CPAM的合成及影响因素分析

以甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为聚合单体,以亚硫酸氢钠和过硫酸铵为引发剂,通过水溶液聚合法聚合得到阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)。考察了聚合单体的质量分数、引发剂的用量、反应时间、反应温度及p H等因素对聚合物相对分子质量的影响。实验结果表明,合成高相对分子质量的CPAM的较优聚合条件是:聚合单体的质量分数为15%,引发剂0.3%,反应温度80℃,p H值为7,反应时间为3 h,相对分子质量可达5.91×106。     

高分子质量阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的合成

将过硫酸铵-亚硫酸氢钠与2,2'-偶氮(2-脒基丙烷)二氢氯化物(V-50)组成的复合引发体系用于丙烯酰胺(AM)与丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)聚合,制备了高分子质量的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺P(DAC-AM).探讨了单体质量分数、引发剂用量、阳离子单体含量、pH、反应时间等因素对聚合物特性黏数的影响.得到的最佳反应条件为:单体最佳质量分数为35%,引发剂用量为整个体系质量的0.02%,V-50为单体质量的0.005%,最佳pH为5.5～6.5,尿素为单体质量的0.1%,EDTA为单体质量的0.02%,β-二甲胺基丙腈为单体质量的0.03%,反应时间为5～6h.特性黏数η达到13.95 dL/g.     

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的研制

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺是一种用途广泛的有机高分子聚合物,其分子量和阳离子度是决定其性能的重要指标。在氧化-还原引发体系中,以丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为单体共聚合成了阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺聚合物(CPAM),考察了反应温度、酸碱度、引发剂、单体及阳离子单体浓度等因素对CPAM分子量和阳离子度的影响。结果表明,较高分子量和阳离子度CPAM的最佳聚合条件为:聚合单体浓度为35%,阳离子单体的含量约15%,引发剂0.4%,反应体系温度35℃,pH值为6左右。     

聚牛磺酸丙烯酰胺的合成及表征

以牛磺酸丙烯酰胺为原料采用水溶液聚合法合成聚牛磺酸丙烯酰胺。采用L9(3)4正交设计法考察单体浓度,引发剂用量,反应时间,反应温度对产物黏度的影响,确定聚牛磺酸丙烯酰胺的最佳合成条件为单体浓度为20%,引发剂用量为0.4%,反应时间为6h,反应温度为50℃。并利用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱对产物结构进行表征。     

新型有机硅表面施胶剂的合成及性能研究

采用自由基聚合法,使用过硫酸钾作为引发剂,以丙烯酰胺(AM)、八甲基四硅环氧烷(D4)为反应单体,制备一种施胶性能优异的有机硅-阴离子聚丙烯酰胺胺聚合物造纸施胶剂,考察了反应温度、引发剂用量、单体浓度等因素对分子量的影响,对其工艺条件进行探讨,得到较好的聚合条件,反应时间为3 h,单体浓度5%,反应温度为60℃,引发剂量为0.3%。在此条件下,制备的有机硅-阴离子聚丙烯酰胺聚合物疏水性好、增强性强,分子量高达2.09×10~6。通过红外光谱(FTIR)对结构进行表征。     

新型有机硅表面施胶剂的合成及性能研究

采用自由基聚合法,使用过硫酸钾作为引发剂,以丙烯酰胺(AM)、八甲基四硅环氧烷(D4)为反应单体,制备一种施胶性能优异的有机硅-阴离子聚丙烯酰胺胺聚合物造纸施胶剂,考察了反应温度、引发剂用量、单体浓度等因素对分子量的影响,对其工艺条件进行探讨,得到较好的聚合条件,反应时间为3 h,单体浓度5%,反应温度为60℃,引发剂量为0.3%。在此条件下,制备的有机硅-阴离子聚丙烯酰胺聚合物疏水性好、增强性强,分子量高达2.09×10⁶。通过红外光谱(FTIR)对结构进行表征。     

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的研制

以丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为单体,在氧化还原引发体系中,通过水溶液聚合法合成了阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺聚合物(CPAM)。讨论了聚合单体质量分数、反应时间、反应体系温度、pH等因素对聚合反应的影响。结果表明,合成高分子量和阳离子度CPAM的最佳聚合条件为:聚合单体浓度为15%,引发剂0.06%,反应体系温度85℃,pH值为6左右,反应时间3 h。     

衣康酸多元共聚物阻垢剂的合成及表征

以衣康酸（IA）、苯乙烯磺酸钠（SSS）、马来酸酐（MA）、丙烯酸（AA）为单体,以水为溶剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,合成了衣康酸-苯乙烯磺酸钠-马来酸酐-丙烯酸聚合物阻垢剂,通过单因素实验考察了单体配比（物质的量比）、引发剂用量、反应时间、反应温度等因素以聚合物阻碳酸钙垢效果的影响,确定了最佳合成条件为：原料配比（物质的量比）为IA：SSS：MA：AA=1：0.25：0.05：4,引发剂占总单体质量的10%,反应时间2h,反应温度85℃时阻碳酸钙垢率可达90.78%。     

双水相合成法制备聚丙烯酰胺的研究

以硫酸铵和亚硫酸氢钠氧化还原体系为引发剂,丙烯酰胺（AM）为单体,聚丙烯酰胺-聚乙二醇（PEG）水溶液为双水相,合成聚丙烯酰胺高分子絮凝剂.考察了引发剂用量、反应时间、PEG总量、单体总量以及pH值对相对分子质量和转化率的影响.结果表明,在单体总量为4％和温度为65℃情况下,最佳工艺条件：时间60 min,引发剂1.5 mL,pH =7,PEG=9％.最佳工艺条件下,丙烯酰胺转化率为88.5％,聚丙烯酰胺相对分子质量为2.84×106.     

淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺聚合反应的研究

研究了以铈盐为引发剂 ,淀粉和丙烯酰胺为主要原料 ,采用水溶液聚合方法合成淀粉丙烯酰胺接枝聚合物。探索了其反应机理 ,考察了氧化剂、还原剂、有机酸、反应温度、反应时间、淀粉用量等因素对单体转化率、除油率的影响     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.