植被指数与地表温度定量关系遥感分析——以北京市TM数据为例

以北京市为研究区,在对Landsat-5 TM数据大气校正基础上,利用TM单窗算法定量反演地表温度,并估算了5种植被参数:归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)、绿度植被指数(GVI)、土壤调节植被指数(MSAVI)和植被覆盖度(fg)。结合地表温度(LST)空间分布,对比分析5种植被参数与地表温度的相关程度。分析结果显示,相对于上述4种植被指数f,g与地表温度有更好的负相关性,对地表温度空间分布的指示能力更佳。利用fg与地表温度关系定量分析了植被覆盖程度对热岛效应的影响,发现北京市区平均地表温度比近郊区和远郊区分别高1.6 K和5.3 K。     

基于影像IB算法的沈阳市热岛效应分析

本文利用2006年、2010年沈阳市地区TM遥感数据,采用影像IB算法反演地表温度,分析了沈阳市热岛效应的空间分布特征、变化现象以及地表温度与归一化植被指数(NDVI)、归一化建筑指数(NDBI)之间的相关性。研究表明沈阳市热岛效应总体呈现由市中心向四周逐渐扩张的空间特征,地表温度与归一化植被指数(ND-VI)存在紧密的负线性相关关系,地表温度与归一建筑指数(NDBI)存在正相关关系。     

三江源地区基于MODIS数据地表温度与土地覆盖定量关系研究

以三江源自然保护区为研究区,基于MODIS L1 B数据,采用劈窗算法反演地表温度,分析了地表温度空间分布的特征,与计算得到的归一化植被指数进行回归分析。结果表明地表温度与归一化植被指数存在很好的负相关性。分析讨论了地表温度的空间分布与土地覆盖及其他影响因子之间存在的定量关系,探讨了植被生产力与气候变化之间的相互作用以及发展趋势。研究结果有利于三江源湿地的生态保护,可为土地覆盖的动态监测提供有力的科学参考。     

基于Landsat TM数据的北京城市热岛研究

利用Landsat TM热红外波段数据，根据辐射传输方程反演得到北京地区地表温度，讨论了北京城市热岛现象及其与土地覆盖类型和植被指数的关系。结果显示，北京城区地表温度明显比郊区地表温度高。通过地表温度对比分析发现，城区平均地表温度比近郊区和远郊区地表温度分别高出4．5℃和9℃，城市热岛效应明显。城区不同地表覆盖类型的地表温度也有显著差异，城市地表温度与NDVI具有明显的负相关关系，城市地表植被覆盖度低是城市热岛出现的主要原因。     

基于Landsat TM的城市热岛效应与地表特征参数稳健关系模型

 首先,利用Landsat TM热红外影像结合地面气象观测资料反演地面温度,揭示了济南市夏季城市热岛效应| 然后,基于稳 健的LTS与最小二乘回归（LS）分析探讨了城乡地面热辐射与地表特征参数的线性变化趋势,认为植被指数（NDVI、SAVI和TCG）、 湿度指数（NDMI和TCW）以及近红外反照率与地表温度的变化趋势相反,亮度指数（NDBI和TCB）和可见光反照率与地表温度的变化 趋势一致,而短光波段反照率与地表温度不存在明显相关趋势。研究结果表明,NDMI能很好地解释地表温度变化,且最为稳健; 其次是NDVI、SAVI、TCG和NDBI,它们对地表温度的解释程度高且稳健性较强; 可见光反照率虽能较好解释地表温度,但其稳健性 较差; 近红外反照率、TCW和TCB对地表温度的解释程度和稳健性相对较低。     

2000-2012年鄂尔多斯高原植被动态及干旱响应

针对鄂尔多斯高原植被覆盖变化受干旱胁迫的状况,该文结合降水和气温的协同变化,以2000-2012年生长季的MODIS-NDVI数据和同期降水、温度和帕尔默干旱指数为依据,采用线性趋势分析、标准偏差分析和相关性分析等方法,对鄂尔多斯高原植被与气候变化的相关关系和干旱异常变化对植被动态的影响进行了研究.结果表明:鄂尔多斯高原生长季及季节(春季、夏季和秋季)植被归一化植被指数主要受降水的控制和干旱的制约,秋季归一化植被指数更多地受到夏季干旱的影响.与气象因子的空间相关分析表明,春季温度上升有利于研究区北部归一化植被指数像元的增加.在荒漠草原和沙漠地区,夏季干旱与归一化植被指数的相关关系最强.秋季降水对典型草原归一化植被指数的提升显著.     

河谷城市与平原城市热岛差异性分析

随着城市的快速发展,城市热岛效应越来越重要。本文利用环境卫星数据,以西安市和兰州市为例,通过对河谷与平原城市的热岛效应差异进行初探,发现在两个研究区的市区内部,其热岛分布特征与已有研究的热岛分布特征一致。但就整个研究区而言,西安市的热岛主要分布在城区,兰州市则主要分布在郊区。分别对西安和兰州的地表温度与NDVI进行了相关性分析,发现西安市的地表温度与水体指数呈非线性相关,而兰州市则呈线性相关。     

利用温度植被旱情指数（TVDI）进行全国旱情监测研究

利用NOAA AVHRR资料提取的归一化植被指数 (NDVI)和陆地表面温度 (LST) ,构建NDVI Ts 特征空间 ,依据该特征空间设计的温度植被旱情指数作为旱情指标 ,对中国 2 0 0 0年 3月和 5月各旬的旱情进行了研究。研究结果表明在 2 0 0 0年 3月和 5月的重旱区主要分布在中国西北地区 ,在华北和华南的部分地区也有较大范围的分布 ,3月和 5月的全国重旱面积分别为 6 7 2× 10 4km2 和 12 6 1× 10 4km2 ;通过与各气象站测定的表层 10cm土壤重量含水量 (θ)数据进行相关性研究表明 ,利用综合了植被覆盖信息和陆地表面温度信息的TVDI旱情指标能够较好地反映表层土壤水分变化趋势 ,作为旱情评价指标是合理的 ;对TVDI随NDVI和Ts 变化的敏感性评价结果表明 ,以陆地表面温度为基础的旱情指标相对比以植被指数为基础的旱情指标更合理。     

基于大气温度和水汽含量改进HJ-1B地表温度反演

为了提高地面气象站稀少地区地表温度遥感反演的精度,本文基于多源遥感数据的优势,首先利用MODIS影像获取研究区像元尺度上平均大气水汽含量;然后利用同时相的HJ-1B影像估算区域地表比辐射率,再采用温度-植被指数法获取近地表大气温度;最后将以上3个参数输入单窗体算法,改进其地表温度反演的精度。研究结果表明,改进单窗体算法反演地表温度与地面实测温度的偏差小于1 K,为地面气象站点稀少的植被覆盖区域提供了一种可行的精确遥感反演地表温度方法。     

基于Landsat数据地表特征参数与地表温度关系

以成都市为研究区,定量分析了各地表特征参数与地表温度之间的线性关系。通过对地表温度与归一化植被指数(NDVI)、归一化建筑指数(NDBI)、归一化水汽指数(NDMI)进行局部区域逐像元分析和总体区域统计分析,结果表明NDVI,NDMI,NDBI与地表温度间都存在明显的线性关系,可用于说明地表温度的动态变化,在3月份,NDMI与地温的相关性更优于NDVI。对传统城市热现象研究中,NDMI与NDBI能够用来以NDVI作为分析地表温度随季节而变化的互补的度量标准。     

黑河流域叶面积指数的遥感估算

研究利用Landsat7ETM⁺遥感数据获取黑河流域植被叶面积指数(LAI)空间分布的可行性。该研究是基于黑河流域分布式水文模型的一个重要输入项———LAI空间分布数据的需要而产生的。文章在详尽的野外观测数据基础上,分别探究实测LAI与同时相ETM⁺3、4、5、7波段反射率及相关植被指数(SR、NDVI、ARVI、RSR、SAV I、PVI、GESAVI)的相关关系,率定最佳的LAI遥感反演及其空间分布方案。研究发现,针对特定的自然条件,将研究区分为植被覆盖度小的稀疏立地和覆盖度大的密集立地,分别采用土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)和大气阻抗植被指数(ARVI)进行2种林地的LAI估算最为可靠,在此基础上,提出黑河地区LAI估算及其空间分布的遥感制图方案。     

基于植被指数模型的淡水湖泊湿地景观信息提取

高邮湖湿地是江苏省重要湿地之一,对生态、环境控制、调节气候和保护生物多样性具有重要意义。采用2007年的LandsatTM影像作为遥感信息源,选择影像的光谱特征和比值植被指数(RVI)、差值植被指数(DVI)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、归一化差异绿度指数(NDGI)、土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)和最佳土壤调节植被指数(OSAVI)6种植被指数做了光谱特征分析,从而确定出最佳指数模型,并基于决策树方法,实现研究区景观信息的遥感分类。研究结果表明,决策树分类法易于综合多种特征进行遥感影像分类,植被指数参与到决策树分类中能够提高分类的总体精度,其总体精度达到79.58%,Kappa系数为0.721 0,分类结果理想且人工参与灵活。     

Comparison of the Landsat Surface Reflectance Climate Data Record (CDR) and manually atmospherically corrected data in a semi-arid European study area

This study contributes to the quality assessment of atmospherically corrected Landsat surface reflectance data that are routinely generated by the Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System (LEDAPS). This dataset, named Landsat Surface Reflectance Climate Data Record (Landsat CDR), is available at global scale and offers unprecedented opportunities to land monitoring and management services that require atmospherically corrected Earth observation (EO) data. Our assessment is based on the comparison of the Landsat CDR data against a set of Landsat and DEIMOS-1 images processed to a high degree of accuracy using an industry-standard atmospheric correction algorithm (ATCOR-2). The software package has been used for many years and its correction procedures can be considered consolidated and well-established. The dataset of Landsat and DEIMOS-1 images was acquired over a semi-arid agricultural area located in Lower Austria and was independently corrected by using a manual fine-tuning of ATCOR-2 parameters to reach the highest possible accuracy. Results show a very good correspondence of the surface reflectance in each of the six reflective spectral channels as well as for the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). An additional comparison against a NDVI time series from MODIS revealed also a good correspondence. Coefficients of determination (R²) between the two multi-year and multi-seasonal Landsat/DEIMOS datasets range between 0.91 (blue band) and 0.98 (nIR, SWIR-1 and SWIR-2). The results obtained for our semi-arid test site in Austria confirm previous findings and suggest that automatic atmospheric procedures, such as the one implemented by LEDAPS are accurate enough to be used in land monitoring services that require consistent multi-temporal surface reflectance data.     

Using a stochastic gradient boosting algorithm to analyse the effectiveness of Landsat 8 data for montado land cover mapping: Application in southern Portugal

This study aims to develop and propose a methodological approach for montado ecosystem mapping using Landsat 8 multi-spectral data, vegetation indices, and the Stochastic Gradient Boosting (SGB) algorithm. Two Landsat 8 scenes (images from spring and summer 2014) of the same area in southern Portugal were acquired. Six vegetation indices were calculated for each scene: the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), the Short-Wave Infrared Ratio (SWIR32), the Carotenoid Reflectance Index 1 (CRI1), the Green Chlorophyll Index (CI_green), the Normalised Multi-band Drought Index (NMDI), and the Soil-Adjusted Total Vegetation Index (SATVI). Based on this information, two datasets were prepared: (i) Dataset I only included multi-temporal Landsat 8 spectral bands (LS8), and (ii) Dataset II included the same information as Dataset I plus vegetation indices (LS8 + VIs). The integration of the vegetation indices into the classification scheme resulted in a significant improvement in the accuracy of Dataset II’s classifications when compared to Dataset I (McNemar test: Z-value = 4.50), leading to a difference of 4.90% in overall accuracy and 0.06 in the Kappa value. For the montado ecosystem, adding vegetation indices in the classification process showed a relevant increment in producer and user accuracies of 3.64% and 6.26%, respectively. By using the variable importance function from the SGB algorithm, it was found that the six most prominent variables (from a total of 24 tested variables) were the following: EVI_summer; CRI1_spring; SWIR32_spring; B6_summer; B5_summer; and CI_green_summer.     

Characterizing spring phenology of temperate broadleaf forests using Landsat and Sentinel-2 time series

Vegetation phenology has a great impact on land-atmosphere interactions like carbon cycling, albedo, and water and energy exchanges. To understand and predict these critical land-atmosphere feedbacks, it is crucial to measure and quantify phenological responses to climate variability, and ultimately climate change. Coarse-resolution sensors such as MODIS and AVHRR have been useful to study vegetation phenology from regional to global scales. These sensors are, however, not capable of discerning phenological variation at moderate spatial scales. By offering increased observation density and higher spatial resolution, the combination of Landsat and Sentinel-2 time series might provide the opportunity to overcome this limitation.In this study, we analyzed the potential of combined Sentinel-2 and Landsat time series for estimating start of season (SOS) of broadleaf forests across Germany for the year 2018. We tested two common statistical modeling approaches (logistic and generalized additive models using thin plate splines) and the two most commonly used vegetation indices, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI).We found strong agreement between SOS estimates from logistic and spline models (r_EVI = 0.86; r_NDVI = 0.65), whereas agreement was higher for EVI than for NDVI (RMSD_EVI = 3.07, RMSD_NDVI = 5.26 days). The choice of vegetation index thus had a higher impact on the results than the fitting method. The EVI-based SOS also showed higher correlation with ground observations compared to NDVI (r_EVI = 0.51, r_NDVI = 0.42). Data density played an important role in estimating land surface phenology. Models combining Sentinel-2A/B, with an average cloud-free observation frequency of 12 days, were largely consistent with the combined Landsat and Sentinel-2 models, suggesting that Sentinel-2A/B may be sufficient to capture SOS for most areas in Germany in 2018. However, in non-overlapping swath areas and mountain areas, observation frequency was significantly lower, underlining the need to combine Landsat and Sentinel-2 for consistent SOS estimates over large areas. Our study demonstrates that estimating SOS of temperate broadleaf forests at medium spatial resolution has become feasible with combined Landsat and Sentinel-2 time series.     

Bi-temporal characterization of land surface temperature in relation to impervious surface area,NDVI and NDBI,using a sub-pixel image analysis

As more than 50% of the human population are situated in cities of the world, urbanization has become an important contributor to global warming due to remarkable urban heat island (UHI) effect. UHI effect has been linked to the regional climate, environment, and socio-economic development. In this study, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery, respectively acquired in 1989 and 2001, were utilized to assess urban area thermal characteristics in Fuzhou, the capital city of Fujian province in south-eastern China. As a key indicator for the assessment of urban environments, sub-pixel impervious surface area (ISA) was mapped to quantitatively determine urban land-use extents and urban surface thermal patterns. In order to accurately estimate urban surface types, high-resolution imagery was utilized to generate the proportion of impervious surface areas. Urban thermal characteristics was further analysed by investigating the relationships between the land surface temperature (LST), percent impervious surface area, and two indices, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI). The results show that correlations between NDVI and LST are rather weak, but there is a strong positive correlation between percent ISA, NDBI and LST. This suggests that percent ISA, combined with LST, and NDBI, can quantitatively describe the spatial distribution and temporal variation of urban thermal patterns and associated land-use/land-cover (LULC) conditions.     

微波植被指数在干旱监测中的应用

在植被覆盖区域,归一化植被指数(NDVI)被广泛地应用于干旱遥感监测。和基于光学遥感的植被指数相比,Shi等提出的微波植被指数MVI(Microwave Vegetation Index)被证实能够反映更多的植被生长信息。本文以MVI为基础,利用MVI代替目前比较成熟的温度植被指数TVDI(Temperature Vegetation Index)中的NDVI,构建温度微波植被干旱指数TMVDI(Temperature Microwave Vegetation Index),发展了一种新的干旱监测方法。本文以2006年夏季四川省发生的百年难遇的干旱为研究对象,将基于TMVDI与TVDI的干旱监测结果进行了对比分析。最后,为评估监测结果的准确性,将遥感监测的结果与基于气象站点降雨观测数据构建的标准降雨指数SPI(Standardized Precipitation Index)的计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,利用低频降轨微波辐射计数据计算的T MVDI最适合于进行植被覆盖区域的干旱监测。     

Soil Moisture Estimation in a Vegetated Area Using Combination of AIRSAR and Landsat5-TM Images

High difference between dielectric constant of water (dielectric constant about 80) and dielectric constant of dried soil (dielectric constant about 2–3) makes Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) highly capable in soil moisture estimation. However, there are other factors which affect on radar backscattering coefficient. The most important parameters are vegetation cover, surface roughness and sensor parameters (frequency, polarization and incidence angle). In this paper, the importance of considering the effects of these parameters on SAR backscatter coefficients is shown by comparing different soil moisture estimation models. Moreover, an experimental soil moisture estimation model is developed. It is shown that this model can be used to estimate soil moisture under a variety of vegetation cover densities. The new developed model is based on combination of different indices derived from Landsat5-Thematic Mapper and AIRSAR images. The AIRSAR image is used for extraction of backscattering coefficient and incidence angle while TM image is used for calculation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Brightness Temperature. Then a soil moisture estimation model which is named as Hybrid model is developed based on integration of all of these parameters. The accuracies of this model are assessed in the NDVI ranges of 0–0.2, 0.2–0.4 and 0.4–0.7 by using SAR data in C band and L band frequencies and also in different polarizations of HH, HV, VV and TP. The results show that for instance in L band with HV polarization, R-square values of 0.728, 0.628 and 0.527 are obtained between ground measured soil moisture and estimated soil moisture values using the Hybrid model for NDVI ranges of 0–0.2, 0.2–0.4 and 0.4–0.7, respectively.     

Reconstructing satellite images to quantify spatially explicit land surface change caused by fires and succession: A demonstration in the Yukon River Basin of interior Alaska

Land surface change caused by fires and succession is confounded by many site-specific factors and requires further study. The objective of this study was to reveal the spatially explicit land surface change by minimizing the confounding factors of weather variability, seasonal offset, topography, land cover, and drainage. In a pilot study of the Yukon River Basin of interior Alaska, we retrieved Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), albedo, and land surface temperature (LST) from a postfire Landsat image acquired on August 5th, 2004. With a Landsat reference image acquired on June 26th, 1986, we reconstructed NDVI, albedo, and LST of 1987–2004 fire scars for August 5th, 2004, assuming that these fires had not occurred. The difference between actual postfire and assuming-no-fire scenarios depicted the fires and succession impact. Our results demonstrated the following: (1) NDVI showed an immediate decrease after burning but gradually recovered to prefire levels in the following years, in which burn severity might play an important role during this process; (2) Albedo showed an immediate decrease after burning but then recovered and became higher than prefire levels; and (3) Most fires caused surface warming, but cooler surfaces did exist; time-since-fire affected the prefire and postfire LST difference but no absolute trend could be found. Our approach provided spatially explicit land surface change rather than average condition, enabling a better understanding of fires and succession impact on ecological consequences at the pixel level.