电力系统稳定与自动励磁调节器(续) 第九章 可控硅自动励磁调节器

9-4三相可控整流电路一、三相半波可控整流电路三相半波可控整流电路如图9-17(ⅰ)所示。电源的三个相电压分别通过T_1、T_2、T_3可控硅向负载电阻R_d供给直流电流,改变触发脉冲的相位,即可获得大小可调的直流电压。     

微处理器电源监视集成电路TL7705AC

一、前言每一个微处理器系统都需要一个复位电路,以保证上电时,整个系统处于—个正确的初始状态。通常使用RC电路作为上电复位电路,但此电路存在着不少无法避免的缺点。为了克服这些缺点,提高系统的可靠性,美国德州仪器公司(TT)推出了一系列的电源电路,它们都能在电源上电时产生复位信号,平时监视电源电压,当电源掉电或降低时,产生复位信号,直至电源恢复正常。在这一系列集成电路中,TL7705AC具有外围元件最少,温度范围最宽,驱动能力最强等特点。     

环空流体吸入式自激振荡脉冲射流调制元件结构优选研究

为充分利用井底水力能量提高破岩钻井效率,提出了环空流体吸入式自激振荡脉冲射流钻井技术。将数值模拟和试验研究相结合,分析了环空流体吸入式自激振荡脉冲射流调制元件结构参数的变化对射流破岩性能的影响。对比分析了调制元件的环空吸入量、出口流速、振荡腔负压值和进出口压差与射流破岩效果之间的关系,结果发现调制元件进出口的压差越大,射流破岩效果越好,二者呈显著线性相关。以调制元件进出口压差为优选依据,采用正交试验法,进行了数值模拟试验,优选了调制元件的结构参数,数值计算与试验结果吻合良好,表明分析环空流体吸入式自激振荡脉冲射流性能,优选调制元件结构的方法可行。所得结论可作为射流调制元件结构设计和优化的依据。     

微机保护抗干扰研究

采用与IEC801-4标准配套的NSG1025快速瞬变脉冲群干扰发生器， 模拟微机保护装置在实际运行环境中所受到的干扰，以国内新研 制的微机保护装置(样机)为试验对象，在试验、改进和对比的基 础上，结合抗干扰理论的分析和研究，提出阻塞共模干扰的耦合 通道，提高敏感回路的抗干扰能力，合理设计接地泄放回路等若 干措施，以提高微机保护装置的抗干扰能力。     

现场测试自并励机组发电机Td0′的一种简便方法

提出了一种适用于自并励机组的简便试验方法。该方法通过关断可控硅触发脉冲电源,使转子与已导通的2个晶闸管及励磁变压器副边形成放电回路,从而测得该回路的放电时间常数。该方法不但明显节约试验成本,减少试验时间,而且测量误差较小。通过电路叠加原理从理论上证明了该方法的合理性。结合实际情况进行误差分析,结果表明该方法的试验误差可以满足工程需要。最后举出了试验实例,该方法适用于自并励发电机的现场参数测试,只要发电机励磁调节器具备切断可控硅触发脉冲电源的功能,均可使用该方法。     

无极灯电源中磁路优化设计的研究

在无极灯实际应用中，由于其磁性元件与相应器件之间的参数有着较大的离散性，容易引发磁性元件发热量过大以及谐振电路工作不稳定的问题，从而极大地限制了无极灯的生产与其进一步的推广应用。结合实际工作经验，就无极灯电源中的磁性元件问题展开了研究并提出了一种磁路优化设计方案，以期实现无极灯产品的低成本与稳定性。     

问题解答

问:C620-1型普通车床主轴不转动是何原因? 答:该机床主轴不转,主要是因主电动机1D不转所致。原因是由于主电路或控制回路发生故障。应检查主电路电源、开关及其它电气元件的主触点等;属于控制回路故障,则表现在当按下起动按钮AQ后,交流接触器CQ不能吸     

检测电压瞬时脉冲扰动的小波-神经网络新方法

对动态电能质量暂态扰动中的电压瞬时脉冲扰动进行了分析，提出了一种基于小波-神经网络的电压瞬时脉冲扰动识别的新方法。首先讨论了电压瞬时脉冲扰动产生的原因，用PSCAD/EMTDC软件包实现电压瞬时脉冲扰动的暂态仿真。然后，选用db4小波并将扰动波形进行4尺度的小波分解，以分解后各层的能量作为3层概率神经网络(PNN)的输入特征矢量，从而正确地把雷击和开关动作造成的扰动区分开。仿真结果表明，与传统的基于电压幅值/有效值的扰动识别方法相比，该方法不但能正确区分各种扰动，且能对不同原因造成的扰动进行正确分类。     

自励源电子式电流互感器研发中的关键技术

简要分析了向有源电子式电流互感器高压侧信号采样变送电路提供电源的困难，根据电磁场储能原理，采用微晶磁性材料作为环形磁导体以及特殊的限流组件，解决了磁场取能作为自励源供电的技术难题，使之满足唤醒电流、唤醒时间和饱和大电流这3项重要指标要求。     

基于单机组试验选优的并联泵站群组合 优化运行算法研究

以并联泵站群日提水耗电费用最少为目标,构建包含各时段泵站运行数、站内水泵开机数、水泵叶片安放角及机组转速4个决策变量的并联泵站群变角变速组合日优化运行数学模型,提出基于二级子系统试验选优的大系统二级分解-动态规划聚合法。通过将原模型进行二次分解,获得以单机组日提水耗电费用最小为目标,各时段水泵叶片安放角及机组转速为决策变量的单机组变角变速组合日优化运行数学模型,采用大系统试验选优法求解。进而通过一系列二级子系统不同提水要求下的优化计算,获得单机组日提水量与提水费用的一一对应关系,原模型即可转化为以并联泵站群日提水费用最少为目标、各机组日提水量为决策变量的聚合模型,并采用动态规划方法求解。该方法可进一步完善组合工况调节方式下并联泵站群优化运行理论,较由站内单工况优化运行下获得的并联泵站群优化运行效益更为显著。以典型并联泵站群为计算实例,优化结果表明:各日均扬程下满负荷、80%负荷、60%负荷优化运行单位费用较定角恒速运行分别平均节约8.41%、23.07%、32.79%。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.