龙须菜苯丙烷类抑藻活性物质的分离纯化及其对6种赤潮微藻的抑藻活性

采用溶剂浸提、液液萃取、硅胶柱层析和硅胶薄层层析等分离方法以及红外光谱、质谱和核磁共振谱等光谱技术,初次从龙须菜中纯化得到4种苯丙烷类化合物:邻苯二丙酸、gossonorol、7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol和对羟基苯乙醇,并进一步分析了此4种苯丙烷类化合物对强壮前沟藻、赤潮异弯藻、米氏凯伦藻、球形棕囊藻、东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻生长的影响。结果表明,它们对以上6种赤潮微藻的生长表现出明显的选择性抑制作用。其中,邻苯二丙酸、gossonorol和对羟基苯乙醇表现出更为广泛的抑藻活性。比较此4种苯丙烷类化合物和重铬酸钾对赤潮微藻生长的半抑制效应浓度EC50-96 h,发现邻苯二丙酸对强壮前沟藻、赤潮异弯藻和球形棕囊藻,gossonorol和羟基苯乙醇对赤潮异弯藻和球形棕囊藻,7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol对赤潮异弯藻和米氏凯伦藻在生长抑制方面比重铬酸钾更具有优势。     

Neurotoxin Production by a Chloromonad Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae)

The ichthyotoxicity and toxin composition of a red-tide producing chloromonad Fibrocapsa japonica (Toriumi and Takano) were examined. The flagellate showed the highest toxicity in mid-logarithmic phase and the lowest in the stationary phase with increased number of spherical-shaped cells. Five neurotoxic components, FjTx-I, FjTx-II, FjTx-IIIa, FjTx-IIIb and FjTx-IV, which corresponded to brevetoxin components, PbTx-1, PbTx-2, PbTx-9, PbTx-3 and oxidized PbTx-2 were tentatively identified from analysis of F. japonica toxins on TLC and HPLC. The quantity of each component fluctuated with the age and growth stage of the culture. Among the five toxic components the yield of FjTx-II per cell was highest in both logarithmic and stationary phases.     

桑沟湾春季营养盐分布特征及赤潮暴发诱因

根据2006年4月和2011年4月两个航次的调查数据,对比分析了桑沟湾水域春季水温、盐度及溶解无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(PO₄^3-)、活性硅酸盐(Si₃² -Si)含量的时空分布特征,探讨了目前大面积赤潮暴发的可能原因。结果显示,2011年的氮、磷、硅浓度都高于2006年同期调查结果,分别是2006年的5.6倍,1.3倍和3.2倍。氮磷比高达(66.33?47.16),硅磷比为(35.12?21.44),硅氮比为(0.82?0.77),严重偏离Redfield比值。块状分布明显,氮、磷、硅的空间分布情况相似,都是在湾口的东南部(褚岛外海)有高值区,向湾内递减;在湾底的西北部赤潮的始发区,有次高值区,与盐度的低值区几乎重叠。从营养盐、水文、大型藻类营养盐竞争与克生作用及水温4个方面,分析了赤潮暴发的可能原因。     

2000－2013年中国南部近海赤潮发生规律及影响因素研究

利用历年中国海洋环境质量公报、灾害公报、南海海洋环境质量公报以及相关统计数据,以2000-2013年广东省、广西壮族自治区和海南省发生的赤潮事件为对象,研究了中国南部近海赤潮发生的时空动态、赤潮生物的生态演替以及与温度、营养盐、地理水文要素和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动事件(ENSO)的关联。结果表明:(1)时间分布上,赤潮高发期为2月和8月,9月和12月发生频次较低;(2)空间分布上,赤潮集中发生在珠江口以及大鹏湾、大亚湾、深圳湾3个海湾,汕头港、汕尾港、湛江港以及涠洲岛、硇洲岛附近也是赤潮频发海域;(3)引发赤潮的生物共检出31种,包括甲藻20种、硅藻5种、金藻2种、蓝藻2种、黄藻1种、原生动物1种,共检出149次,其中以金藻门的球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)、甲藻门的锥状施克里普藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)、红色赤潮藻(Akashiwo sanguinea)以及硅藻门的中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)出现次数较多;(4)赤潮生物存在着明显的季节演替现象,温度和营养盐结构对赤潮爆发及其优势种演替起关键作用,高通量的陆源污染物与弱化的水动力相互叠加为诱发赤潮提供了条件,而厄尔尼诺效应强度与赤潮发生面积呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。     

青岛近海赤潮灾害分级与时空分布及赤潮生物的变化

根据赤潮发生面积和赤潮藻类的危害类型,将青岛近海发生的赤潮划分为特大、重度、中度、轻度和轻微共计5个灾害级别。结果表明,1990-2013年青岛近海共计发生赤潮33次,以轻微灾害和轻度灾害为主,其它级别尚未发生;其中,发生面积小于10 km2赤潮占总数的51.5%,60.6%的赤潮由基本无害的赤潮种类引起,发生范围以胶州湾和浮山湾近海为主;赤潮次数和面积基本呈现4~5年的波动周期,高发期集中在每年的6-8月;主要赤潮生物种类是红色中缢虫(Mesodinium rubrum)和夜光虫(Noctiluca scintillans);引发赤潮的生物种类逐渐增多,甲藻比例升高,罕见种类逐渐出现。赤潮种类的变化反映出青岛近海浮游植物的种类组成发生了改变,与期间青岛近岸海洋环境的变化密切相关。     

Synthetic surfactants for protecting cultured fish against toxic phytoplankton

Polyoxyethylene alkyl esters, which are surface-active agents, were chemically synthesized from fatty acids (C₁₂-C₁₈) on reaction with different moles of polyethylene oxides, and were tested for effectiveness against the toxic raphidophytes Chattonella marina (Subrahmanyan) Hara & Chihara and C. antiqua (Hada) Ono. The synthetic surfactants destroyed cultured cells from these two species. Although the synthetic surfactants also exhibited ichthyotoxicity, this was lowered by increasing the molarity of ethylene oxide (EO) in alkyl ester molecules. Young yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck & Schlegel, survived exposure to C. marina (5000-5500 cells mLT^?1) or C. antiqua (3000-3500 cells mL^?1) cultures with the addition of 4-5 p.p.m. oleyl ester EO 14, but died within an hour without the addition of this surfactant.     

Effects of temperature and light intensity on the growth and toxicity of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)

The effects of temperature and light intensity on the growth and toxicity of Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) were studied in the laboratory. The growth and toxicity of this organism were found to be greatly influenced by temperature and light intensity. The best growth was found at 25 °C where the toxicity was very low. On the other hand, cells were found to be most toxic at 20 °C (0.087 ± 0.005 FU), although the growth was much less than at 25 °C. The lowest toxicity was observed at 30 °C with a toxicity of 0.011 ± 0.005 FU. The toxicity of this species also differed markedly at different light intensities. It gave the maximum toxicity at 200 μE m^?2 s^?1, but poor growth. The best growth occurred at 100 μE m^?2 s^?1, but with a marked toxicity drop. In toxin composition studies, the amounts of most of the toxic fractions were lower at 25 °C and 100 μE m^?2 s^?1 where the growth was most conspicuous.     

Effects of adrenaline on ionic equilibria in red blood cells of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Effects of adrenaline on the equilibrium distributions of Na⁺ , K⁺ , H⁺ , Cl^– , and H₂O across the cell membrane of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) erythrocytes were determinedin vitro, as a function of P CO₂ (1.76–7.77 torr). CO₂-carrying capacity of the blood was also examined. Plasma catecholamine concentrations inunanaesthetized, unrestrained trout were 3.1 nM adrenaline and 1.2 nM noradrenaline. Elevation of the plasma adrenaline concentrationin vitro to 4.6 × 10³ nM resulted in net gains of Na⁺ , Cl^– and H₂O by red cells, a net loss of H⁺ from red cells, and a pronounced red cell swelling. Adrenaline also reduced the CO₂-carrying capacity of trout bloodin vitro. The magnitudes of these effects increased with P_CO2 and, thus, were sensitive to blood HCO₃ ^– concentrations. The distribution of K⁺ between red cells and plasma was unaffected by adrenaline. Adrenergic-mediated ion movements and red cell swelling were sensitive to both propranolol and SITS. These results are consistent with the symport NaCl uptake model for adrenergic-mediated swelling of Baroinet al. (1984). The adrenergic response of fish erythrocytes may function to ameliorate the effects of blood acidoses on O₂-carrying capacity by maintaining red cell pH in the face of a decrease in plasma pH.     

基于BP神经网络模型的福建海域赤潮预报方法研究

赤潮往往给渔业生产和人类的生命安全造成极大的危害,但由于赤潮的成因十分复杂,对其进行预报非常困难。本研究收集了福建海区2000年至2016年发生的219个赤潮案例有效数据,应用BP神经网络人工智能模型建立了其与气温、降水、风速、气压和日照5个气象因子的非线性关系,并将这些赤潮案例数据与相应的气象指标按闽东、闽中和闽南3个海区,分别输入模型进行学习、训练与预测。结果显示:1)闽东海区53个训练样本45个预测正确,正确率达84.91%,3个模拟预测样本全部正确;2)闽中海区69个训练样本58个预测正确,正确率达84.06%,4个模拟预测样本全部正确;3)闽南海区85个训练样本的运算预测结果63个正确,正确率74.12%,5个模拟预测样本全部正确,达到预期的结果。研究表明,以气象因子为自变量采用BP神经网络模型对赤潮的发生进行预测是可行的,该方法可为赤潮的预测提供新的途径。     

厦门海域赤潮发生规律初探

本文根据历史资料及2004～2005年厦门海域赤潮的监测结果和相关资料,对赤潮多发性规律及其与自然环境关系进行初步探讨.资料显示,太阳黑子活动峰年的前后3年是赤潮的多发年份、5～7月是多发季节、多发月份的中小潮期是多发日期.赤潮生物具有适应和利用自然环境变化的本能,同时也反映了太阳黑子活动、季节变化、引潮力变化和气象条件能够通过生物的、物理的或化学的过程影响赤潮的发生和发展.     

Effects of the Cardiff Bay tidal barrage on the abundance,ecology and behaviour of shelducks Tadorna tadorna

• 1. Closure of the Taff/Ely Estuary by the Cardiff Bay barrage in 1999 resulted in the replacement of intertidal mudflats by a permanent freshwater lake. This led to an 89% reduction in the population of shelducks Tadorna tadorna.
• 2. The birds switched from foraging mainly for Nereis diversicolor and Hydrobia ulvae by scything with the bill as they walked across the mudflats at low tide, to feeding on benthic chironomid midge larvae while swimming in shallow water around the margins of the lake.
• 3. The population decline occurred as a consequence of a decrease in the area available for foraging — from about 1 km² of mudflats to about 0.1 km² of water shallow enough for shelducks to reach the bottom when dabbling, head dipping and upending.
• 4. Contrary to expectation, the amount of time shelducks spent feeding was similar pre‐ and post‐barrage, and their body and plumage condition improved.
• 5. A tidal rhythm in activity persisted, with a reduced amount of feeding at high tide, probably because of the slight rise in water levels that sometimes occurred at this time.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大连湾赤潮生物的调查研究

本文报道了1979年4月至10月在大连湾进行赤潮生物调查研究的结果。在大连湾里，特别是臭水套、甜水套和大连湾沿岸海区已达到富营养级或过营养级。对于某些浮游生物的增殖以至发生赤潮具有一定条件。在该区域内，特别在夏季存在多种赤潮生物，是大连湾赤潮发生的潜在因素。文中对该区域内的浮游生物种类、分布范围、生物量，以及优势种和它的季节变化等作了叙述。     

Multidecadal otolith growth histories for red and gray snapper (Lutjanus spp.) in the northern Gulf of Mexico,USA

Dendrochronology (tree‐ring analysis) techniques were applied to develop chronologies from the annual growth‐increment widths of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) and gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) otoliths sampled from the northern Gulf of Mexico, USA. Growth increment widths showed considerable synchrony within and across species, indicating that some component of environmental variability influenced growth. The final, exactly dated red snapper chronology continuously spanned 1975 through 2003, while the gray snapper chronology continuously spanned 1975 through 2006. To determine baseline climate‐growth relationships, chronologies were compared to monthly averages of sea surface temperatures, U winds (west to east), V winds (south to north), and Mississippi River discharge. The gray snapper chronology significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with winds and temperature in March and April, while the red snapper chronology correlated with winds in March. Principal components regression including springtime winds and temperature accounted for 28 and 52% of the variance in the red and gray snapper chronologies, respectively. These results indicate that snapper growth was favored by warm sea surface temperatures and onshore winds from the southeast to the northwest in March and April. Overall, this study provides preliminary, baseline information regarding the association between climate and growth for these commercially important snapper species.     

Deficient melanin production contributes to the absence of melanophores in early development of red carp

Red carp and red crucian carp are ornamental fish with a red body color. Unlike in red crucian carp, no melanophores are observed in red carp embryos or larvae. To explore the roles of the mitfa gene in body color formation in red carp, we investigated the structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of the mitfa gene in 16 kinds of fish. The mitfa amino acid sequence similarity between red carp and red crucian carp was 95.6%, and this was 91.5% similar between carp and zebrafish. Compared with red crucian carp, red carp showed lower tyrp1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression but similar mitfa mRNA expression in the body pigment stage of the embryo. Moreover, mitfa⁺ cells as well as melanocytes could be observed in cultured embryo cells derived from red carp and red crucian carp. Our data show that the absence of melanophores in red carp is not the result of mitfa gene deletion or mutation, increasing our understanding of the molecular and genetic mechanisms of coloration in cyprinid fish.     

海州湾海域的赤潮生物

利用2003—2008年海州湾海域浮游植物的调查资料,对海州湾海域常见的赤潮生物进行描述、归纳及总结,为赤潮的常规监测和应急监测提供背景资料。结果表明,在海州湾海域共监测到121种赤潮生物,其中重要的赤潮生物有:中肋骨条藻、夜光藻、多纹膝沟藻、短角弯角藻、赤潮异弯藻、链状裸甲藻、海链藻属,这7种(属)赤潮生物都曾经在该海域引发过赤潮。此外,中华盒形藻、海洋原甲藻、梭角藻、三角角藻、圆筛藻属、角毛藻属等赤潮生物在海州湾海域常年分布,也具有引发赤潮的可能。     

厦门海域一次冬季血红哈卡藻赤潮的初步分析

本文根据2009年1—2月厦门海域一次冬季血红哈卡藻赤潮的调查数据,分析本次赤潮的变化特点,并对血红哈卡藻与环境因子的关系进行初步分析。结果表明:本次赤潮是厦门海域有记载的赤潮中,发生时间最早、持续时间最长的赤潮。赤潮中血红哈卡藻比中肋条藻更具竞争优势,对水温变化的适应性很强。盐度对血红哈卡藻的繁殖具有刺激作用。在无机磷限制环境中,血红哈卡藻更具竞争优势,而无机氮含量高有利于血红哈卡藻的生长。     

Analysis of Phytosterol,Fatty Acid,and Carotenoid Composition of 19 Microalgae and 6 Bivalve Species

ABSTRACT

In this study, the functional components of 19 microalgae and 6 bivalve species were investigated in the context of the application in bivalve feeding and human health food. Principal component analysis was performed to detect any association between the functional components and individual microalgal species or taxonomic group. The proportions of the functional components differed depending on the taxonomic group or species of microalga. The genera Cheatoceros, Thalassiosira, and Isochrysis contained high concentrations of fucosterol and fucoxanthin, which are present in large amounts in brown algae. Diatoms, haptophytes, and eustigmatophytes, which are used as feed for bivalves, were rich in fucosterol and eicosapentenoic acid (EPA); further, haptophytes were rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In addition, the microalgae associated with red tide, i.e., the raphidophytes, were found to be rich in fucoxanthin, β-sitosterol, and EPA, whereas dinoflagellates were rich in DHA. Seven bivalve species also contained high concentrations of fucosterol, EPA, and DHA, as did microalgae, which were used to feed by bivalves. These results are useful in selecting microalgae effectively as feed of the bivalves.     

Use of Alfalfa Hay, Compared to Feeding Practical Diets Containing Two Protein Levels, on Growth, Survival, Body Composition, and Processing Traits of Australian Red Claw Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, Grown in Ponds

Juvenile red claw, Cherax quadricarinatus, were obtained from a commercial supplier and stocked into twelve 0.04‐ha ponds with an average water depth of approximately 1.1 m at a rate of 1100 red claw per pond (27,170 red claw/ha). Mean stocking weight (±SD) was 6.25 ± 3.0 g. Three replicate ponds were randomly assigned to each of the four treatments. In Treatment 1 (TRT1), red claw were stocked into ponds to which dried alfalfa hay (forage) was added at a rate of 500 kg/ha/mo; Treatment 2 (TRT2) consisted of red claw being fed a prepared diet containing 13% protein; in Treatment 3 (TRT3), red claw were fed a diet containing 13% protein at which had dried alfalfa hay been added at a rate of 500 kg/ha/mo; and in Treatment 4 (TRT4; control), red claw were fed a complete diet containing 28% protein. Water quality measurements were made three times weekly for dissolved oxygen and temperature (am , pm ), pH, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, and alkalinity averaging 7.17 mg/L, 8.96 mg/L, 25.5 C, 27.3 C, 8.68, 0.39 mg/L, 0.012 mg/L, and 106.5 mg/L, respectively. After 113 d, the final mean weight of red claw fed TRT3 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (68.10 g) compared to that of red claw fed hay only (49.40 g) but not different from red claw fed TRT2 (56.03 g) and TRT4 (62.10 g). Likewise, red claw fed TRT3 had significantly higher percent weight gain (990%) compared to that of red claw fed hay only (690%) but not different from TRT2 (796%) and TRT4 (893%). Feed conversion ratio of TRT2, TRT3, and TRT4 and percent survival among all treatments did not differ significantly (P > 0.05), averaging 2.85 and 66.8%, respectively. Total yield of red claw fed TRT3 and TRT4 (968 and 952 kg/ha) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to that of red claw fed hay only (617 kg/ha) but did not differ from red claw fed TRT2 (882 kg/ha). Tail meat yield of male red claw in TRT3 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (17.3 g) compared to that of male red claw in TRT1 (12.7 g) and TRT2 (14.9 g) but not significantly different (P > 0.05) from male red claw in TRT4 (16.9 g). Tail meat yield of female red claw in TRT3 and TRT4 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (14.2 and 13.9 g, respectively) compared to that of female red claw in TRT1 (10.5 g) and TRT2 (10.4 g). Tail muscle proximate compositions showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in protein (wet weight basis) between males and females among treatments (diet) which averaged 16.2 and 14.6%; however, there were little to no significant differences in fat and ash between males and females among treatments. Results from this study indicate that pond‐cultured red claw stocked at 27,170 red claw/ha can be fed a practical diet containing 13% protein, with or without forage (alfalfa hay), compared to red claw fed a complete diet containing 28% protein; however, if alfalfa hay is added to the pond at 500 kg/ha/mo as the sole source of added nutrients, growth is reduced. Therefore, the use of alfalfa hay, in combination with a low‐protein pelleted diet may be a production method for pond‐grown red claw that may reduce costs for producers and thereby increase profits.     

Heritability of juvenile growth traits in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.)

Heritability of juvenile growth rate was estimated for red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), an economically important sciaenid fish in the southern USA. Thirty‐eight families were generated via ‘natural’ spawning of multiple sets of five breeders (three dams × two sires) in individual brood tanks. Offspring were individually tagged with Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags and mixed for grow‐out in replicate ‘common‐garden’ tanks. Juvenile growth was followed from 166.4±18.6 to 254.0±27.0 mm (total length). Offspring were assigned a posteriori to individual brood fish (dam and sire) based on genotypes at nuclear‐encoded microsatellites. Heritability (h²) of a thermal growth coefficient was estimated using an animal‐additive model and a restricted maximum‐likelihood algorithm. Estimates of h² were 0.33±0.08 and 0.31±0.08 for thermal growth coefficient based on length and weight respectively. These results indicate a significant genetic component in juvenile growth rate in red drum. Estimates of h² for condition coefficient (K) at various measurement dates averaged 0.38, suggesting a genetic component to shape in juvenile red drum.     

胶州湾浮动弯角藻赤潮生消动态过程及其成因分析

分析了1999年6月8日-15日胶州湾东北养殖消耗域浮动弯角藻赤潮生消动态过程中各环境因子的变化及赤潮成因，结果表明，该海域无机营养盐含量较高，为赤潮的发生提供了必需的营养物质；赤潮发生前天气闷热无雨，有利于浮动弯角藻的快速生长繁殖；赤潮形成至发展期该海域盛行南风，浮动弯角藻的物理性聚集对赤潮迅速形成有重要影响；赤潮维持阶段天气稳定，赤潮持续时间较长；最终无机磷、活性硅酸盐的耗尽使赤潮逐步走向消亡。