采用RA和SVG分别联合LIMA实施CABG治疗的多支冠状动脉病变患者术后1年桥血管通畅情况

目的 对比观察采用桡动脉(RA)和大隐静脉(SVG)分别联合左乳内动脉(LIMA)实施冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的多支冠状动脉病变患者术后1年桥血管通畅情况.方法 接受CABG治疗的多支冠状动脉病变患者67例,根据手术方式不同分为RA组、SVG组,其中RA组35例患者选用LIMA+RA作为桥血管进行CABG治疗,S...     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后静脉桥血管通畅率的研究进展

<正>冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)是现今治疗冠心病最有效的手术方法之一[1],术后5~10年内约25%~50%的桥血管会发生再狭窄或者闭塞[2],评价CABG疗效的最主要指标之一是桥血管近、远期的通畅率。国内外CABG采用最多的移植血管是乳内动脉(internal mammary artery,IMA)和大隐静脉(saphenous vein,SV)。由于IMA长度受限以及冠心病患者大多为多支冠状动脉病变,所以自体SV仍然是CABG术中最常用的桥血管移植材料[3]。如何提高静脉桥血管的远期通畅率已经成为CABG术后的一个研究热点。本文对近年来有关静脉桥血     

右胃网膜动脉冠状动脉旁路术

近10年来,冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)的主要进展在于选择旁路血管。大隐静脉(SV)曾常规用于CABG,但手术后数年发现静脉的退行性改变常导致失败。目前普遍采用乳内动脉(IMA)作CABG;IMA移植通畅率较高,可能由于IMA能明显增加血管壁的前列环素(prostacyclin)的合成和保留有该血管壁的营养血管,自成一个循环系统。然而,对完全性心肌梗塞需要行三支血管的CABG较复杂的手术,以及再次CABG的病人,即使采用双侧IMA也是困难的。这就促使心外科医生必须寻找另外可供移植的动脉。早在1975年,Curtis等曾试用游离的桡动脉行CABG,结果令人失望。1973年     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后大隐静脉桥血管再狭窄机制及防治策略研究新进展

冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)是当前医治冠心病最有效的措施之一[1],然而术后10年内静脉桥血管发生再狭窄甚至闭塞的概率高达50%[2],因此评估CABG疗效的最主要目标之一是桥血管的通畅程度。目前国内外CABG采用最多的移植血管是乳内动脉(internal mammary artery,IMA)和大隐静脉(saphenous vein,SV)。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后心绞痛复发患者行冠状动脉造影术的分析

1 资料与方法 选择2005年8月～2008年1月在我院行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后,因心绞痛复发而复查冠状动脉造影的患者82例,男65例,女17例,平均年龄(61.82±9.02)岁.冠状动脉造影时间平均(36.51±23.34)个月.旁路移植血管共199支,其中左内乳动脉桥41支,大隐静脉桥156支,桡动脉桥2支.     

大隐静脉和上臂头静脉移植对70岁以上病人心肌血管重建作用的比较

目的　冠状动脉旁路移植术是治疗缺血性心脏病一种常规方法 ,但是由于所采用的移植血管不同 ,导致治疗的效果也不尽相同。目前治疗常用的血管为大隐静脉 +乳内动脉为标准手术术式。然而诸多原因限制 ,有时大隐静脉不适合作为移植材料。本研究对大隐静脉与上臂头静脉作为移植材料进行比较。方法　接受乳内动脉和大隐静脉旁路移植术组 35例 ,平均年龄 77岁 ,接受乳内动脉 +上臂头静脉旁路移植术组 15例 ,平均年龄 75岁 ,二组之间 ,体重 ,心肌梗死病史 ,心功能 ,平均每例冠状动脉病变以及平均移植血管数没有明显差别。结果　乳内动脉和大隐静脉旁路移植术组和乳内动脉 +上臂头静脉旁路移植术组之间 ,乳内动脉的五年累计通畅率分别为 96 %和94 % ,二组之间没有显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,大隐静脉的通畅率为 70 % ,上臂头静脉为 4 8% ,二组之间差异性不明显 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　通过两组间的 5年累计通畅率的比较 ,我们认为在高龄病人上臂头静脉作为移植血管效果差 ,术后通畅率低 ,但可以作为移植血管的最后选择。     

中国常用动脉化冠状动脉旁路移植术的通畅率及疗效

目前冠状动脉旁路移植术通常采用一支乳内动脉加一支或多支大隐静脉作为桥血管,大隐静脉会逐渐粥样硬化而闭塞,动脉的通畅率远高于大隐静脉。左乳内动脉已常规应用于冠状动脉旁路移植术,同应用双侧乳内动脉相比,左乳内动脉加大隐静脉被认为是远期死亡、心脏事件的独立危险因素。乳内动脉用于左侧冠状动脉时通畅率一样;原位或复合桥移植时所有的乳内动脉通畅率相同,但吻合于主动脉时通畅率降低,所以原位乳内动脉通畅率高于游离乳内动脉。胃网膜右动脉和桡动脉宜吻合于近端狭窄严重者。双侧乳内动脉+胃网膜右动脉可避免触及主动脉,最大程度地减少脑部并发症的发生。70岁以下冠状动脉旁路移植术、预期寿命5年以上者,应选择双侧乳内动脉;60岁以下没有或很少合并症的冠状动脉旁路移植术患者可考虑全动脉化搭桥手术。     

经右侧桡动脉入径行选择性左乳内动脉造影5例体会

<正>1背景由于与静脉移植桥相比,左乳内动脉(left internal mammary artery,LIMA)具有显著优越的远期通畅率,被广泛用作旁路移植物[1]。因此,在诊断性冠状动脉造影检查后,当患者被判断为适合行冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)时,应进行LIMA的术前评估,以确保在用作旁路移植物之前通畅。另一方面,对于使用LIMA作为桥血管的CABG术后患者,如再次评价桥血管通畅情况时,也需要行LIMA造影检查。LIMA桥血管造影检查和介入治疗的经典入路为股动脉入径,近年来采用左侧桡动脉入径造影有所增加[2]。越来越多的证据支持经桡动脉入径进行介入治疗可改善患者预后,提高医     

冠状动脉旁路移植术中应用他汀类药物与静脉移植失败的研究进展

<正>目前,冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)仍是治疗终末期冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的首要治疗方法。虽然左乳内动脉是左前降支血运重建的首选,并且越来越多的医疗机构采用一侧或双侧桡动脉作为移植血管材料达到全动脉化CABG~([1])。早期CABG中需要大量的移植血管,使得自体大隐静脉成为最常用的血管移植     

复合桥血管在冠状动脉病变合并升主动脉严重钙化小切口冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用及对中期通畅率的影响

目的探讨Y型复合桥血管(左胸廓内动脉-桡动脉、左胸廓内动脉-大隐静脉)在左前外侧小切口冠状动脉旁路移植术(MIDCAB)中的应用以及术后中期通畅率。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2015年5月38例冠状动脉病变合并升主动脉严重钙化患者应用Y型复合桥血管的MIDCAB临床资料。男29例、女9例,年龄56~83〔平均(67.8±8.2)〕岁,通过冠状动脉血管造影(CTA)评估术后1年桥血管通畅率。结果全例均顺利完成MIDCAB,无术中转正中开胸,平均手术时间为(3.6±1.1)h,24例采用左胸廓内动脉-桡动脉Y型复合桥血管,14例采用左胸廓内动脉-大隐静脉Y型复合桥血管,平均吻合移植血管(2.7±0.5)支。无围术期二次开胸止血、无术后脑卒中发生以及围术期心梗发生,围术期新发心房颤动3例,经对症治疗恢复窦性心律;肾衰竭1例,经血液透析治愈;ICU入住时间(52.8±19.2)h,全组无住院死亡。术后1年通过冠状动脉CTA随访显示,桥血管的总通畅率为97.1%,其中全部患者左胸廓内动脉-左前降支吻合口通畅率为100%,左胸廓内动脉-桡动脉组出现桡动脉桥血管线征1例,左胸廓内动脉-大隐静脉桥血管阻塞1例,累积桥血管通畅率:左胸廓内动脉-桡动脉桥血管与靶血管吻合通畅率为95.8%,左胸廓内动脉-大隐静脉与靶血管吻合通畅率为92.8%(P>0.05)。结论对于冠心病合并升主动脉严重钙化患者而言,MIDCAB术中采用Y型复合桥血管安全、有效,中期通畅率良好。全动脉桥血管(左胸廓内动脉-桡动脉)是最佳方案,但对于桡动脉无法使用或获取后可能发生手部缺血等并发症的患者,左胸廓内动脉-大隐静脉复合桥血管仍是一种良好的选择。     

Midterm clinical results in myocardial revascularization using the radial artery

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate and midterm results of coronary artery bypass grafting with the radial artery (RA) as a conduit. PATIENTS: Two hundred forty-one patients underwent myocardial revascularization using the RA. In 78.5% of patients, three coronary vessels were involved, and in 25% of patients, the left main coronary artery was involved. The mean (+/- SD) preoperative ejection fraction was 58 +/- 13%. INTERVENTIONS: The RA was implanted on branches of the circumflex artery in 81% of the cases, and the left internal mammary artery was implanted on the left anterior descending artery in 94% of patients. Total arterial myocardial revascularization was performed in 58% of patients. Measurements and results: The in-hospital mortality rate was 0.8%. Two patients had acute myocardial infarction, and three patients experienced a transient low-cardiac output syndrome. We reviewed the records of all 171 patients who had undergone at least 6 months of follow-up after surgery. The late mortality rate in this group was 0.6% (one patient died 2 months after surgery because of cardiocirculatory arrest due to untreatable ventricular fibrillation). At a mean follow-up time of 545 +/- 253 days, two patients showed class 3 residual angina according to the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) guidelines. One patient required another hospital admission 6 months after undergoing surgery for PTCA/stenting on a circumflex artery that had not previously undergone bypass. The second patient, 8 months after undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, underwent angiography and stenting on a stenosed anastomosis of a posterolateral branch of the circumflex artery that previously had been bypassed with the right internal mammary artery. CONCLUSIONS: The routine use of the RA for coronary bypass grafting is a safe surgical technique, providing excellent clinical mid-term results in terms of cardiac event-free expectancy.     

Use of internal mammary artery in radiation-induced coronary artery disease.

In 3 patients who had been subjected to mediastinal irradiation for breast cancer, the internal mammary artery was used as a conduit for myocardial revascularization. Intraoperatively, in all patients the internal mammary artery exhibited excellent blood flow and except for mild adhesions between the pericardium and epicardium no unusual technical problems were encountered. Preoperative assessment of the internal mammary artery by angiography is recommended in patients with radiation-induced coronary artery disease who are scheduled to undergo myocardial revascularization with intended use of the internal mammary artery.     

Myocardial revascularization using both internal mammary arteries. Clinical results and surgical strategy

To improve the benefits from coronary artery grafting with internal mammary artery (IMA) several technical manoeuvres and methods have been developed to increase the number of coronary arteries and their branches that can be bypassed with internal mammary arteries. Between November 1985 and December 1986, 50 patients underwent a surgical myocardial revascularization procedure using both internal mammary arteries by single or sequential anastomoses and supplemental saphenous vein graft. In 42% of these patients complete revascularization was achieved employing only internal mammary artery grafts. One hundred and twenty-six internal mammary artery grafts (77% of the total coronary bypass performed), were placed. One patient developed perioperative myocardial infarction. Reparative surgery to control immediate post-operative bleeding was required in two patients. Post-operative coronary angiography performed in 30 patients showed all patent internal mammary artery grafts but one. No late deaths occurred. Mean follow-up of 10 months was complete in 50 patients, of whom 94% are symptom free. We conclude that bilateral internal mammary artery grafting can be performed with low operative risk and can provide excellent long-term functional improvement and survival employing only high patency arterial conduit. Moreover, it doesn't significantly increase surgical morbidity.     

Ischemia induced by coronary steal through a patent mammary artery side branch: A role for embolization

Non-occlusion of the internal mammary artery side branches may cause ischemia due to flow diversion after coronary artery bypass grafting.The authors present the case of a 67-year-old man with recurrent angina after undergoing myocardial revascularization with a left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending bypass. He presented with impaired anterior wall myocardial perfusion in the setting of a patent left internal mammary artery side branch. Effective percutaneous treatment was carried out through coil embolization, with improved flow and clinical symptoms, confirmed through ischemia testing.Coronary steal through a patent mammary artery side branch is a controversial phenomenon and this type of intervention should be considered only in carefully selected patients.     

Myocardial revascularization with arterial conduits: comparison of bilateral internal mammary artery and single internal mammary artery

The use of bilateral internal mammary artery (BIMA) grafting for myocardial revascularization has been demonstrated to provide long-term benefits compared to revascularization using single left internal mammary artery (SIMA) and venous conduits. However, it is still controversial whether the use of BIMA is associated with a higher hospital mortality and morbidity. The present study retrospectively evaluated the possible advantages related to the use of BIMA at 3-year follow-up and whether the presence of operative risk factors in patients with BIMA could limit the application of the procedure in myocardial revascularization. We compared two groups of 100 patients matched for preoperative clinical characteristics, who underwent myocardial revascularization on the left coronary system with BIMA (93 males and 7 females, mean age 59 +/- 4 years) or with SIMA and venous conduits (86 males and 14 females, mean age 63 +/- 6 years). Hospital mortality rate was 2% in both groups, the use of BIMA being not a significant risk factor for hospital mortality and morbidity. The mean follow-up was 36 +/- 6 months for the BIMA group and 40 +/- 10 months for the SIMA group. At 3 years, there was no significant differences in the actuarial freedom from cardiac death (96 +/- 2% for BIMA vs 94 +/- 2% for SIMA patients), myocardial infarction (98 +/- 2 vs 97 +/- 2%), angina (93 +/- 2 vs 91 +/- 2%), symptomatic heart failure (92 +/- 3 vs 92 +/- 2%), coronary angioplasty/reoperation (96 +/- 2 vs 97 +/- 2% ), and total cardiac events (80 +/- 4 vs 76 +/- 4%). BIMA grafting was not an independent predictor of late cardiac events. In 66 patients who underwent a late angiographic or echo-Doppler study, the patency rate was 100% for the left mammary artery, 94% for the right mammary artery and 69% for venous conduits. In conclusion, myocardial revascularization with BIMA in situ is associated with low hospital mortality and morbidity, good clinical outcome and excellent patency rate at 3 years, with apparently no significant differences when compared to the use of SIMA and venous conduits. The low hospital mortality and morbidity and the satisfactory medium-term results in our opinion justify a more extensive use of BIMA in myocardial revascularization.     

Coronary revascularization surgery with arterial conduits. The technic, results and 4-year follow-up in 1023 consecutive patients

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the present study was to analyze the in-hospital and mid term results obtained in 1,023 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) in whom a combination of arterial grafts was used: radial arteries (RA) and one or both internal mammary arteries (IMA). METHODS: From May 1995 to May 1998, 1,023 consecutive patients underwent CABG alone, using arterial conduits (AC) (one or two IMA and RA) for myocardial revascularization. The left internal mammary artery (LIMA) was employed as an "in situ" graft, and the right internal mammary artery (RIMA) as a free graft or "in situ" both in combination with the RA. The latter was connected to the LIMA through a T or Y anastomosis, or emerged directly from the ascending portion of the aorta. RESULTS: An average of 3.2 bypasses per patient were performed. The LIMA was used in 100% of the patients. The RIMA was used in 21.7% and the RA in 100% of the cases. Operative mortality was 2.5% (26 patients) and 32 (3.1%) suffered perioperative acute myocardial infarction. The first 62 patients were angiographically re-studied before discharge, and a 98.4% patency of the AC used was found. Mean follow up time was 25.0 +/- 9.6 months (range, 1 to 48 months). CONCLUSIONS: a) myocardial revascularization procedures using a combination of mammary and RA grafts are safe; b) in-hospital and mid term morbidity and mortality are not higher than those observed with saphenous vein grafts; c) it is possible to achieve complete myocardial revascularization with only AC, even in patients with impaired left ventricular function, and d) AC can be used in elderly patients.     

Myocardial revascularization in dextrocardia with situs inversus]

BACKGROUND: The incidence of coronary artery disease in patients with dextrocardia associated with situs inversus is similar to that of the general population: Nevertheless, there are few papers regarding surgical myocardial revascularization in these patients. METHODS: We report two patients with dextrocardia and situs inversus who underwent myocardial revascularization by means of coronary artery bypass grafting, with the right internal mammary artery to the left anterior descending coronary artery in one case and with the left internal mammary artery as a free graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery associated with the repair of an aneurysm of the right coronary sinus of Valsalva in the second patient. RESULTS: There were no surgical complications; the patients were discharged on the 4th and 7th postoperative days, respectively. They are alive and well after 24 and 60 months of follow-up respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This report suggests that durable myocardial revascularization in dextrocardia with situs inversus can be successfully achieved with right or left mammary artery bypass grafting to the left anterior descending coronary artery. The advantage of using an in situ mammary artery is discussed.     

Arterial grafting for myocardial revascularization: how better is it?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Arterial conduits are becoming popular in cardiac surgery. Clinical studies and long-term follow-ups have proven that this technique provides satisfactory long-lasting results. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of the main articles from recent literature and compare the latest results. RECENT FINDINGS: Arterial conduits are currently used in cardiac surgery and clinical follow-ups are confirming some advantages in performing multiple arterial revascularization compared to the saphenous vein and the mammary artery. Mid-term follow-ups are encouraging the use of the radial artery as the second conduit of choice after the internal mammary artery. Moreover, off-pump cardiac surgery is an alternative to perform extensive myocardial revascularization in selected patients. Use of in-situ mammary arteries and off-pump surgery has already been described as the ideal solution to guarantee the 'no touch aorta technique'. Recent results lead us to use the radial artery and the gastroepiploic artery as complement composite grafts to perform total arterial myocardial revascularization during off-pump coronary surgery. SUMMARY: Arterial grafting provides satisfactory results. The second graft of choice after the mammary artery is the radial artery, but long-term results are still not available. To reduce the risk of major neurological complications, selected patients benefit from off-pump arterial revascularization.     

Skeletonized bilateral internal mammary arteries for total arterial myocardial revascularization

BACKGROUND: Bilateral internal mammary artery (IMA) grafting is associated with an improved long-term survival, low rates of recurrence of angina and late myocardial infarction. However, because of the inadequate length of the conduit, use of bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting occasionally is not suitable for complete revascularization. To overcome this limitation, extra length can be obtained by skeletonization of both IMAs. We decided to prospectively assess the safety of this technique. METHODS: One hundred patients with a mean age of 52.5 +/- 13.1 years underwent complete revascularization with skeletonized bilateral internal mammary arteries on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The right internal mammary artery (RIMA) was used as a free graft connected to the in situ left IMA (LIMA) in 88 patients. A free LIMA was attached to in situ RIMA in 12 patients. The average number of grafts was 3.2 per patient (range: 2-4 grafts per patient). Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 60% (range: 25-80%). RESULTS: No patient required reexploration for bleeding, and no patient died within 30 days after operation. On the basis of electrocardiographic changes, three patients sustained a perioperative myocardial infarction. One patient had a sternal wound infection. Mean follow-up was 24 months (range: 6-36 months). The actuarial survival rate was 99 +/- 1% at 3 years. No myocardial infarctions were reported during the follow-up. Three patients had recurrent angina with conduit occlusion diagnosed on coronary angiography. CONCLUSION: Complete myocardial revascularization with skeletonized bilateral internal mammary arteries is a safe and reliable technique with excellent early and mid-term results.     

Evaluation of flow reserve in internal mammary artery in situ bypass

The internal mammary artery, when used as a conduit for coronary artery bypass, offers a better long-term patency and survival rate than the saphenous vein. However, concern exists that the flow through the internal mammary artery may be inadequate during periods of peak myocardial demand. This flow was investigated in 18 consecutive patients who were selected for coronary bypass of the left anterior descending artery using the internal mammary artery. All patients were evaluated post-operatively within 12 months by means of graded maximal stress test, cardiac catheterization and exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy. Significant improvement in work capacity, maximal rate-pressure product, effort angina and ECG abnormalities during exercise stress testing were observed following internal mammary artery myocardial revascularization. The patency rate for internal mammary artery grafts was 100% (vs 85% for vein grafts); during the followup period, occlusion of a saphenous vein bypass or development of a new stenosis in a native coronary artery was noted in five patients, and two patients were classified as having partial revascularization. Ischemia, demonstrated by perfusion deficits at peak stress which disappeared in the 3-hour delayed film, was documented in 7.4% (4/54) of the areas supplied by internal mammary artery grafts, compared to 31% (13/42) of the regions revascularized using saphenous vein conduits. Although this result was not statistically significant, a definite trend is suggested. We conclude that ischemia demonstrated by stress thallium scintigraphy in the post-operative period is uncommon when an internal mammary artery graft has been used. This suggests that adequate coronary flow exists at peak myocardial demand during exercise.