表达犬瘟热病毒H基因重组新城疫病毒的构建及其免疫原性研究

为研制安全、有效的新型犬瘟热疫苗,本研究利用新城疫病毒(NDV) LaSota弱毒疫苗株反向遗传操作系统,构建出表达犬瘟热病毒(CDV)弱毒疫苗株Rockborn-20/8血凝素(H)蛋白的重组病毒rLa-CDV-H,并对其生物学特性进行鉴定,评估其作为犬瘟热活载体疫苗的安全性和有效性.通过免疫荧光和western blot试验证明了CDV H蛋白的正确表达;重组病毒株保持了LaSota亲本株的低致病性和高滴度鸡胚生长特性;重组病毒rLa-CDV-H接种12周龄比格犬后,可以诱导显著的CDV中和抗体反应.本研究表明重组病毒rLa-CDV-H具有作为犬瘟热重组病毒活载体疫苗的潜力.     

Stability of canine distemper virus (CDV) after 20 passages in Vero-DST cells expressing the receptor protein for CDV

Isolates 007Lm, S124C and Ac96I and a Vero cell-adapted Onderstepoort strain of canine distemper viruses (CDV) were examined for stability after passages in Vero cells expressing the canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (dogSLAM, the intrinsic receptor to CDV). These viruses passage once in Vero cells expressing dogSLAM (Vero-DST) cells (original) and after 20 passages (20p) were compared by using sequence analyses and growth characteristics. All four strains of 20p grew well and were slightly better than their originals. The 20p viruses developed a cytopathic effect slightly lower than the original strains. A few changes in amino acids in the H gene were between the 20p and the original viruses, but the sites of changes were not specific. Fragments of P, M and L genes of all strains showed no nucleotide changes after the passages. These results showed that: (1) passages of CDVs in Vero-DST cells induced amino acid changes only in the H gene, not in the P, M and L genes, unlike in a previous study with Vero cells; (2) passages did not markedly affect the growth characteristics of every viral strain. These results indicate that Vero cells expressing canine SLAM allow the isolation and passaging of CDV without major changes in viral genes.     

Antiviral efficacy of EICAR against canine distemper virus (CDV) in vitro

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious pathogen of carnivores. In dogs, the disease is characterized by high lethality rates and no specific antiviral therapy is available. The aim of this study was to verify the in vitro antiviral activity of the 5-ethynyl-1-β-d-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR) and to compare it with the 1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin, RBV).EICAR was more active than RBV against CDV replication, while both molecules exhibited low selectivity indexes. A reversal of their antiviral activity was observed after addition of guanosine, suggesting their involvement in the inhibition of the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase enzyme (IMPDH). RBV and EICAR had a time- and concentration-dependent anti-CDV activity, mainly displayed during the first 10 h post-infection. The involvement of the inhibition of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRdRp) is discussed, as well as the role of CDV as a model to study more potent and selective antiviral molecules active against other Paramyxoviridae.     

Propagation of Asian isolates of canine distemper virus (CDV) in hamster cell lines

Backgrounds

The aim of this study was to confirm the propagation of various canine distemper viruses (CDV) in hamster cell lines of HmLu and BHK, since only a little is known about the possibility of propagation of CDV in rodent cells irrespective of their epidemiological importance.

Methods

The growth of CDV in hamster cell lines was monitored by titration using Vero.dogSLAMtag (Vero-DST) cells that had been proven to be susceptible to almost all field isolates of CDV, with the preparations of cell-free and cell-associated virus from the cultures infected with recent Asian isolates of CDV (13 strains) and by observing the development of cytopathic effect (CPE) in infected cultures of hamster cell lines.

Results

Eleven of 13 strains grew in HmLu cells, and 12 of 13 strains grew in BHK cells with apparent CPE of cell fusion in the late stage of infection. Two strains and a strain of Asia 1 group could not grow in HmLu cells and BHK cells, respectively.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates at the first time that hamster cell lines can propagate the majority of Asian field isolates of CDV. The usage of two hamster cell lines suggested to be useful to characterize the field isolates biologically.     

Heterogeneity within the hemagglutinin genes of canine distemper virus (CDV) strains detected in Italy

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious viral pathogen causing lethal disease in dogs and other mammalians. A high degree of genetic variation is found between recent CDV strains and the old CDV isolates used in the vaccines and such genetic variation is regarded as a possible cause of the increasing number of CDV-related diseases in dogs. The H gene shows the greatest extent of genetic variation that allows for distinction of various lineages, according to a geographical pattern of distribution and irrespective of the species of identification. In the present study, hemagglutinin (H) genes obtained from field strains detected from clinical specimens of Italian dogs were analyzed genetically. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a homogeneous group of CDV strains is widespread in Italian dogs, all which are included into the European lineage. Unexpectedly, strains 179/04 and 48/05 clustered along with CDVs of the Arctic lineage, the highest identity being to strain GR88 (98.0 and 98.4%aa, respectively). The full-length sequence of a red fox CDV strain, 207/00 was also determined and analyzed. The H protein of the fox CDV strain was unrelated to strains within the major European lineage. These results suggest that at least three different CDV lineages are present in Italy.     

犬瘟热病毒RT-nested PCR检测方法的建立与应用

根据犬瘟热病毒（CDV）弱毒株Onderstepoort的核衣壳蛋白（NP）基因序列设计了套式引物，建立了RT-nested PCR检测方法。特异性试验表明，该法可以特异扩增出CDV NP基因片段，但从RNA病毒狂犬病病毒（RV）、犬副流感病毒（CPIV）、犬冠状病毒（CCV），DNA病毒犬细小病毒（CPV）、犬腺病毒（CAV）及正常Vero细胞中均不能扩增出条带。敏感性试验表明，RT-PCR可以扩增10^-6稀释度的病毒RNA，而建立的RT-nested PCR可以扩增到10。稀释度的病毒RNA，后者的敏感性明显高于前者。用RT-nested PCR法检测了2006年我国东北地区临床表现犬瘟热症状的病例19例，检出率达90％，明显高于RT-PCR的检出率（45％）。部分病例扩增片段的测序结果表明，CDVNP基因出现个别碱基变异。研究结果表明，建立的犬瘟热病毒RT-nested PCR方法敏感、特异，适用于动物犬瘟热的快速诊断。     

SYBR Green荧光RT-PCR法快速检测毛皮动物源犬瘟热病毒

根据犬瘟热病毒(CDV)H蛋白基因的保守序列设计了1对引物,经过各反应体系和反应条件的摸索和优化,建立了CDV的SYBR GreenⅠRT-PCR荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。结果显示,建立的方法特异性较好,几种非CDV病原体检测均为阴性;敏感性实验表明其敏感性可达1个TCID50,高于普通RT-PCR和胶体金检测试剂盒;重复性试验表明所建立的检测方法非常稳定;临床检测中,在39份样品中检测到28份阳性样品,高于普通RT-PCR方法的检出率。该方法检测成本低、特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好,可推广应用于毛皮动物CDV的大规模高通量的检测。     

Prevalence of positive antibody test results for canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) and response to modified live vaccination against CPV and CDV in dogs entering animal shelters

Canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) infections are relatively common in animal shelters and are important population management issues since the immune status of incoming dogs is usually unknown. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of positive antibody test results for CPV and CDV in incoming dogs aged ≥ 4 months and to measure antibody response over 2 weeks following vaccination with a modified live vaccine (MLV). Dogs aged 4-24 months entering an adoption-guarantee shelter (Shelter 1, n=51) and aged ≥ 4 months entering a limited admission shelter (Shelter 2; n=51) were enrolled. Dogs from Shelter 1 had been vaccinated with MLV at a municipal shelter 5 days before enrollment, whereas dogs from Shelter 2 had no known history of vaccination at enrollment. Sera were obtained on day 1, immediately prior to CPV/CDV MLV, and tested using an in-clinic ELISA kit to detect CPV/CDV antibodies. Dogs negative for CPV and/or CDV were retested at day 6-8 and those dogs still negative at day 6-8 were retested at day 13-15. Prior to CPV/CDV MLV on day 1, more dogs tested positive for CPV (Shelter 1 - 68.6%; Shelter 2 - 84.3%) than for CDV (Shelter 1 - 37.3%; Shelter 2 - 41.2%). On day 1, prior to MLV, all spayed/neutered animals tested CPV antibody-positive (n=17/102) and CPV antibody-positive dogs were older than serologically negative dogs (Shelter 1, P=0.0029; Shelter 2, P=0.0042). By day 13-15, almost all dogs were CPV antibody-positive (Shelter 1 - 97.9%; Shelter 2 - 100.0%) and CDV antibody-positive (Shelter 1 - 93.8%; Shelter 2 - 97.8%). MLV induces protective antibody titers against CPV/CDV in almost all dogs after 13-15 days.     

同时检测犬瘟热病毒和犬细小病毒双重PCR方法的建立

为建立可以同时检测犬瘟热病毒(CDV)和犬细小病毒(CPV)的双重PCR方法,本研究根据GenBank登录的CDV N蛋白序列和CPV NS基因保守序列,设计合成2对特异性引物。通过优化反应条件,对CDV阳性病毒株反转录后的cDNA模板和CPV的DNA模板进行双重PCR扩增,同时得到2条与试验设计相符的669 bp(CDV)和392 bp(CPV)特异性条带,建立了同时检测CDV和CPV的双重PCR方法。实验结果表明:在同一PCR反应体系中可以同时检测这2种病毒,而对犬腺病毒Ⅰ型、犬腺病毒Ⅱ型、狂犬病毒检测均为阴性;CDV和CPV的最低检出限分别为101.8TCID50和101.4TCID50。采用该方法对在黑龙江省不同地区所采集的30份犬病料样品进行检测,CDV阳性率为30%;CPV阳性率为23.33%,表明建立的PCR方法可以用于临床诊断。     

Real-time RT-PCR和RT-PCR方法快速检测犬瘟热病毒

由犬瘟热病毒(CDV)引起的犬瘟热(CD),是犬的一种高度接触性、急性传染病[1].CDV感染范围广泛,自然宿主包括犬科动物(犬、狼、豺、狐等),鼬科动物(貂、臭鼬、黄鼠狼等),浣熊科动物(浣熊、小熊猫、大熊猫等),还可感染灵长类动物(如日本猕猴等),甚至有CDV感染人的病例.除病毒分离、病理包涵体检查、血清学检测、核酸探针、原位杂交等方法外,RT-PCR方法是目前检测CDV最常用的方法[1-3].     

A comparison of the immune responses of dogs exposed to canine distemper virus (CDV) - Differences between vaccinated and wild-type virus exposed dogs

Canine distemper virus (CDV)-specific immune response was measured in different dog populations. Three groups of vaccinated or wild-type virus exposed dogs were tested: dogs with a known vaccination history, dogs without a known vaccination history (shelter dogs), and dogs with potential exposure to wild-type CDV. The use of a T-cell proliferation assay demonstrated a detectable CDV-specific T-cell response from both spleen and blood lymphocytes of dogs. Qualitatively, antibody assays [enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and neutralization assay] predicted the presence of a T-cell response well, although quantitatively neither antibody assays nor the T-cell assay correlated well with each other. An interesting finding from our study was that half of the dogs in shelters were not vaccinated (potentially posing a public veterinary health problem) and that antibody levels in dogs living in an environment with endemic CDV were lower than in vaccinated animals.     

靶向H、N基因siRNA对犬瘟热病毒在vero细胞中复制的抑制作用

以犬瘟热病毒(CDV)的核衣壳蛋白基因(N基因)和血凝素蛋白基因(H基因)作为靶基因,各设计并体外合成小干扰RNA,分别为N1、N2、N3和H1、H2、H3。将6对siRNA分别转染非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero)并在转染后接种CDV,48h后通过细胞病变(CPE)、间接免疫荧光、TCID50、荧光定量PCR等方法对2组6个siRNA抑制CDV在Vero细胞中增殖的效果进行比较研究。结果显示,转染细胞感染CDV 48h后,6个siRNAs干扰组细胞出现的绿色荧光明显少于对照组,病毒感染滴度分别是对照组的1/293、1/11、1/29、1/83、1/302和1/90,6个干扰组的CDV基因拷贝数分别是对照组的12.96%、57.75%、23.47%、31.82%、12.82%、15.58%。结果表明,6对siRNAs均对CDV在Vero细胞中的复制具有不同程度的抑制作用,且以H2组抑制效率最高。     

犬瘟热病毒一步法荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立犬瘟热病毒(CDV)TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,根据CDV核衣壳蛋白(NP)基因序列,设计合成2对通用引物和1条通用探针,通过体外转录构建绝对定量标准品RNA。对荧光定量PCR方法的各项条件进行优化,建立CDV荧光定量PCR检测方法,该方法检测灵敏度可达4.02拷贝/μL,比普通RT-PCR方法的灵敏度高出100倍,具有良好的重复性。对犬细小病毒(CPV)、犬腺病毒(CAV-1)、犬冠状病毒(CCV)、犬副流感病毒(CPIV)核酸检测为阴性,具有很好的特异性。研究结果表明,建立的CDV荧光定量PCR方法具有敏感性高、特异性强、重复性好的特点,为犬瘟热的早期诊断提供了重要的技术支撑。     

Immunohistochemical investigation of cerebellum in dogs infected with canine distemper virus

The cerebella of 21 dogs with canine distemper virus (CDV) infection and four normal dogs were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Cerebella of CDV-infected dogs showed nonsuppurative demyelinating encephalomyelitis, classified as acute, subacute or chronic. Immunolocalisation of CDV antigen also confirmed the infection. Tissues were examined for co-localisation of the CDV antigen with either an astrocyte-specific marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), or an oligodendrocyte-specific marker, galactocerebroside (GalC). Immunoreactive cells were counted in demyelinating areas of the white matter. The number of astrocytes (GFAP positive) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in CDV-infected dogs compared to controls. In contrast, the number of oligodendrocytes (GalC positive) was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in CDV-infected dogs and was much lower in chronic cases (p < 0.05). Approximately 41% of astrocytes and 17% of oligodendrocytes were immunoreactive for CDV. The ratio of CDV-infected oligodendrocytes and astrocytes remained almost constant during the progression of the disease (P > 0.05). In conclusion, CDV infects both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The gradual loss of oligodendrocytes is most likely responsible for the progressive demyelination in CDV infection. Astrocytosis in CDV infection should be further investigated if it occurs to stimulate oligodendrocytes for myelin production to compensate for the loss or to induce oligodendrocyte degeneration.     

Antiserum raised in pigs against canine distemper virus and its utility in diagnostic procedures for morbillivirus infections (canine distemper, phocine distemper, rinderpest)

Antiserum against canine distemper virus (CDV) was raised in pigs by intranasal inoculation with CDV strains CND65 and ROCKBORN. Immunoglobulin fractions were conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. Peroxidase-conjugated anti-CDV immunoglobulin preparations were used for the detection and titration of CDV, seal-derived (phocine) distemper virus (PDV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) in Vero cell cultures. For the detection and titration of corresponding neutralizing antibodies a direct neutralizing peroxidase-linked antibody (NPLA) assay was established. The results were compared with those obtained with the conventional microtitre neutralization test (MNT) based on CPE reading. In addition the sensitivity of an indirect peroxidase-linked antibody (PLA) assay was tested in parallel with that of the NPLA assay using sera obtained from CDV-immunized pigs.     

Natural infection with canine distemper virus in a Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata)

A case of encephalitis in a Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) was examined histopathologically and serologically. The animal had brain lesions consisting of perivascular cuffs, malacia, inclusion bodies and giant cells. Monoclonal antibody to the nucleoprotein of canine distemper virus (CDV) stained the inclusions, and the distribution of the virus antigen was closely associated with that of the histological lesions. Serologically, all the 22 monkeys in the same group as the diseased monkey had relatively high titers of neutralizing antibody to CDV, but not to measles virus (MV). The pattern of the antibody titers to CDV and MV closely resembled that of cynomolgus monkeys experimentally inoculated with CDV, but differed from that of monkeys inoculated with MV. These findings suggest that an epidemic of CDV occurred in these Japanese monkeys, associated with one case of fatal viral encephalitis. This is believed to be the first report of a natural infection by CDV in non-human primates.     

犬瘟热病毒R／20-8株核衣壳蛋白基因的克隆和表达

应用RT-PCR技术扩增出犬瘟热病毒（CDV）核衣壳（N）蛋白基因的高度保守序列，将其克隆至质粒pMD18-T中，获得了重组质粒pMD18-T-N。将N基因的目的片段克隆到表达载体pGEX-4T-1中谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）基因的下游，并将该重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21株，经IPTG诱导，N基因融合蛋白获得了高效表达。SDS-PAGE电泳和Western—blot分析结果显示，表达产物的分子质量为55ku，与CDV标准阳性血清呈阳性反应。表明，大肠杆菌表达的CDVN蛋白在免疫原性上与天然N蛋白具有一定的相似性，可作为诊断用抗原。     

Comparison of one-step RT-PCR and a nested PCR for the detection of canine distemper virus in clinical samples

OBJECTIVE: To develop a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of canine distemper virus (CDV) by nested PCR using clinical specimens. DESIGN: A nested PCR was developed, compared to a one-step RT-PCR and validated. PROCEDURE: Two sets of specific primers for a one-step RT-PCR and a nested PCR, targeting a 640 bp fragment and a 297 bp fragment, respectively, were selected from the highly conserved region of the nucleocapsid protein (NP) gene of CDV. The nested PCR and the one-step RT-PCR were used to amplify a part of the CDV NP gene of a CDV vaccinal strain and samples of urine, blood, nasal discharge and saliva from 29 dogs suspected of suffering CD. RESULTS: Both the one-step RT-PCR and the nested PCR reacted with the CDV vaccinal strain, but not with canine parvovirus. The expected 640 bp fragment of the NP gene was detected in 11/22 (50.0%) blood, 10/20 (50.0%) urine, 5/25 (20.0%) saliva and 6/27 (22.2%) nasal swab samples by one-step RT-PCR, whereas the nested PCR amplified an expected 297 bp fragment of the NP gene in 18/22 (81.8%) blood, 15/20 (75.0%) urine, 14/25 (56%) saliva and 19/27 (70.3%) nasal swab samples. CONCLUSION: The nested PCR detected CDV in blood, urine, nasal swab and saliva more frequently than did the one-step RT-PCR. Therefore, this assay should be a useful aid to antemortem diagnosis of CDV infections in dogs.     

荧光定量RT-PCR法对犬瘟热病毒PS株感染犬血清和粪便中病毒的检测

为研究犬人工感染犬瘟热病毒(CDV)后病毒在血清和粪便中的含量及变化,本实验根据CDV核衣壳蛋白(NP)基因序列设计一对特异引物,扩增NP基因.并以NP基因重组质粒作为阳性标准品,建立检测CDV的SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量RT-PCR方法.结果表明,该方法102拷贝～109拷贝范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为R2=0.998,扩增效率为E=98.3％,敏感度高,最低检测限为6.1拷贝/μL,重复性检测变异系数低于2.62％.该方法与常规RT-PCR方法比较,其敏感性提高102倍.两只人工感染CDV PS强毒株的犬,分别于接种后17d、19d发病死亡,采用荧光定量RT-PCR方法对人工感染犬的血液和拭子液中的病毒核酸栽量进行定量检测以及对收集的22份临床样本拭子液进行检测,均检测到CDV.本研究结果表明,该方法可以用于CDV核酸定量检测,为该病毒的致病机理及病毒传播途径的研究提供了一种快速和敏感的检测手段.