良分段法,分析共825个冠状动脉节段CTCA图像质量及其对冠状动脉狭窄的显示情况,得出CTCA诊断有意义病变（冠状动脉狭窄≥50％）fl＇,J正确性,并分析影响CTCA图像质量的主要因素。结果798个冠状动脉节段图像可以满足诊断要求,12个节段中因运动伪影或15个节段管壁严重钙化无法对血管腔进行评估。64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像诊断≥50％狭窄总的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确性分别为88．1％、97．8％、89．9％、97．4％和96％。影响图像质量主要因素为快心率、严重钙化。结论64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像图像质量高,对冠状动脉疾病的诊断十分准确,可作为一种简便易行、安全可靠的无创性筛查冠心病的有效方法。     

320排动态容积CT冠状动脉成像与冠状动脉造影对比观察

目的比较320排动态容积CT（DVCT）冠状动脉成像和冠状动脉造影（CAG）对诊断冠状动脉狭窄的准确性。方法对56例患者的672个冠状动脉节段进行320排DVCT冠状动脉成像及CAG,并进行对比分析。结果可用于评估的672个冠状动脉节段中,CAG显示病变140个,320排DVCT显示其中132个,320排DVCT诊断冠状动脉病变的总体敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为92.3%、99.2%、96.9%和97.9%。冠状动脉管壁严重钙化是图像质量失实的主要原因。结论 320排DVCT在显示冠状动脉病变时,具有较高的敏感度和特异度,并且对于病变程度的评估也比较准确,对于预测及早期诊断冠心病,有重要的临床应用价值。     

冠状动脉钙化对320排容积CT冠状动脉血管成像的影响

目的 探讨320排容积CT（DVCT）冠状动脉钙化（CAC）对冠状动脉图像质量及诊断准确性的影响.方法 回顾性分析济南军区总医院2011年12月至2012年3月行DVCT扫描及常规冠状动脉造影检查（ICA）的患者60例,计算每例患者总的钙化积分（CS）及四大分支的CS,以图像质量4级（优）至1级（差）对每支血管图像质量进行评价,分析患者每支血管的CS与图像质量的相关性.对患者及每支冠状动脉血管的明显狭窄（狭窄≥50%）进行判断,以ICA为金标准,作出该60例患者冠状动脉狭窄≥50%的ROC曲线,获得患者总CS的最佳截断点.以最佳截断点为界,将60例患者分为高CS组和低CS组,以每支冠状动脉为研究对象,不可评价的血管作为假阳性处理,对高、低CS组的诊断准确性进行比较,同时比较两组DVCT冠状动脉成像结果 与ICA结果 的差异性,分析CS对冠心病诊断准确性的影响.结果 冠状动脉钙化积分（CACS）与图像质量呈负相关,CS越高,图像质量越差.该60例患者的冠状动脉狭窄≥50%的ROC曲线的CS最佳截断点为381.5分（灵敏度为81.5%,特异度为78.8%）.高CS组的诊断准确性低于低CS组（P=0.009）,而两组DVCT结果 与ICA结果 的差异均无统计学意义（P=0.134,0.607）.结论 CAC仍是320排容积CT图像质量及诊断准确性下降的重要原因.     

双源CT自适应心脏步进扫描技术在高心率患者冠状动脉成像中的应用

目的 探讨双源CT自适应心脏步进扫描技术在高心率患者冠状动脉成像中的应用价值.方法 连续采集58例接受DSCTA检查(心率≥70次/分,均未进行人为干预)的患者资料.数据采集期相为45%R-R间期,重建期相为45%±8%.采用Kruskal Wallis H检验分析平均心率、心率变化与图像质量间的关系;ROC曲线分析检验平均心率、心率变化对移动伪影产生的影响.14例患者在DSCTA后接受冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查.采用CTDI和DLP计算有效辐射剂量.结果 58例纳入患者中,可供评价的血管为948段,图像质量评价为1～3级者占95.68%(907/948).对于不同的心率变化,不同级别的LAD、LCX的显示节段数比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).ROC曲线分析表明平均心率对冠状动脉移动伪影的产生有统计学意义(AUC:0.75,95%CI:0.55～0.96,P<0.05).DSCTA诊断狭窄程度<50%及≥50%血管的敏感度分别为80.00%(8/10)和90.48%(38/42);诊断血管狭窄的特异度为95.51%(170/178),阴性预测值为96.59%(170/176).有效辐射剂量为(6.46±0.12)mSy.结论 双源CT自适应心脏步进扫描技术对于心率≥70次/分的患者无需刻意降低心率,心率变化平稳患者均能得到良好的图像质量,诊断效能较高,可明显降低辐射剂量.     

320排CT评价冠状动脉支架通畅性及再狭窄的初步探讨

目的初步探讨320排CT冠状动脉成像评价支架通畅性及再狭窄的临床价值及优势。方法对32例冠状动脉支架植入术后患者的48枚支架行320排CT冠状动脉成像及常规冠状动脉造影;应用3分法评价320排CT冠状动脉支架的图像质量;以常规冠状动脉造影为参照,评价320排CT诊断支架通畅性及再狭窄的准确性。结果所有48枚支架及支架内管腔均可以显示并满足诊断要求。以常规X线冠状动脉造影为标准,320排CT冠状动脉成像诊断支架内再狭窄的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确度分别为92.31%(12/13)、97.14%(34/35)、92.31%(12/13)、97.14%(34/35)及95.83%(46/48)。结论 320排CT冠状动脉成像在支架再狭窄评价方面有较高的准确度及应用价值,可以作为冠状动脉支架植入术后常规随访的首选影像学方法。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.