胫骨高位球形截骨术治疗膝骨关节炎

目的观察胫骨高位球形截骨治疗膝关节骨关节炎的治疗效果。方法对所有患者术前行X线等检查评估,测量下肢站立位力线,确定截骨部位,采用球形胫骨高位截骨,用外固定器固定截骨断端,同时用骨圆针在股骨髁部钻孔减压,矫正维持下肢力线,随访结果参考窦宝信标准进行评定。结果按窦宝信等评定标准进行评价,优25例,良10例,可3例,优良率为92.1%。结论采用胫骨高位球形截骨,结合外固定器固定治疗膝关节骨关节炎,手术创伤小,矫正角度易掌握,矫正确切、截骨部位愈合好,是治疗内翻型膝关节骨关节炎的较为理想的治疗方法。     

胫骨高位截骨术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎的研究进展

胫骨高位截骨术(HTO)治疗膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎，通过恢复肢体力线，使膝关节内外侧间室受力重新分布，减少内侧间室受力，促进内侧关节软骨自然修复，缓解膝关节疼痛，恢复功能。但需严格选择手术指针，行外侧闭合或内侧开放楔形截骨术，采用钢板内固定或环形外固定架矫形，根据患者的个体化特征选择矫正角度，避免下肢力线的过度矫正，保持正常胫骨后倾角，可达到临床满意效果。该文就HTO治疗膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎的相关研究进展做一综述，为临床实施手术治疗提供参考。     

采用槽氏钢板做胫骨高位截骨术治疗内翻型膝关节骨关节炎

目的观察采用槽氏钢板做胫骨高位截骨治疗内翻型膝关节骨关节炎疗效。方法术前对所有手术患者进行X线检查评估,测量全下肢立位力线,确定截骨矫正的角度,采用槽氏钢板做胫骨高位楔形截骨术矫正下肢力线。结果随访结果参考窦宝信标准进行评定,85.8%疗效优良,理想的胫股角为170°～172°。结论采用槽氏钢板内固定矫正下肢力线治疗内翻型膝关节骨关节炎,手术方法设计合理,矫正角度易掌握,矫形确切,内固定牢靠,截骨部位愈合好,是内翻型膝关节骨关节炎首选的治疗方法。     

3D打印截骨导板辅助截骨矫形与单髁置换术治疗股骨畸形愈合并膝内侧骨性关节炎

目的观察3D打印截骨导板辅助截骨矫形与单髁置换术治疗股骨畸形愈合并膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2014-10—2019-09诊治的9例股骨畸形愈合并膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎,先采用3D打印截骨导板辅助股骨畸形截骨矫形,然后一期行单髁置换术。结果 9例均获得随访,随访时间平均13.6(12～18)个月。术后所有患者膝关节内侧疼痛明显减轻,膝关节活动度满意,无下肢肌肉萎缩。术后3个月复查X线片显示股骨截骨处均骨愈合,下肢力线矫正精确,单髁假体位置良好且无脱位迹象。术后6个月疼痛VAS评分1～2(1.44±0.53)分,HSS评分83～90(85.44±2.19)分。术后12个月KSS临床评分(88.33±2.87)分,KSS功能评分(86.66±3.54)分,OKS评分(17.33±1.50)分,WOMAC评分(20.56±1.94)分。结论 3D打印截骨导板辅助一期截骨矫形与单髁置换术治疗股骨畸形愈合并膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎是可行的,术后下肢力线矫正精确,膝关节疼痛明显减轻,患者满意度高。     

胫骨高位截骨术的研究进展

胫骨高位截骨术是通过胫骨近端截骨,纠正下肢力线,使膝关节负重载荷,从退变的内侧间室转移至正常的外侧间室,从而改善膝关节生物力学环境和血液循环,使关节炎的进展得到延缓,并促进内侧间室软骨修复,减轻关节疼痛,逐渐恢复关节活动及功能。本文对目前胫骨高位截骨术治疗内侧间室膝关节骨性关节炎进行综述。     

膝关节骨关节炎合并膝内翻、胫骨高位截骨的治疗

目的　观察胫骨高位截骨治疗合并内翻畸形的膝关节骨关节炎 (OA)近、远期疗效 ,确定远期良好疗效的最佳下肢力线及术后各不同阶段的临床效果。方法　术前对所有手术患者进行临床X线检查的综合评估 ,测量全下肢立位力线 ,确定矫正截骨角度 ,采用胫骨高位楔形截骨术矫正下肢力线 ,术后 1年、2年、5～ 9年按同一评估标准进行追踪观察。资料应用 χ2检验分析。 结果　随访结果参考窦宝信标准进行综合评定 ,术后 1年组优良率 98.2 8% ,2年组优良率 96 .0 8% ,5～ 9年组优良率 78.12 % ,手术最佳下肢力线为 182°～ 185°。结论　全下肢立位力线测量准确性高 ,可重复性好 ,胫骨高位楔形截骨术矫正下肢力线治疗合并内翻畸形的膝关节OA ,矫正角度易于掌握 ,截骨部位愈合好 ,近、远期疗效高 ,是单侧股 -胫关节病变为主的膝关节OA患者首选的治疗方法。     

胫骨高位截骨术治疗伴膝内翻的膝关节骨性关节炎

膝内翻使患者下肢负重力线经过膝关节内侧,关节内负重力异常分布,内侧胫股关节面负荷增加.长期的异常负荷导致畸形进一步加重,引起骨性关节炎,出现疼痛不适、膝关节侧向摆动和骨质增生.胫骨高位截骨术通过改变下肢不正常的力线,纠正内侧胫股关节的过度负荷,使内侧关节软骨修复再造,同时截骨使骨内压降低,血液循环改善,从而消除或减轻膝关节疼痛[1],减缓膝关节退行性改变,自1958年Jackson首先提出胫骨高位截骨术(HTO)治疗膝骨性关节炎以来,该术式已有五十多年的历史,临床效果确切,尤其对于膝内侧间隙退变严重伴膝内翻的患者尤为适用.     

胫骨高位截骨术中传统下肢力线测量法的指导意义

目的:评估在内侧开放楔形胫骨高位截骨术中传统的下肢力线测量方法对术后站立位下肢力线的矫正是否具有指导意义。方法:回顾性分析2020年1月至2021年9月收治的54例因膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎接受内侧开放楔形胫骨高位截骨术治疗的患者,对术中仰卧位透视和术后站立位下肢全长正位X线片的影像学资料进行测量评估,分析比较术中和术后的机械轴偏向(MAD)的平均差值及相关性;并分析性别、年龄、体重指数(BMI)、术前髋-膝-踝(HKA)角、术前膝关节关节线相交角(JLCA)对这种差异的影响。结果:内侧开放楔形胫骨高位截骨术中截骨后透视影像上的MAD与术后下肢站立全长正位X线片上的MAD单因素线性回归分析显示两者具有统计学意义的线性关系(P<0.05);多因素线性回归分析显示,BMI、术前负重位膝关节JLCA是术中与术后MAD差异的正向影响因素(P<0.05)。结论:在内侧开放楔形胫骨高位截骨术中,采用术中力线测量法评估下肢对齐的方法,对术后下肢力线的矫正具有较好的指导意义;术者可以尝试在术前规划时结合患者的BMI、负重位膝关节JLCA引入适量的矫正不足,这样或许能够获得更加满意的术后站立位...     

胫骨内侧高位截骨术中Miniaci法与力线杆定位法矫正下肢负重力线的精确性比较

目的比较Miniaci法与力线杆定位法在胫骨内侧高位截骨术中力线矫正时的精确性。方法回顾性分析自2017-09—2019-06行关节镜下探查清理联合胫骨内侧高位截骨术治疗的45例膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎合并内翻畸形,21例术中采用力线杆定位法(力线杆定位组),C型臂X线机透视下逐渐撑开截骨间隙使力线杆经过胫骨平台宽度的62.5%处;24例采用Miniaci法定位(Miniaci法定位组),采用负重位下肢全长X线片确定负重轴计算术中截骨撑开角度及高度。结果 45例均获得随访,随访时间平均7(3～15)个月。与力线杆定位组比较,Miniaci法定位组手术时间明显更短,术中X线透视次数明显更少,术后胫股机械角、胫骨近端内侧角矫正程度更优,下肢负重力线矫正至可接受范围的比例明显更高,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论采用基于PACS影像的Miniaci法术前计划胫骨内侧高位截骨矫正角度比术中使用力线杆透视定位法更为精确,同时可减少术中透视时间,进而缩短手术时间。     

综合手术治疗膝关节骨性关节炎合并膝内翻

目的 为使膝关节骨性关节炎合并膝内翻的年轻患者延缓行全膝关节置换,探讨股骨内髁马赛克植骨、髌骨成形并胫骨高位截骨综合手术治疗膝关节骨性关节炎合并膝内翻的临床疗效.方法 2004年6月-2006 年2月,对8例10膝骨性关节炎合并膝内翻患者行综合手术治疗.其中男2例3膝,女6例7膝;年龄42～56岁.左膝3例,右膝3例,双膝2例.患者均表现为行走或站久后疼痛.X 线片示股胫关节及髌骨边缘骨质增生,以内侧为重,髌股关节间隙变窄或消失,膝关节内侧间隙明显变窄.股胫角185～200°,平均 190°;HSS 膝关节评分为55～75分,平均60分.膝痛1～12年,平均5年. 结果 术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无早期并发症发生.患者均获随访7～24个月,平均15个月.患者截骨部位均于8～11 周达临床愈合,平均9周.股胫角矫正15～30°,平均 20°,基本恢复正常负重力线,膝关节外翻角 10°.术后关节活动度为 100～120°,较术前增加 5～20°,平均增加 10°.X 线片示膝关节内翻畸形基本纠正,截骨处无移位,内固定无松动、断裂.术后6个月HSS膝关节评分75～88分,平均80分. 结论 股骨内髁马赛克植骨使关节软骨得到一定程度的修复重建,髌骨成形有效解决膝前区疼痛,胫骨高位截骨矫正异常负重力线,三者结合,疗效肯定.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.