印度Leh地区沙棘籽油中脂肪酸测定

本文分析了印度Leh地区沙棘籽油中脂肪酸各成分的含量,结果显示沙棘种子含油量为17.61%,籽油富含油酸(23.012%)和亚油酸(30.162%).     

蛋黄油脂肪酸组成分析

通过毛细管气相色谱法对蛋黄油甘油三酯脂肪酸相对含量进行测定,其主要脂肪酸组成为:油酸42.86%、亚油酸22.95%、棕榈酸19.91%、硬脂酸7.89%、棕榈油酸2.25%、亚麻酸0.94%,不饱和脂肪酸总含量达到69%。蛋黄油的功能成分表明,蛋黄油是一种极具开发价值的营养保健油脂。     

两个沙棘品种的果实特征

被研究的两个沙棘品种(Hippophae rhamnoidesL.)的果实分别采集于吉尔吉斯斯坦Ⅰ和乌兹别克斯坦Ⅱ。本文主要研究了这两种沙棘果实在形态学和生物化学特性上的不同。经测定,可滴定酸,抗坏血酸(维生素C)和蛋白质为Ⅰ的果实的主要成分。来自乌兹别克斯坦的沙棘果油中包含更多的游离脂肪酸(酸量2.9mg氢氧化钾)和类胡萝卜素(419.3%)。通常,果肉酸含量是16∶1。而在稀有的果油里的酸,检测到其最低含量为16∶2(1.2%~4.6%)。被研究品种的种子油含有大于40%的必需酸为18∶2和18∶3(VF)。     

沙棘油脂

果实 沙棘果实由果肉（68%）、种子（23%）和果皮（7.75%）组成（Zadernowski et al.,1997）.Yang和Kallio（2001）最近发现,从中国、芬兰和前苏联（FSU）等地大量选择后采集的沙棘果实中23%～28%是种子,72%～77%是柔软的果肉/果皮.沙棘果实可提取3种油：种子油、果肉油和果皮油.不同于其他植物,沙棘果实的各部分都能合成并积累脂肪.有时果肉油和果皮油没有区别,因此统称为果实油或果肉油.沙棘叶也含油,这部分内容将在稍后部分进一步说明.     

独具特色的高品质沙棘果油

高原圣果沙棘制品有限公司是目前世界上最大的沙棘制品生产厂商.产品涵盖沙棘籽油、沙棘果油、沙棘黄酮、沙棘果粉、沙棘原汁、沙棘浓缩汁,以及各种沙棘提取物的复合胶囊和沙棘提取物的化妆品等.     

芝麻油磷脂组分及脂肪酸组成分析

以新鲜芝麻油脚为原料,经过滤和离心分离,再经正己烷萃取、丙酮脱油及真空干燥得到丙酮不溶物含量为98.2%的芝麻油磷脂。用高效液相色谱法分析芝麻油磷脂的组分,再用气相色谱法测定芝麻油磷脂的脂肪酸组成。结果表明:芝麻磷脂中PE、PA、PI和PC含量分别为31.23%、15.54%、14.68%和34.22%。芝麻磷脂中的棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸及花生酸的含量分别为20.65%、7.02%、31.41%、38.31%、0.35%及1.07%。芝麻油磷脂与芝麻油的脂肪酸组分差别:芝麻油磷脂中油酸含量较芝麻油低8.66%,亚油酸含量低5.11%,棕榈酸含量高10.69%,硬脂酸含量高1.84%。芝麻油磷脂与大豆油磷脂的组分差别:芝麻磷脂中PE含量较大豆磷脂高9.83%,PC含量低1.98%,PI含量相当,PA含量高15.54%。芝麻磷脂中含有大豆磷脂及其他磷脂中未有的独特成分即芝麻素,含量为11.6mg/100g。     

蛋黄油脂肪酸组成分析

通过毛细管气相色谱法对蛋黄油甘油三酯脂肪酸相对含量进行测定,其主要脂肪酸组成为：油酸42．86％、亚油酸22．95％、棕榈酸19．91％、硬脂酸7．89％、棕榈油酸2．25％、亚麻酸0．94％,不饱和脂肪酸总含量达到69％。蛋黄油的功能成分表明,蛋黄油是一种极具开发价值的营养保健油脂。     

不同提取方法对落葵籽油提取率及脂肪酸组分的影响

采用不同方法提取落葵籽油并进行GC-MS分析。结果表明:微波辅助旋转回流提取(ME)和超临界CO2萃取(SCE)的提取率分别为20.14%和20.93%,明显高于索氏法(SE)的提取率15.37%;GC-MS分离鉴定,三种方法提取的落葵籽油均检测出多种化学成分,其中脂肪酸共有成分为13种,主要是油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸和硬脂酸;多不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量SCE法(32.49%)明显高于SE法(24.73%)和ME(24.34%)法,而单不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量SCE法(34.16%)却明显低于SE法(43.38%)和ME法(38.48%),饱和脂肪酸的相对含量SCE法(29.67%)略高于SE法(27.62%)和ME法(26.92%)。     

沙棘果油脱砷工艺研究

以Na型活性沸石为吸附剂,对沙棘果油脱砷工艺进行了研究,通过单因素和正交试验,以砷含量、沙棘果油色泽为检测指标,确定了最优工艺参数。试验表明:活性沸石的加入量为3.5g/50g沙棘果油,在85℃时反应40min。在此条件下砷的含量<0.1μg/g,油的色泽为亮黄色,且清澈透明。     

黄土高原中部不同类型区沙棘果实营养成分分析

本文对黄土高原中部(陕西省)沙棘分布较为集中,且具代表性的靖边县、黄龙县和陇县的沙棘果进行采样并分析了全果实粗蛋白、粗脂肪、鲜水分的含量及总酸度;果肉和果汁中维生素及糖类含量;沙棘果汁(原汁)中氨基酸含量;种子油的脂肪酸组成;鲜果肉油的脂肪酸组成等,为该区沙棘进一步的开发利用提供基础数据.     

Long-term growth and yield responses of olive trees to different irrigation regimes

The aim of this work was to evaluate long-term effects of different irrigation regimes on mature olive trees growing under field conditions. A 9-year experiment was carried out. Three irrigation treatments were applied: no irrigation, water application considering soil water content (short irrigation), or irrigation without considering soil water reserves and applying a 20% of extra water as a leaching fraction (long irrigation). Leaf water content, leaf area, vegetative growth, yield and fruit characteristics (fruit size, pulp:stone ratio and oil content) were determined yearly. Results showed that growth parameters did not show significant differences as a consequence of applied water. Yield was increased in irrigated trees compared to non-irrigated ones, but little differences between short and long irrigation were observed, only when accumulated yield from 1998 to 2006 was considered. Irrigation did not cause significant differences in fruit size or pulp:stone ratio either. Irrigation regimes similar to those applied in this experiment, under environmental conditions with relatively high mean annual precipitation, does not increase growth, yield or fruit characteristics when compared to rain-fed treatment, and consequently, the installation of a irrigation system could be not financially profitable.     

小型螺旋式油棕果榨油机的研制与试验研究

针对目前我国油棕产业刚起步而缺少小型油棕榨油设备的现状,在分析螺旋压榨原理的基础上,自行设计并研制了小型螺旋式油棕果榨油机。为验证设计的合理性和实用性,对其进行了性能试验研究,并对所得棕油进行了检测和分析。结果表明,样机性能达到设计指标,具有实用性。     

Effect of three irrigation regimes on Arbequina olive oil produced under Tunisian growing conditions

This study investigated the effect of irrigation amount on the concentration of phenolic compounds in olive (Olea europaea L., cv. Arbequina) oil obtained from an intensively-managed orchard in a semi-arid area with a Mediterranean climate in Tunisia. Different irrigation treatments 50% Etc, 75% Etc and 100% Etc were applied to the olive orchard. Oil quality, evaluated using the parameters established to determine the quality level of virgin olive oils (acidity, K232, K270 and peroxide index) was slightly affected by irrigation. However, results showed that irrigation positively affected both fruit and oil quality. In fact, the least irrigation regime (T1), showed a significantly higher content of oleic acid (70.08%), whereas olive oils from more irrigated trees (T2 and T3) had higher contents of palmitic acid (11.64% and 13.14%, respectively) and lower of linoleic acid (approximately 12.7%). However, content of phenolic compounds (hydrophilic and lypophilic), in the oils extracted, strongly differed. In fact, different irrigation regimes applied not only affected the total amount of phenols which were proportional to irrigation (193.2 and 271.87 mg kg⁻¹ for T1 and T3, respectively) except for T2 but also their HPLC profiles. Contrarily to phenols, insignificant differences were observed in the concentration of α-tocopherol between the irrigation treatments studied.     

沙棘饮料的化学成分和最优口感的研究

沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoids L．）,属于胡颓子属,在印度喜马偕尔邦地区称作“Chharma and Surch”,沙棘能够在这种非常恶劣的气候条件下自然生长。本文介绍了制作沙棘饮料的一系列程序和如何储存饮料120d而不使其变质的方法。沙棘果实采自印度喜马偕尔邦河谷。用碎浆机提取沙棘汁,制作沙棘饮料要准备好合适比例的沙棘汁和制作饮料所需的糖。随着果浆比例的升高,维生素C的含量明显增加（P≤0．05）,随着贮藏时间的延长,维生素C的含量明显降低。而随着糖和果浆的增加以及储存期的延长,还原性糖呈上升趋势。当饮料中果浆和糖的比例分别为10％和13％、12．5％和13％、15％和15％时,饮料最为宜口,给于较高的评价。在喜马偕尔邦,人们一直认为沙棘具有商业价值,但是其价值在此前一直没有得到足够的重视。     

沙棘果油与籽油内含物之若干比较

沙棘油的医用研发,是以其内含物成分比较研究为基础的.报道果油和籽油及渣油内含物分类及含量与理化指数之比较.提示此研究是深化沙棘油医用研制与开拓市场的必要举措.     

不同轻微损伤方式下鲜枣整果力学特性的研究

考虑鲜枣在采摘和运输过程中造成损伤的可能性,针对4种轻微损伤方式下的壶瓶枣在贮藏过程中力学特性的变化进行了研究。应用质构分析仪对壶瓶枣进行压缩-穿刺实验,得到贮藏期间壶瓶枣整果的最大穿刺力(坚实度)、果皮脆性、果肉最大硬度和果肉平均硬度4个主要力学参数的变化及相互关系。结果表明:(1)壶瓶枣整果最大穿刺力与果皮脆性、果肉最大硬度、果肉平均硬度均呈显著正相关(R=0.888~0.962),与果皮脆性的相关性程度最高(R=0.962);壶瓶枣整果的果皮脆性与果肉最大硬度、果肉平均硬度也具有较好的相关性(R=0.969~0.987),且存在显著的正相关性。(2)4种损伤方式下的自变量果皮脆性、果肉最大硬度和果肉平均硬度解释了最大穿刺力的总变异性的99.6%、96.6%、98.4%和80.6%。(3)贮藏期间壶瓶枣整果各项质地参数总体呈下降趋势,且4种损伤方式的质地参数下降规律有所差异性。因此,质构仪分析法能很好地反映壶瓶枣整果各项质地参数变化规律,适合于评价不同轻微损伤方式下的壶瓶枣贮藏期间整果质地变化情况。     

Summer deficit-irrigation strategies in a hedgerow olive orchard cv. ‘Arbequina’: effect on fruit characteristics and yield

Maximum production in hedgerow olive orchards is likely not achieved with maximum evapotranspiration over the long term. Thus, regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) should be considered as a management option. Four irrigation treatments were evaluated during the summer, when olive is most drought resistant. Control (CON) was irrigated to maintain the root zone close to field capacity. Severe water deficit was applied by irrigating 30% CON from the end of fruit drop to end July (DI-J) and from end July until beginning of oil synthesis (DI-A). Less severe water deficit was applied during July and August (DI-JA) by irrigating 50% CON. Flowering, fruiting, abscission, fruit development, fresh and dry weight of fruits, and oil production were evaluated. There were not significant differences in number of buds initiated, number of fruits per inflorescence and fruit drop. Oil production was significantly different between irrigation treatments in all experimental years. CON produced more oil and fruit with higher oil % than DI-A and DI-JA. Oil production of DI-J was not significantly reduced compared with CON and oil% was greater. DI-J was the most effective RDI strategy; with 16% less applied water relative to CON. Average loss in oil production of 8% was not significantly different to CON. While DI-JA saved most water (27%), oil production was reduced by 15%. Greatest loss in oil production (21%) was observed in DI-A with water saving of 22%.     

超声波辅助下固体酸催化棉籽油制备生物柴油

探讨了超声波辅助条件下采用新型固体酸S2O82-/A l2O3-ZrO2-La2O3替代传统的液体酸、碱催化剂,催化棉籽油与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油。考察了超声波频率、功率、固体酸催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度等因素对产物中甲酯含量的影响。结果表明,在超声波辅助下,固体酸催化剂对棉籽油酯交换具有较好的催化活性和稳定性,产物与催化剂易于分离。在超声波频率28 Hz、功率80 W、反应温度140℃、醇油摩尔比15∶1、固体酸催化剂用量为油质量的4%的条件下,反应3 h产物中棉籽油甲酯含量达到97.1%,催化剂重复使用十次甲酯含量可维持在90%左右。     

Long-term evaluation of yield components of young olive trees during the onset of fruit production under different irrigation regimes

A four-year study was conducted on young Olea europaea L. trees to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation starting from the onset of fruit production. Subsurface drip irrigation was used to supply 100% (FI), 46–52% (DI), or 2–6% (SI) of tree water needs. Tree growth was reduced by deficit irrigation, whereas, return bloom was not. Per tree fruit yield of DI trees was 68% that of FI, but fruit yield efficiency based on tree size was similar between treatments. Fruit set and the number of fruits of FI trees were similar to those of DI trees and significantly higher than in SI trees. No significant differences in fruit fresh weight were found between FI and DI. The oil yield and oil yield efficiency of the DI treatment were 82 and 110% that of FI trees, respectively. A level of about 50% deficit proved sustainable to irrigate trees for oil production.