厚松散含水层下覆岩破坏规律分析

以钱营孜煤矿东一采区的工程实例为背景，运用FLAC^3D软件对工作面开采进行数值模拟，结果显示“两带”即覆岩垮落带和导水裂隙带的发育高度分别为10.9 m和42 m。设计并施工了两个采后“两带”高度探查孔，显示工作面垮落带高度实测值为10.66～12.00 m,导水裂隙带高度实测值为40.87～44.87 m,与按规程理论计算和数值软件模拟所得结果接近，可作为相似条件下工作面煤岩柱留设与安全评价的依据。     

察哈素煤矿采空区覆岩"两带"高度研究

在煤层开采中,上覆岩层"两带"高度的确定对于矿井瓦斯抽采、水防治和顶板管理都具有重要的技术指导意义。本文采用现场冲洗液漏失量法和彩色钻孔电视孔内观测法,并与理论分析相结合研究了察哈素煤矿上覆岩层"两带"高度,结果表明:(1)垮落带高度为22.42～29.20 m,垮高比4.40～6.15;导水裂隙带高度为63.82～106.50 m,裂高比12.51～23.67,为了保证安全,取106.50 m为最大导水裂隙带高度,29.20 m为最大垮落带高度,察哈素煤矿属于超高导水裂隙带;(2)由同一个工作面的钻孔实测得到的"两带"高度比较吻合,由不同工作面地面钻孔实测得到的"两带"高度中,垮落带高度比较接近,而导水裂隙带高度差异较大;(3)钻孔实测结果与经验公式计算结果部分存在较大差异,提出在计算"两带"高度时应尽量考虑与其关系密切且重要的影响因素,使计算结果更接近于实际情况。     

告成矿滑动构造下导水裂隙带高度分析

为了研究告成矿滑动构造下不同类型顶板的导水裂隙带发育高度,结合告成矿地质采矿条件,利用GMS软件对25采区上覆岩层信息数字化,经算法插值后生成三维地质模型,得到了滑动构造的产状特征。基于地质模型,通过岩层拉伸率计算和数值模拟等方法,对告成矿采空区不同类型顶板的裂隙带高度进行研究。结果表明:滑动构造下的导水裂隙带高度低于常规地质采矿条件下的;滑动构造带以较厚且易碎的特征赋存,煤层采出后主要以变形为主,不易发生断裂,不能形成由下至上贯通的导水裂隙,具有一定的隔水性;滑动构造条件下,在应用《建筑物、水体、铁路及主要井巷煤柱留设与压煤开采规范》中导水裂隙带计算公式时,需考虑顶板岩层的力学性质等因素。     

放顶煤开采上覆巨厚砾岩层变形移动规律研究

放顶煤开采时上覆巨厚砾岩层垮落直接影响综放工作面的安全生产,为了研究放顶煤开采上覆巨厚砾岩层变形移动规律,以河南大有能源股份有限公司耿村煤矿综放工作面特厚煤层及其上覆巨厚砾岩层为工程背景,采用相似材料模拟试验,研究了放顶煤开采时上覆巨厚砾岩层变形移动全过程。结果表明:(1)随着煤层开采,依据巨厚砾岩层裂隙场的特征,巨厚砾岩层变形移动和垮落的全过程分为下位和上位垮落过程,其中下位砾岩层初次断裂时垮落体形态为梯形,上位砾岩层断裂控制着地表的变形;(2)当工作面停采后,巨厚砾岩层裂隙演化发展具有较明显的时间效应;(3)下位砾岩层初次垮落步距650. 0 m,周期垮落步距175. 0 m,上位砾岩层初次垮落步距825. 0 m,地表下沉系数0. 267。研究结果可为耿村煤矿巨厚砾岩层下综放开采提供安全技术支撑。     

采煤面顶板覆岩破坏模拟试验研究

采煤工作面开采过程中"两带"高度值是指导矿井防水煤柱留设、保证矿井安全生产的重要参数,试验以内蒙古某矿3-1煤层首采面为地质模型,通过模拟其开采过程,运用并行电法系统,确定"两带"高度值及其变化特征。同时在给定边界条件和初始条件下,运用数值模拟方法,获得顶板应力变化分布图。综合分析模拟试验结果,判定该工作面回采过程中垮落带高度为40m,导水裂缝带最大高度为80m。根据不同时间电阻率分布图和垂向应力分布云图,可清晰分辨出煤层顶板覆岩破坏的过程和规律,可为煤矿安全生产提供参考。     

基于RFPA2D的煤层开采冒裂带发育高度预测分析

根据某矿开采技术条件和岩石力学性能等参数,建立力学模型,运用RFPA2D数值模拟软件进行覆岩导水裂隙带高度预测,用经验公式对覆岩导水裂隙带高度进行了估算.在采空工作面进行实测导水裂隙带高度.结果表明RFPA2D数值模拟所得到的导水裂隙带高度与现场测定结果基本接近,考虑预测偏差率后可以作为煤层冒裂带发育的高度进行矿井防治水的依据.     

五沟煤矿导水裂隙带发育高度预测

煤层开采导致覆岩产生移动变形破坏,描述覆岩破坏影响程度的导水裂隙带发育高度是评价顶板是否发生突水溃砂等灾害事故的重要指标之一,因此对影响导水裂隙带发育高度的采高、工作面几何参数、覆岩岩性及岩层结构等主要因素进行分析,利用模糊数学方法将非线性问题转换成线性问题进行计算,获得五沟煤矿10煤开采导水裂隙带发育高度预测公式,为五沟煤矿含水层下10煤层的安全开采提供指导。     

风氧化带内煤层安全开采的试验研究

根据现场观测和工程实践，论述了风氧化带内煤层开采时，覆岩破坏移动特征，风化带岩石属性和风氧化带内煤层安全开采机理的定性、定量分析．提出了风氧化带煤层开采无垮落带；受采动影响后，具阻水和抑制导水裂隙带继续发展的双重作用以及适当加大开采厚度等新观点．对两淮煤田浅部煤层安全开采和老矿挖潜具有重要的参考价值。     

基于采空区压实效应的工作面开采全过程模拟

为探究孤岛工作面开采时覆岩破断、运移和矿压显现规律,利用FLAC~(3D) Fish语言开发了数值算法,基于采空区压实理论和双屈服模型,提出一种孤岛工作面推进过程中覆岩破断演化、垮落带岩体的压实效应和采动静载、动载响应数值模拟方法.采用该方法对朝阳煤矿3108孤岛工作面采动全过程及其动静载演化机制进行了数值模拟,所得结果与现场实际具有较好的一致性.结果表明:由于两侧采空区工作面长度较小(70 m),开采后覆岩垮落不充分,垮落带和裂隙带演化高度有限,约为30.98和66.91 m;动载主要来源于顶板破断释放能量,震源和覆岩裂隙带演化的最大高度基本一致,其震源包络线与裂隙带的发育范围吻合度较高.     

浅埋煤层重复采动覆岩裂隙及漏风通道演化模拟研究

为了研究浅埋藏近距离煤层群重复采动下地表漏风对采空区煤自燃的影响,利用FLAC~(3D)数值模拟软件,对神东矿区补连塔矿回采不同阶段覆岩孔隙率的发育规律、塑性区分布以及覆岩垮落高度进行模拟分析。结果表明:(1)上煤层回采完毕后,覆岩裂隙发育呈"U"形分布,最大裂隙高度达130 m,尚未通达地表;下煤层回采完毕后,覆岩最大裂隙高度达162 m,贯通地表。(2)上煤层回采完毕后,覆岩在上煤层上方62 m处发生明显离层,离层区下方覆岩下沉高度1.75~4 m,离层区至上覆岩层下沉高度0.25~1 m;下煤层回采完毕后,离层区进一步发育,离层区下煤层采空区顶板垮落,上煤层采空区岩体进一步沉陷,最大下沉高度达7 m,离层区至上覆岩层下沉高度1~2 m。(3)在回采同一阶段,同一高度覆岩孔隙率变化率两侧大于中部;下煤层的回采使上煤层覆岩孔隙进一步发育,孔隙率变化率明显增大。     

煤层开采过程中上覆岩层裂隙演化规律研究

以淮南煤矿典型工作面为例,采用离散元数值软件UDEC(universal distinct element code)对工作面回采过程中上下煤岩体内应力场的变化及直接顶冒落过程进行了模拟,分析了上覆煤岩体裂隙产生、发展的形成过程,得到了上覆煤岩裂隙演化规律。研究结果表明,倾向方向工作面回采后,上覆煤岩体内产生冒落、裂隙带和离层带,在工作面内上角位置产生O型圈裂隙带,裂隙发育最大高度为45m。煤层走向回采方向得到了初期来压步距约50m,周期来压步距约20m,上覆煤岩体裂隙在采空区上方约呈45°角发展,并随工作面的前进由下向上、由后往前依次演变。该结果对于煤与瓦斯共采中瓦斯抽放钻孔方位的布置具有工程指导意义。     

Coal and rock fissure evolution and distribution characteristics of multi-seam mining

Henan Pingdingshan No.10 mine is prone to both coal and gas outbursts. The E_9–10 coal seam is the main coal-producing seam but has poor quality ventilation, thus making it relatively difficult for gas extraction. The F₁₅ coal seam, at its lower section, is not prone to coal and gas outbursts. The average seam separation distance of 150 m is greater than the upper limit for underside protective seam mining. Based on borehole imaging technology for field exploration of coal and rock fracture characteristics and discrete element numerical simulation, we have studied the evolution laws and distribution characteristics of the coal and rock fissure field between these two coal seams. By analysis of the influential effect of group F coal mining on the E_9–10 coal seam, we have shown that a number of small fissures also develop in the area some 150 m above the overlying strata. The width and number of the fissures also increase with the extent of mining activity. Most of the fissures develop at a low angle or even parallel to the strata. The results show that the mining of the F₁₅ coal seam has the effect of improving the permeability of the E_9–10 coal seam.     

Time-domain characteristics of overlying strata failure under condition of longwall ascending mining

Ascending mining is one of the most effective ways to solve problems of water inrush, gas outburst and rock burst in coal seams mining. In order to reveal the law of motion and spatiotemporal relationship of overlaying strata, field measurement has been done in a mine. Long distance drillings were constructed from 4# coal seam to 6# coal seam at several certain typical positions, and movement and failure law of overlying strata after mining was analyzed by drilling video and observing the fluid leakage. Besides, we also analyzed the spatiotemporal development law of overlying strata failure with different mining heights and time intervals in the lower coal seam. The results show that: ascending mining is significantly affected by time-domain characteristics of overlaying strata failure after the lower coal seam’s mining, height equations of caving zone and fractured zone are given in this paper, and the feasibility of ascending mining was compartmentalized concretely according to the spatiotemporal relationship. Research methods and conclusions of this paper have certain referential significance for the study of ascending mining, mining under water, mining under building, mining under railway and stress-relief mining.     

Strata behavior investigation for high-intensity mining in the water-rich coal seam

This paper describes a specific case of mining in a water-rich coal seam in western China. Water inrushes, roof caving and other disasters induced by intensive mining operation could pose great threats to the safety of coal mines. The strata behavior during the high-intensity extraction in the water-rich coal seam is analyzed by employing the numerical simulation method and in situ monitoring. The results show that about 10 m ahead of the workface, the front abutment pressure peaks is at 34.13 MPa, while the peak of the side abutment pressure is located about 8 m away from the gateway with the value of 12.41 MPa; the height of the fracture zone, the first weighting step and the cycle weighting step are calculated to be 45, 50 and 20.8 m, respectively; pressure distribution in the workface is characterized by that the vertical pressure in the center occurs earlier and is stronger than those on both ends. Then, the results above are verified by in situ measurement, which may provide a basis for safe mining under similar conditions.     

Experimental research of overburden movement and subsurface water seeping in shallow seam mining

Shallow seam coal field has the largest coal reserve in China. Mining in shallow depth causes serious problems, and sub- surface dewatering is a major issue. In this paper, the physical simulating models were prepared to study overburden movement and aquiclude stability in the shallow seam mining of Yushuwan Coalfield, China. According to the characteristic of clay aquiclude and bedrock in the overburden, the proper simulation materials for simulating the plastic clay aquiclude layers and brittle bedrock layers were determined by the stress-strain tests and hydrophilic tests. The physical simulating models of solid medium and two phases of solid-liquid medium were carried out to simulate the failure and caving process of the roof and overburden, as well as the subsurface water seeping. Based on the simulation, it was found that the movement of clay aquiclude follows the movement of the underlying bedrock layers. The stability of aquiclude is mainly affected by cracks in fracture zone. The tests also showed that the best way to control the stability of aquiclude is to reduce the subsiding gradient, and there is a possibility of ground water conservation under longwall mining in Yushuwan Mine. This research provides a foundation for further study on mining dewatering and water conserva- tion.     

De-stressed mining of multi-seams: Surrounding rock control during the mining of a roadway in the overlying protected seam

Surrounding rock control in the overlying protective coal seam is a challenging topic for de-stressed mining of multi-seamed coal. Current research findings on roadway control were used in the design of a physical model of a complex textured roof having a varying thickness. The model was used to study roadway instability and collapse caused by dynamic pressure. The results show that when the thickness of the roof exceeds the bolted depth the roadway security is least and the roof has the greatest possibility for collapse. Numerical simulations were also carried out to study stress redistribution before and after roadway excavation during underlying protective seam mining. The evolution of roadway displacement and fracture, as affected by support methods, has been well studied. A series of support principles and technologies for mining affected roadways has been proposed after demonstration of successful practical application in the Huainan Mines. These principles and technologies are of extended value to deep coal mining support in China.     

开采沉陷预计参数的确定方法

基于相似理论的基本原理 ,根据我国 1 2 0多个地表移动观测站的监测数据 ,导出了开采沉陷预计参数与岩体综合变形模量E、采深H和采厚M等因素之间的统计公式 ,即地表下沉系数 q、水平移动系数b、主要影响角正切tanβ和拐点偏移距与采深的比值S0 /H与相似准则E/Em 和 ρH2 ( 1 0 0MEm)之间呈线性关系 .研究表明 :岩体的综合变形模量对开采沉陷预计参数的影响显著 ,采深主要影响拐点偏移距 ,对其它预计参数的影响甚微 ,而采厚对所有预计参数的影响都很小 ,可忽略     

Key technologies and engineering practices for soft-rock protective seam mining

Severe gas disasters in deep mining areas are increasing, and traditional protective coal seam mining is facing significant challenges. This paper proposes an innovative technology using soft rock as the protective seam in the absence of an appropriate coal seam. Based on the geological engineering conditions of the new horizontal first mining area of Luling Coal Mine in Huaibei, China, the impacts of different mining parameters of the soft-rock protective seam on the pressure-relief effect of the protected coal seam were analyzed through numerical simulation. The unit stress of the protected coal seam, which was less than half of the primary rock stress, was used as the mining stress pressure-relief index. The optimized interlayer space was found to be 59 m for the first soft-rock working face, with a 2 m mining thickness and 105 m face length. The physicochemical characteristics of the orebody were analyzed, and a device selection framework for the soft-rock protective seam was developed. Optimal equipment for the working face was selected, including the fully-mechanized hydraulic support and coal cutter. A production technology that combined fully-mechanized and blasting-assisted soft-rock mining was developed. Engineering practices demonstrated that normal circulation operation can be achieved on the working face of the soft-rock protective seam, with an average advancement rate of 1.64 m/d. The maximum residual gas pressure and content, which were measured at the cut hole position of the protected coal seams (Nos. 8 and 9), decreased to 0.35 MPa and 4.87 m³/t, respectively. The results suggested that soft-rock protective seam mining can produce a significant gas-control effect.     

高瓦斯煤层群保护层开采卸压效果数值模拟

为合理选择保护层,针对高瓦斯突出煤层群安全开采问题,分析了保护层开采的保护作用机理,即保护层开采可对被保护层起到卸压增透作用,改善被保护层的瓦斯抽放效果是解决煤与瓦斯突出问题及瓦斯灾害的重要技术手段;卸压对煤与瓦斯突出及瓦斯问题的解决具有决定作用.针对某矿高瓦斯突出煤层群生产地质条件,采用FLAC3D数值软件模拟2个非突出煤层作为保护层开采时的卸压效果,并对其进行了分析比较,研究结果可为保护层的合理选择提供参考依据.     

分级循环荷载下保护层开采扰动煤岩强度及裂隙特性研究

针对回采时反复采动作用下的保护层开采扰动煤岩极易诱发巷道围岩失稳的问题,采用分级循环荷载模拟实际回采工程中采动应力的长期作用,研究保护层开采扰动煤岩在循环荷载作用下的力学强度及变形破坏特性. 试验结果表明,在加卸载过程中,受保护层开采扰动煤样的体积膨胀变形明显,煤样内部结构破坏程度比未受保护层开采扰动煤样更高. 在加卸载后期,受保护层开采扰动煤样表现为塑性破坏,未受保护层开采扰动煤样发生明显的脆性破坏. 相比于未受保护层开采扰动煤样,受保护层开采扰动煤样的峰值强度下降,单位体积（直径为50 mm,高度为100 mm）内的煤样裂隙体积显著增加,峰值强度和裂隙体积占比均沿煤层走向分布较为均匀. 处于断层带的未受保护层开采扰动煤样的彼此物性差异较大. 受保护层开采扰动煤样比未受保护层开采扰动煤样更符合“煤岩破坏时,裂隙空间复杂程度与峰值强度存在反向对应分布”规律.