基于改进AHP模型的COTS需求优先级的合成

需求开发的质量对软件有着直接的影响,而需求优先级的设定又是需求开发的一个重要环节.由于商业成品软件(COTS)的自身特点,使得其难以直接复用其他软件产品领域需求开发的方法和过程.层次分析法(AHP)对于复杂问题的决策非常有效,但是独立的AHP模型很难全面反映问题的本质,对此文中提出了一个改进的AHP方法,将其运用于COTS产品需求优先级的确定中,最后通过实例阐明了该方法在COTS产品需求优先级合成过程中的作用.     

ATS集成中的COTS选型决策研究

针对目前ATS集成中COTS选型方法存在的问题,提出了应用AHP方法进行COTS选型决策的基本框架和方法;在综合考虑影响COTS选型各种因素的基础上,分析了COTS选型决策过程,建立了COTS选型AHP模型;利用层次分析法对各相关因素进行比较排序,确定相对的权重之后,对于COTS的评价和选择就是基于最终的权重指数做出的决策;提出的方法减少了人为主观因素偏离的影响,可以更准确地评价COTS产品及其供应商;最后,以某型检查仪的研制过程为例,说明了该选型决策方法的有效性与合理性.     

基于COTS的客户管理系统的设计与实现

CRM(Customer relationship management)是一种十分重要而复杂的商业过程,由于CRM本身的复杂性,开发这种系统变得异常复杂,COTS(Commercial Off-The-Shelf)因为其优势被应用于诸多领域.本文以一个公司的客户关系管理为例,说明如何组织COTS软件组件以开发CRM系统,详细介绍了其设计和实现过程,并给出了运行界面.     

成本约束下的最优质量现货软件产品选择模型

在软件开发中采用现货软件产品COTS(Commercial Off-The-Shelf)是节约成本、降低风险的有效措施.COTS多是针对构件级的软件功能进行开发的,软件构件的重要性程度决定了对COTS产品的质量要求和采购决策.如何在成本约束的条件下选择出最优质量的COTS是值得研究的课题.采用层次分析法对构件的重要性进行判断,并运用线性规划建立了在成本约束下的最优质量COTS选择模型.不同的COTS产品会因开发技术的不同而存在兼容性约束,运用0-1规划方法对具有兼容性约束的最优质量COTS选择模型进行了拓展,并以实例进行了验证.     

基于软件规模的需求优先级排序方法应用

针对当前流行排序算法中只基于某种算法对需求进行排序而没有考虑项目实际规模的情况,提出了定性和定量分析确定需求优先级的两种思路。定性分析中研究了基于KANO模型确定优先级的方法 ,定量分析中以AHP算法为基础,将价值、费用、风险等多种属性的影响量化到需求优先级排序中。结合某船厂信息管理系统利用AHP方法确定需求优先级的案例讨论,验证了该需求优先级排序方法的可行性,解决了在资源有限的情况下如何确定需求优先级并分步实施的问题。     

一种软件实用性模糊评估方法

软件的多样性使用户很难选择适合应用需求的实用软件,本文给出软件实用性定义并对其属性进行深入分析,提出一种基于AHP(层次分析法)理论的软件实用性模糊评估方法,将AHP方法与模糊评判法则相结合.建立应用需求驱动的实用性指标树动态构建模型,设计具有动态扩展性的实用性指标数据库,建立软件实用性模糊评估过程模型,详细阐述指标分级模型框架和基于AHP的软件实用性模糊评估方法.最后,结合“Trustie协同开发平台在电力行业生产管理系统开发中的应用”项目予以验证.     

Windows平台下集成COTS软件的一种方法

基于COTS(CommercialOff-The-Shelf)的软件开发是一种新的软件开发方法,这种方法强调通过集成COTS软件来开发新的软件系统。该文针对没有提供接口的COTS软件,提出了通过包装器来使用它的方法,由包装器来为COTS软件提供接口和屏蔽不需要的功能,外界通过使用包装器接口实现对COTS软件的使用。根据这一思想,该文提出了一种抽象的包装器模型,并给出了这种包装器模型接口的具体设计方法和实现方法,还制作了帮助实现包装器接口的一些COM组件。这种包装器模型可以把COTS软件包装成COM组件、CORBA组件以及JavaBeans组件。     

基于COTS构件的软件系统开发及其升级维护管理

对基于COTS软件系统的开发过程作了简单介绍，分析了升级和维护基于COTS系统所要面临的风险，同时介绍了一种解决这些风险所包含的技术问题和方法－Simplex.     

COTS软件系统开发的研究*

基于COTS的软件开发方法日益受到重视。分析了用COTS组件来构建软件系统的优点和缺点,提出了这种软件系统开发方法需要解决的关键问题,并对COTS软件系统的体系结构及其各个部分进行详细剖析和研究,说明如何组织COTS组件来开发COTS软件系统。     

基于解释结构模型的需求最高优先级设定方法

对用户需求进行排序是软件项目开发的基础。针对当前需求优先级排序方法,将用户需求放在同一层次上进行比较设定优先级,而对需求层次性和对多个需求整体赋予优先级则考虑的不多。从需求的层次性出发,用解释结构模型对需求进行分层处理;然后对顶层需求的相关需求集进行交运算,整体设定需求的最高优先级;最后给出案例分析。结果表明,该方法能够突出需求层次性,直接生成最高优先级需求集,提高需求优先级设定的效率。     

Requirements engineering for COTS based systems

In spite of the increasing use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) products for system development, there is little consideration on how to acquire requirements for COTS products, how to select COTS components and how to assemble them to comply to these requirements. The paper addresses the issue of the requirements engineering process for COTS components acquisition and assembly. It proposes an approach based on the notion of requirements maps and assembly strategies and demonstrates the approach with the selection of a CASE tool.     

基于FCD扩展的多构件选择过程

大型软件系统中的构件间存在依赖关系，因此难以对单个构件独立进行评估。现有的方法大多针对单个构件，并不适合多个构件的评估和选择。对一种成熟的系统分解方法FCD进行扩展，提出了一种针对多构件进行评估和选择的方法。在系统分解的过程中识别出局部需求和横切需求。局部需求被分解到各个模块中作为对候选构件进行局部评估的准则，横切需求则进入全局评估。系统分解的过程中，需求吸取识别出来的现有构件的特征，从而进一步精化，同时考虑到不同粒度的构件的组合。全局选择被定义成为一个在给定约束条件下选择出一组具有最大的全局需求满足度的最优构件组合的非线性优化问题。     

基于差异分析的商业构件评估方法

在基于商业构件的软件开发中,构件评估与选择是贯穿整个开发过程的关键步骤。该文提出一种基于差异分析的构件评估方法,通过辨识构件与需求在功能性上的差异,由功能点模型估算以软件功能规模度量的差异及其相应的修正代价。构件对需求的适应度被定义为符合需求的目标系统的功能规模与以功能规模度量的构件总代价的比率。     

An integrated logarithmic fuzzy preference programming based methodology for optimum maintenance strategies selection

Selecting optimum maintenance strategies plays a key role in saving cost, and improving the system reliability and availability. Analytic hierarchical process (AHP) is widely used for maintenance strategies selection in the Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) field. But the traditional or hybrid AHP methods either produce multiple, even conflict priority results, or have complicated algorithm structures which are unstable to obtain the optimum solution. Therefore, this paper proposes an integrated Logarithmic Fuzzy Preference Programming (LFPP) based methodology in AHP to solve the optimum maintenance strategies selection problem. The multiplicative constraints and deviation variables are applied instead of additive ones to utilize both qualitative and quantitative data, and process the upper and lower triangular fuzzy judgments to obtain the same priorities. The proposed methodology can produce the unique normalized optimal priority vector for fuzzy pairwise comparison matrices, and it is capable of processing all comparison matrices to obtain the global priorities simultaneously and directly in the form of super-matrix according to the different requirements and judgments of decision-makers. Finally, an example is provided to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed methodology.     

Assessing COTS software in a certifiable safety-critical domain

Abstract.  Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software solutions have become commonplace in many domains, including the military, because they can provide standardized functionality with more responsiveness, a shorter time-to-market and at lower costs than custom-made solutions. In one domain, however, that of certifiable safety-critical applications, COTS software has not been adopted. One particular type of certifiable safety-critical domain, the civil air transport industry, is under pressure to reduce cost and time-to-market while simultaneously increasing safety. Therefore, the use of COTS software, rather than exclusive reliance on custom-made software, would appear to be a solution worthy of investigation. This study examines the certifiability of COTS software, its technical feasibility in this environment, and the ability to achieve the expected responsiveness, time-to-market and cost benefits. A detailed evaluation of COTS software and domain-specific certification requirements is used to demonstrate that the certification of COTS-based systems is possible. A prototype COTS-based system (built upon a number of COTS components) is created to illustrate the technical feasibility of such a system in the civil air transport domain. Expected benefits from COTS solutions are evaluated both by examining process artefacts from the development of the COTS-based system and by comparing this development process with the domain's traditional custom-development process.     

COTS tenders and integration requirements

When buying COTS-based software, the customer has to choose between what is available. The supplier may add some minor parts, but rarely everything the customer wants. This means that the customer cannot write down his requirements and expect that they can all be met. A scoring system is necessary rather than traditional mandatory requirements. Requirements for integrating the new COTS system with other systems are particularly hard because suppliers may integrate in different ways and with different other systems. A related problem is that once the new COTS system is purchased, the COTS supplier may have a de facto monopoly. Only he can expand the system or integrate it with other systems. The traditional way to purchase COTS is to iteratively find the right product. However, in a tender process this is not possible, and another solution is necessary. Experience shows that customers fail to deal with these issues adequately. As an example they may believe that asking for open interfaces is sufficient to guard them against monopoly. In this paper we analyze the problems and show ways to deal with them. We illustrate the problems and solutions with real-life examples from electronic patient recording systems.     

Requirements for a COTS software component: A case study

The goal of the GUARDS project is to design and develop a generic fault-tolerant computer architecture that can be built from predefined standardised components. The architecture favours the use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware and software components. However, the assessment and selection of COTS components is a non-trivial task as it requires balancing a myriad of requirements from end-users and the preliminary architecture design. In this paper, we present the requirements and assessment criteria for a specific COTS software component, the operating system kernel. As an interface specification constitutes a major compatibility criterion for the selection of COTS components in GUARDS, a particular emphasis is placed on operating system conformance to the POSIX 1003.1 standard. We discuss the general lessons learned from the assessment process and raise a number of questions relevant to the assessment of any COTS software component.     

软件功能需求驱动的商业构件评估

提出了一种由软件功能需求驱动的评估和选择商业构件（COTS）的新方法。该方法首先基于FCD方法将系统的功能需求分解到各个功能模块。对每个功能模块,识别出一组候选构件,用户根据给定的模板评价候选构件对功能需求的满足度和构件功能的有用性。最优构件组合在给定成本约束下,具有最大的全局需求满足度。选择最优组合的过程是求解一系列优化问题的过程。最后用一个例子进一步说明和验证了该方法。     

Stakeholder requirement evaluation of smart industrial service ecosystem under Pythagorean fuzzy environment for complex industrial contexts: A case study of renewable energy park

This study focuses on ways to systematically evaluate stakeholder requirements when developing a smart industrial service ecosystem (SISE) in a complex industrial context. The SISE development requires considering the service requirement from both the complex industrial context and service ecosystem manners. This study proposes a systematic framework for stakeholder requirement evaluation in SISE. The first part of the framework is the industrial context-viable system model with ecological thinking (IC-VESM) to elicit the service requirements for the SISE, which facilitates a systematic analysis of the service value proposition and service requirement elicitation in the operational lifecycle of an entire industrial context. This second part of the framework proposes a method for evaluating service requirements that is both feasible and systematic. This is achieved by combining the Fuzzy Kano and AHP methods in a Pythagorean fuzzy (PF) environment. The PF Kano computes the categories and determines the weights of service requirements from a consumer perspective, while the PF AHP hierarchically analyzes the service requirements and provides pairwise comparison paths for design experts. Finally, an illustrative case study in a renewable energy context was used to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the methodology. The proposed theoretical model provides more reliable and systematic outcomes than traditional methods when eliciting service requirements and evaluating complex smart industrial service solutions. The study has practical implications by providing useful insights for companies to recognize key smart service requirements in complex industrial contexts and to improve sustainable development.