多壁碳纳米管填充丁苯橡胶复合材料的研究

采用浓硝酸(HNO3)氧化处理后的多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)与丁苯橡胶(SBR)及其他配合剂在开炼机上进行混炼加工制备MWNTs／橡胶复合材料，并与炭黑补强橡胶体系进行对比，进而研究了MWNTs／橡胶复合材料的物理性能，并初步探讨了该材料微观结构与性能之间的关系。结果表明：随着MWNTs质量百分含量的增加，橡胶复合材料的力学性能也随之增高；MWNTs／橡胶复合材料的抗撕裂强度(25．9kN／m)、硬度(58)、磨耗(0．22mL/1．61km)性能较炭黑／橡胶体系要好。由MWNTs补强的橡胶对开发具有低滚动滞后性和抗疲劳损失的轮胎胎面胶将有很大的实用潜力。     

导电炭黑填充硅橡胶的电阻温度系数

以炭黑(CB3100)为导电相,硅橡胶为基质制备导电复合材料。研究导电橡胶中炭黑质量分数对电阻温度系数的影响,并用填料对电阻温度系数的影响。以隧道效应理论为基础,给出了导电炭黑填充橡胶的电阻温度系数计算模型,结合实验得到温度对导电炭黑/硅橡胶电阻温度系数的影响主要体现在对其电阻率的影响;基体的体积热膨胀提高复合材料的电阻率,提高了正电阻温度系数;炭黑粒子间的隧道效应降低复合材料的电阻率,增强了负电阻温度系数;在炭黑/硅橡胶中加入少量碳纳米管,利用碳纳米管和炭黑的协同补强效应,使复合材料的导电性和稳定性提高。     

漂珠改性天然橡胶复合材料的性能研究

利用Si-6偶联剂改性漂珠,通过直接共混法将改性的漂珠和NR制备漂珠/NR复合材料.研究复合材料的拉伸性能、硬度、热性能变化规律,并利用SEM研究试样拉伸断裂机理.结果表明:改性后漂珠的粒径减小,呈不规则的块状结构.与半补强炭黑/NR相比,漂珠/NR复合材料的断裂伸长率提高,拉伸强度未见变小,硬度减小.价格低廉的漂珠能替代炭黑作橡胶补强材料.     

重晶石/橡胶复合材料的力学性能研究

采用不同偶联剂对重晶石表面活化改性,通过直接共混法制备重晶石/橡胶(NR)复合材料。研究了不同偶联剂改性重晶石后复合材料的拉伸性能、硬度、耐磨性能变化规律。结果表明:当活化重晶石含量在20%～30%时,能获得拉伸强度、断裂伸长率及耐磨性能优异的复合材料。硬脂酸改性后重晶石与橡胶复合材料的拉伸性能、硬度及耐磨性最佳。活化后重晶石具有优异的补强效果及理想的加工特性,可替代炭黑实现其在橡胶中的应用。     

碳纳米管/天然橡胶复合材料的实验研究-- 碳纳米管用量对复合材料性能的影响

采用机械混合方法制备碳纳米管／天然橡胶复合材料,随着碳纳米管添加量的增加,橡胶材料微观结构的均匀性下降,DSC曲线中结晶熔融峰面积逐渐减小,同时橡胶硫化返原现象减轻,硫化样品的交联度有所降低。碳纳米管在橡胶样品中显示出补强效应,碳纳米管复合材料的回弹、压缩疲劳性能明显优于炭黑补强样品,但其拉伸、撕裂性能水平较低。     

碳纳米管/天然橡胶复合材料的制备及性能

对碳纳米管/天然橡胶复合材料的制备工艺和材料性能进行了研究。碳纳米管与天然橡胶复合后,橡胶DSC曲线中结晶熔融峰变小,硫化返原现象减轻,焦烧时间略有缩短。经过分散-粘合体系处理,碳纳米管在橡胶中的分散程度及界面粘合状况改善,复合材料的整体力学性能提高,与炭黑增强样品相比,碳纳米管复合材料在回弹及动态压缩性能方面占有优势,动态模量和玻璃化转变温度高,热降解稳定性较好。      

超声分散制备天然橡胶/丁苯橡胶/炭黑/碳纳米管纳米复合材料

通过超声分散制备了分散均匀的碳纳米管(CNTs)/天然橡胶母料,利用母料制备了天然橡胶(NR)/丁苯橡胶(SBR)/炭黑(CB)/碳纳米管复合材料。通过比较常规搅拌、双辊混炼和超声分散三种方法对碳纳米管的分散及对复合材料性能的影响,表明超声分散能实现碳纳米管在基体中均匀分散,CNTs和CB的协同作用提高了复合材料的力学性能,当CB/CNTs之比为37/3时力学性能最高,与未加CNTs增强的体系相比,拉伸强度提高了6.4%。当CNTs含量为7phr,与未加CNTs的体系相比,压缩模量提高了20%。     

挤出法乙丙橡胶/蒙脱土纳米复合材料制备和表征

采用一种新型的有机土蒙脱土(OMM T),通过熔融挤出法制备出了具有优异性能的乙丙橡胶/OMM T复合材料,并与炭黑补强体系进行了对比。透射电子显微镜考察表明,所制备的乙丙橡胶/OMM T纳米复合材料为剥离型结构;力学性能测试结果表明,当有机土含量仅为3份时,复合材料硫化胶的扯断强度是纯胶体系的5.2倍,比同量的高耐磨炭黑增强体系的硫化胶也提高了284%,与加入15份高耐磨炭黑的硫化胶相当;有机土体系撕裂强度也明显高于炭黑体系。还利用门尼黏度测试表征了材料的加工性能。     

不同维数填料对橡胶Payne效应的影响

在变外力作用下,填充橡胶的动态模量会随着应变的增加而急剧下降的现象称为Payne效应。研究填充橡胶的Payne效应可以保证橡胶制品在使用过程中的安全性和可靠性,同时获得具有良好力学性能的橡胶制品。文中通过胶乳-双辊连用法制备了炭黑/天然橡胶复合材料(RCB)、碳纳米管/天然橡胶复合材料(RCNT)和石墨烯/天然橡胶复合材料(RGE)。扫描电镜和透射电镜图像显示,该方法可以将填料均匀分散在橡胶基体中。Mooney-Rivlin曲线和动态力学性能测试显示RGE复合材料的Payne效应最强,RCB复合材料的Payne效应最弱。     

填料对聚丙烯导热复合材料导电和流变性能的影响

分别制备了炭黑、碳纳米管、炭黑/碳纳米管简单共混以及炭黑碳纳米管化学键合聚丙烯复合材料,研究了不同体系的导热、导电和流变性能。研究发现,使用炭黑/碳纳米管简单共混或化学键合掺杂的复合材料热导率分别达到0.60W/mk和0.63 W/mk,而使用炭黑或碳纳米管杂化的组分热导率仅仅为0.36 W/mk和0.45 W/mk。掺杂碳纳米管或炭黑/碳纳米管简单共混填料的复合材料体积电阻下降了6个数量级,而掺杂炭黑或炭黑/碳纳米管化学键合填料的复合材料均有较好的绝缘性。掺杂杂化组分后,复合材料均出现了剪切变稀现象,在储能模量与频率曲线上低频区出现"第二平台",但掺杂炭黑/碳纳米管化学键合样品的第二平台极微弱。微观结构发现填料在基体中分散良好,填料间形成了很好的架桥。研究结果表明,简单使用炭黑、碳纳米管掺杂对复合材料的热导率改善不佳,使用炭黑/碳纳米管简单混合虽能大幅提高热导率,但影响复合材料的绝缘性能,而将炭黑/碳纳米管化学键合后可满足制备导热绝缘复合材料的要求。     

短切炭纤维增强沥青基C/C复合材料的组织特征

利用新型、高效的模压半炭化成型工艺，在大气环境下制备出了短切炭纤维增强沥青基C／C复合材料制品，并借助光学显做镜和扫描电镜对其微观组织和断口形貌进行了观察。通过分析，解释了短切炭纤维增强沥青基C／C复合材料中炭纤维损伤的形成机制，提出了作为增强体相的短切炭纤维和焦炭颗粒与基体炭之间独特的界而结构模型。研究还表明：复合材料中明显存在着基体相和颗粒相一基体相的显微结构不仅呈层片状，而且层片状的结构好像数层桔子皮，将颗粒相包裹起来，这种“桔皮包裹”式的结构与炭纤维表面的POG结构基本相似。     

短切炭纤维增强沥青基C/C复合材料的力学性能

利用模压半炭化成型工艺在大气环境下制备出了短切炭纤维增强沥青基C／C复合材料（简称SCFRC）。研究了短切炭纤维的体积分数对SCFRC材料的体积密度和力学性能的影响规律。借助光学显微镜和扫描电镜对其微观组织和断口形貌进行了观察，分析了短切炭纤维对SCFRC材料的增强机制。结果表明，当短切炭纤维的体积分数由0％增大到11．8％时，SCFRC材料的力学性能随之呈线性增加；短切炭纤维增强SCFRC材料的机制主要有裂纹偏转效应、桥联效应以及脱粘和拔出效应。     

Kinetics of chemical vapor infiltration of carbon nanofiber-reinforced carbon/carbon composites

Preforms containing 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt.% carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were fabricated by spreading layers of carbon cloth, and infiltrated by using the technique of isothermal chemical vapor infiltration (ICVI) at the temperature of 1100 °C under the total pressure of 1 kPa and with the flow of the mixture of propane/nitrogen in a ratio of 13:1. The infiltration rates increased with the rising of CNF content, and after 580 h of infiltration, the achievable degree of pore filling was the highest when the CNF content was 5 wt.%, but the composite could not be densified efficiently as the CNF content ranged from 10 to 20 wt.%. An analysis of the results, based on the effective diffusion coefficient and on the in-pore deposition rates, shows that the CNFs, due to their higher aspect ratio, accelerate overgrowth at pore entrances and thus lead to incomplete pore filling.     

Hierarchical carbon nanostructure design: ultra-long carbon nanofibers decorated with carbon nanotubes

Hierarchical carbon nanostructures based on ultra-long carbon nanofibers (CNF) decorated with carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been prepared using plasma processes. The nickel/carbon composite nanofibers, used as a support for the growth of CNT, were deposited on nanopatterned silicon substrate by a hybrid plasma process, combining magnetron sputtering and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of spherical nanoparticles randomly dispersed within the carbon nanofibers. The nickel nanoparticles have been used as a catalyst to initiate the growth of CNT by PECVD at 600°C. After the growth of CNT onto the ultra-long CNF, SEM imaging revealed the formation of hierarchical carbon nanostructures which consist of CNF sheathed with CNTs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that reducing the growth temperature of CNT to less than 500°C leads to the formation of carbon nanowalls on the CNF instead of CNT. This simple fabrication method allows an easy preparation of hierarchical carbon nanostructures over a large surface area, as well as a simple manipulation of such material in order to integrate it into nanodevices.     

软硬混编预制体增强沥青基4D-C/C材料的拉伸破坏行为

以X-Y平面依次铺设炭纤维束、Z向穿插炭棒的4D软硬混编为预制体,采用沥青液相常压、高压浸渍/炭化-石墨化循环致密工艺制备4D-C/C复合材料。通过该材料Z向(炭棒方向)的拉伸实验,测定其拉伸性能和力学行为,并采用SEM分析试样表面及断口形貌。结果表明:宏观上拉伸试样以炭棒整体拔出的形式破坏;细观尺度上,试样表面形成了与载荷方向垂直的贯穿性裂纹,裂纹以2 mm左右的距离呈等间距分布;材料进一步的破坏过程中,基体裂纹在X-Y向纤维束中呈线性扩展,快速分割了基体材料,使4D-C/C复合材料的拉伸破坏演变为1D-C/C复合材料的破坏模式,由于炭棒与基体炭界面结合弱,炭棒以拔出方式失效和破坏。     

Diamond formation on carbon/carbon composite

A carbon/carbon composite was used as substrate for low-pressure diamond deposition. To enhanced diamond nucleation on carbon/carbon composites, a total of ten surface preparation methods have been investigated. These methods involved the use of atomic hydrogen etching, mechanical polishing, sonication, or coating. Diamond nucleation was found to occur on either the defects of the carbon/carbon composite substrates or diamond particulate left on the substrates. The defects were created primarily by atomic hydrogen etching during the coating process. Seeding with diamond powders was performed by dip coating, sonication, or spray-coating processes. It was found that these seeding processes resulted in excellent nucleation of diamond.     

Graphitization behaviour of carbon fibre-glassy carbon composites

Carbon fibre-carbon composites were fabricated by aligning PAN-based carbon fibre unidirectionally in furfuryl alcohol resin char. The graphitization behaviour was investigated by an X-ray diffraction technique and by the measurement of magnetoresistance. The time-temperature superimposition study for interlayer spacing resulted in an activation energy of 242±35 kcal mol⁻¹. The kinetic study on magnetoresistance agreed with the result of X-ray measurement. The activation energy is that for the graphitization of the layer structure formed in the glassy carbon matrix of the composites. The graphitization mechanism of the layer structure is the same as that of soft carbons.     

Mesoscale evolution of non-graphitizing pyrolytic carbon in aligned carbon nanotube carbon matrix nanocomposites

Polymer-derived pyrolytic carbons (PyCs) are highly desirable building blocks for high-strength low-density ceramic meta-materials, and reinforcement with nanofibers is of interest to address brittleness and tailor multi-functional properties. The properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them leading candidates for nanocomposite reinforcement, but how CNT confinement influences the structural evolution of the PyC matrix is unknown. Here, the influence of aligned CNT proximity interactions on nano- and mesoscale structural evolution of phenol-formaldehyde-derived PyCs is established as a function of pyrolysis temperature (\(T_{\mathrm {p}}\)) using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Aligned CNT PyC matrix nanocomposites are found to evolve faster at the mesoscale by plateauing in crystallite size at \(T_{\mathrm {p}}\) \(\sim\)800 \(^{\circ }\hbox {C}\), which is more than \(200\,\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) below that of unconfined PyCs. Since the aligned CNTs used here exhibit \(\sim\)80 nm average separations and \(\sim\)8 nm diameters, confinement effects are surprisingly not found to influence PyC structure on the atomic-scale at \(T_{\mathrm {p}}\) \(\le \)1400 \(^{\circ }\hbox {C}\). Since CNT confinement could lead to anisotropic crystallite growth in PyCs synthesized below \(\sim\)1000 \(^{\circ }\hbox {C}\), and recent modeling indicates that more slender crystallites increase PyC hardness, these results inform fabrication of PyC-based meta-materials with unrivaled specific mechanical properties.     

Development of vapor grown carbon fibers (VGCF) reinforced carbon/carbon composites

C/C composites are developed using vapor grown carbon fibers (VGCF) with two types of pitches as matrix precursor. The composites are carbonized at 1000°C by applying the isostatic pressure throughout the carbonization process and further heat treated at different temperatures up to 2500°C in the inert atmosphere. By applying iso-static pressure one can able to developed VGCF based C/C composites possessing the very high bulk density (1.80 g/cm³) and apparent density (2.01 g/cm³) only by heat treatment up to 2500°C without any densification cycle. This high value of density is due to the extremely strong fiber-matrix interactions and self sintering between the VGCF fibers during carbonization process under iso-static pressure. From the SEM study it reveals that, fiber-matrix interactions are strong and fiber boundaries merges with each other, also there is not a evidence of matrix shrinkage cracks in case 1500°C heat treated composites. On the other hand, in 2500°C heat treated composites, there is evidence of uniform fiber-matrix interfacial cracks and porosity in nanometer dimensions. This is due to the change in fiber morphology above HTT 1500°C. But the formation of nano width cracks does not affect on the mechanical properties of composites. The compressive strength increases from 95MPa of 1500°C to 105 MPa of 2500°C heat treated composites. However, hardness decreases due to the increase in the degree of graphitization of composites on 2500°C. The study reveals that by controlling processing condition and the uniform dispersion of VGCF fibers in the matrix phase, it can be possible to developed nano porosity at fiber-matrix interface.