陶瓷球高效超光滑磁流变柔性抛光新工艺研究

目的为实现陶瓷球表面的高效超光滑抛光,提出一种集群磁流变抛光陶瓷球的新工艺。方法在传统V型槽抛光陶瓷球的基础上增加集群磁极和上盘旋转动力,配制适当的磁流变抛光液,通过在上下抛光盘的集群磁极,形成磁流变抛光垫包覆陶瓷球,进行研磨抛光加工。然后,基于陶瓷球工件几何运动学和动力学分析得到球体各运动参数的影响关系,利用机械系统分析软件ADAMS对成球过程进行动态仿真,可以看出该抛光方法能够主动控制球体的运动,实现球面抛光轨迹的快速均匀全包络。最后,根据仿真结果,通过调整上下抛光盘的转速比、偏心距和加工间隙等参数,控制陶瓷球的自转角,实现球面的快速高效超光滑抛光。结果用自行设计的陶瓷球集群磁流变抛光实验装置,对氮化硅陶瓷球进行抛光2.5 h,表面粗糙度Ra从60 nm左右下降到10 nm左右,球形误差为0.13μm,达到了陶瓷球轴承氮化硅球的国家标准(G5水平)。结论集群磁流变抛光方式可以实现球面抛光轨迹的快速均匀全包络,实现陶瓷球表面的高效超光滑抛光,值得进一步深入探讨研究。     

磁流变抛光技术的研究进展

磁流变抛光技术具有加工面形精度高、表面粗糙度小、加工过程易于控制、表面损伤小、加工过程中不产生新的损伤等优秀特点,因此多应用于加工要求高的精密和超精密领域,最常应用于光学加工方面。综述了磁流变抛光技术材料去除数学模型的建立进展,论证了该模型的正确性,总结出该基本模型具有通用性,模型能够适用于平面和凸球面等形面加工中,此外,对实现计算机控制抛光过程的准确性具有指导意义。概述了磁流变抛光工艺实验进展,总结磁流变抛光影响抛光效果的主要因素是磁场强度和磁场发生装置,在优化工艺参数组合下能够达到纳米级表面,能够消除亚表面损伤,还能够用以加工各种复杂形面等。就目前磁流变抛光技术的发展新方向作以总结,包括集群磁流变抛光技术、组合磁流变抛光技术以及磁流变-超声复合抛光技术,介绍这几种加工方法的工作原理以及能够达到的实验效果。最后对现阶段磁流变抛光技术中存在的问题做出总结,并针对各个问题提出相对应的思考和展望。     

氮化铝基片的集群磁流变抛光加工

本文进行了氮化铝基片的集群磁流变抛光加工研究,分析了主要工艺参数的影响和加工表面形貌特征.实验结果表明:集群磁流变抛光加工氮化铝基片可以实现高效率超光滑抛光,原始表面Ra1.730 2μm抛光60 min后可以达到Ra0.037 8μm.选用碳化硅磨料,磨料质量浓度为0.05 g/mL,工件与抛光盘转速比为5.8左右,...     

微小非球面碳化钨光学模具的磁流变抛光特性研究

超精密加工是光学模具获得高形状精度、表面精度和表面完整性的必要手段。通过实验比较抛光前后工件面形精度的PV值及RMS值来研究微小非球面碳化钨光学模具的磁流变抛光特性。结果表明:磁流变抛光技术对提高微小非球面碳化钨光学模具形状精度、表面精度等有较显著的作用。     

小口径非球面小球头接触式抛光及磁流变抛光组合加工

目的 为了提高非球面光学模具的表面质量和加工效率。方法 分析当前非球面超精密抛光方式及其特点,针对小口径非球面光学模具,提出一种小球头接触式抛光及磁流变抛光的组合加工方法,对小球头进行设计,并抛光碳化钨圆片,对比小球头接触式抛光及轴向、径向、水平方向磁极的永磁体球头的磁流变抛光的加工性能。分别对编号为1^#、2^#、3^#等3个相同轮廓形状的碳化钨非球面模具进行单一方式抛光试验和组合加工试验。结果 通过对小球头抛光碳化钨圆片的加工性能进行分析发现,接触式抛光小球头的去除率为926.5 nm/h,表面粗糙度达到4.396 1 nm;轴向、径向、水平方向磁极的永磁体小球头磁流变抛光的去除率分别为391.7、344.3、353.7 nm/h,表面粗糙度分别为1.425 2、1.877 6、1.887 5 nm。对采用组合加工方法抛光碳化钨非球面的有效性进行验证时发现,非球面1^#在单一接触式抛光60 min后表面粗糙度从8.786 6 nm降至3.693 2 nm;非球面2^#在单一磁流变抛光60 min后表面粗糙度从8.212 1 nm降至1.674 5 nm;非球面3^#在组合抛光方法下先进行15 min接触式抛光,再进行15 min磁流变抛光,表面粗糙度从8.597 2 nm降至1.269 4 nm,面形精度由175.2 nm提高到138.4 nm。结论 组合加工方法可以弥补单一抛光方法的缺陷,并能有效地提高工件的面形精度。与单一接触式抛光方法相比,组合加工方法获得的表面质量更好,抛光后表面粗糙度为1.269 4 nm,远小于单一接触式抛光下的3.693 2 nm;与单一磁流变抛光方法相比,组合加工方法更高效,将样件抛光到同等级别粗糙度所需时间从60 min减少至30 min。     

双抛光轮磁流变机床设计与抛光工艺研究

针对传统单抛光轮机床在加工中存在的不足,研发一台拥有双抛光轮的磁流变机床,该机床采用气浮技术,有力的减小了外界振动对加工过程的影响。该机床具备加工大口径平面、球面、离轴非球面以及加工光学元件表面小特征的能力,并对加工性能进行了实验验证。以所研发机床为平台分别研究了材料去除过程稳定性,修形能力和加工光学表面小特征的能力实验。实验表明在七个小时内去除函数的体积其去除效率低于5%,并对一块直径100.7mm的光学元件加以修形,经过迭代加工,PV值在2小时内由波长0.773下降到波长0.173,RMS值由61.3nm下降到4.577nm。并用直径20mm的抛光轮进行小特征的加工,加工结果表明小特征的宽度约为2.5mm,且图案清晰、均匀。由此表明,所研发机床具有较好的材料去除稳定性,较强的面形修正能力和加工光学元件小特征的能力。     

磁流变抛光非球柱面镜的新工艺

高精密的柱面镜光学元件,不但要求其具有极低的表面粗糙度、无表面/亚表面损伤和低的残余应力等,而且需要保证其柱面母线的平行度与垂直度。通过分析传统磨研抛技术和计算机控制的光学表面成型技术(CCOS) 2种技术对柱面镜加工后的表面粗糙度、面形精度和母线误差的影响,归纳2种加工方法的优缺点,针对现有加工方法存在的低效率、高粗糙度、表面/亚表面损伤等问题提出一种具有对称结构的非球柱面镜磁流变抛光新工艺,并通过时间参数实验验证了新工艺的可行性。该工艺降低了柱面镜的表面粗糙度,提高了面型精度,在抛光时间为40 min时,表面粗糙度R_a从1.84 μm降低至0.36 μm,局部面型精度RMS₁从 1.91 μm降低到0.24 μm,母线截面面型精度RMS₂从4.1 μm下降到0.68 μm。      

磁流变效应微磨头抛光特性研究

为研究磁流变效应微磨头对玻璃等硬脆材料的抛光性能、考察Fe3O4基电磁流变液的抛光特性,在对微磨头基体的锥台端部的磁感应强度进行仿真分析的基础上,利用Fe3O4基磁流变液添加平均粒度7μm的金刚石微粉对玻璃材料进行了抛光加工实验。实验研究了磁流变效应微磨头抛光玻璃工件时加工间隙、磁感应强度对材料去除的影响,考察了工件表面抛光截面的形状特征。结果显示磁流变效应微磨头定点抛光的加工痕迹呈近似“U”形,工件表面的材料去除主要取决于微磨头与工件表面的研磨压力和磨粒的自我更新能力,材料去除量随着电磁感应器励磁电压的增大而呈线性增大,而随加工间隙的增大呈线性减小。     

熔融沉积成型工艺参数及数控加工后处理对表面精度的影响

为了提高熔融沉积成型(Fused Deposition Modeling,FDM)成型件的表面质量,提出利用数控加工对FDM成型件进行表面加工的后处理方法,研究打印速度、挤出速度和分层厚度等工艺参数对成型件的成型误差和表面粗糙度的影响,在此基础上,研究数控加工对其加工误差和表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明:FDM成型件表面粗糙度较大,最大达到24.434μm,合理设置打印速度、挤出速度和分层厚度可以有效降低FDM成型件的成型误差;数控加工可以有效降低FDM成型件的表面粗糙度值,表面粗糙度降低到1.979~2.446μm。     

基于磁力研磨加工的法兰类零件表面质量的试验研究

管道、管件或器材连接处所使用的法兰盘在加工时因其内表面会产生微裂纹、褶皱等缺陷,导致使用寿命下降。用传统的抛光工艺难以实现对法兰盘管内表面的光整加工,使用磁力研磨加工工艺却可以很好地解决这一难题。通过对XK7136C数控铣床的主轴进行改造而成的研磨试验平台,其磁极主轴在给定数控程序的走刀路径下,带动侧面开槽的磁极进行转动,从而实现磁性磨粒对法兰盘管内表面光整加工的目的。对磁研磨法加工法兰盘管内表面的原理及磁性磨粒的受力情况进行了的分析,试验结果表明:法兰盘零件弯管内表面经过研磨后,原有的表面质量明显改善,表面粗糙度的值由3.46μm降低到1.18μm,验证了磁力研磨对法兰盘管内表面的光整加工效果良好。     

PCD、PCBN复合片的电火花线切割加工质量

选取几种典型的PCD、PCBN复合片,在慢走丝电火花线切割机床上对其进行了多次加工工艺试验;运用三维表面轮廓仪、超景深三维显微镜对线切割加工后的表面粗糙度、富钴界面层加工质量、刃口加工质量等进行测量。结果表明:超硬颗粒直径大小及含量对加工质量影响较大,PCD、PCBN复合片经多次电火花线切割加工,能够得到较好的加工质量;经WEDM加工后的PCD复合片刃磨量可控制在4～15μm左右,PCBN复合片BNX20刃磨量可控制在10μm以内,而BZN6000则需较大的刃磨量。     

氮化铝陶瓷基片的集群磁流变效应研磨加工

采用集群磁流变效应研磨加工方法对氮化铝(AlN)陶瓷基片进行研磨加工,系统地分析了主要工艺参数的影响和最终经过精密研磨后的加工表面形貌特征。结果表明,集群磁流变效应研磨加工方法可以实现对氮化铝(AlN)陶瓷基片的高效率高精度研磨加工,原始表面Ra1.730μm经过粗研10 min和精研30 min后可以达到0.029μm,下降两个数量级。在粗研阶段,选用二氧化硅磨料#4000、磨料体积分数12%、研磨盘转速150 r/min、研磨压力3.5 kPa,可以获得较高的材料去除率和较光滑的加工表面。     

用金刚石磨头数控加工轴对称非球面光学玻璃透镜

为了提高轴对称非球面透镜的形状精度,降低其精加工成本,用金刚石小磨头在不同的加工参数和数控走刀轨迹条件下对K9光学玻璃透镜进行铣磨实验加工。透镜的轮廓精度用三坐标测量机测量,通过测量的数据点计算非球面透镜的法向轮廓度误差,并用数控加工时磨头的有效切削半径进行补偿。实验结果表明:当数控走刀轨迹为平行精加工和等高精加工时,加工后非球面透镜的面型精度最大轮廓度偏差PV和误差平均值RMS分别为54.48 μm和22.88 μm、98.46 μm和28.88 μm;通过优化金刚石磨头的有效切削半径可以提高非球面透镜加工的面型精度,平行精加工后优化的非球面透镜面型精度PV和RMS值分别为44.52 μm和7.37 μm。      

Application of micro-EDM combined with high-frequency dither grinding to micro-hole machining

This research presents a novel process using micro electro-discharge machining (micro-EDM) combined with high-frequency dither grinding (HFDG) to improve the surface roughness of micro-holes. Micro-EDM is a well-established machining option for manufacturing geometrically complex small parts (diameter under 100 μm) of hard or super-tough materials. However, micro-EDM causes the recast layer formed on the machined surface to become covered with discharge craters and micro-cracks, resulting in poor surface quality. This affects the diameter of the micro-hole machined and undermines seriously the precision of the geometric shape. The proposed method that combines micro-EDM process with HFDG is applied to machining high-nickel alloy. As observed in SEM photographs and surface roughness measurement, HFDG method can reduce surface roughness from 2.12 to 0.85 μm Rmax with micro-cracks eliminated. Our results demonstrated that micro-holes fabricated by micro-EDM at peak current 500 mA followed by HFDG at 40 V can achieve precise shape and good surface quality after 6–8 min of lapping.     

摇摆式圆盘研磨机研磨轨迹型态的研究

研磨是使用研具和游离磨料进行微量加工的工艺方法，研磨运动轨迹是保证工件表面被均匀地切削，获得良好加工质量的决定性因素。本文介绍了摇摆式圆盘研磨机研磨轨迹模型和实验仿真情况，实验结果表明：当转速比越不规则或越接近除不尽时，研磨轨迹的分布越致密；且轨迹在加工面中心呈集中的趋势，使工件加工面中心处有凹陷的现象。     

Investigations of White Layer Formation During Machining of Powder Metallurgical Ni-Based ME 16 Superalloy

Surface integrity of machined parts made from the advanced Ni-based superalloys is important for modern manufacturing in the aerospace industry. Metallographic observations of the ME 16 alloy microstructure were made using optical metallography and a high-resolution scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (HR SEM/EDS). Tool life of cemented carbide inserts with TiAlN coating during machining (finishing turning operation) of ME 16 superalloy has been studied and wear patterns of the cutting tools were identified. Surface integrity of the machined part after completion of the turning operation was investigated. The morphology of machined parts has been examined and cross-sections of the machined surfaces have been analyzed. The formation of white layer on the surface of the machined part was studied for varied machining conditions. It was found that a 2-4 μm thick white layer forms during turning of the ME 16 superalloy. This layer was investigated using EDS and XRD. The studies show that the white layer is an oxygen-containing layer with a high amount of aluminum, enriched by chromium and tungsten. Under specific cutting conditions, the structure of white layer transforms into a γ-alumina. Formation of this thermal barrier ceramic white layer on the surface of the machined part negatively affects its surface integrity and cutting tool life.     

The effect on fatigue life of residual stress and surface hardness resulting from different cutting conditions of 0.45%C steel

The affected layer is generated within the machined surface layer through the cutting process. Cutting conditions such as the nose radius of the tool, feed rate and shape of cutting edge at the finishing operation affect the residual stress, surface hardness, and surface roughness. In this paper, it is shown that such machined surface property could be controlled by the setting of the cutting conditions to some extent. Then the effect of the machining conditions on the fatigue life was investigated through a fatigue test using the specimen finished under various cutting conditions. It was shown that it is possible to get longer fatigue life for machined parts than the virgin material or the carefully finished material without affected layer, only by setting the proper cutting conditions. Such a situation was realized when the generated residual stress was small and the induced surface hardness was high. A longer fatigue life for the machined components can be obtained by applying such cutting conditions as a low feed rate, a small corner radius and a chamfered cutting edge tool.     

永磁场磁力研磨TC11钛合金的实验研究

目的解决钛合金机械加工后表面质量差的难题。方法采用磁力研磨工艺对TC11钛合金进行了表面光整加工。以表面粗糙度为主要评价指标,研究了磁力研磨工艺参数对钛合金表面质量的影响,并对工艺参数进行了优化。采用优化后的工艺参数对钛合金进行了表面光整加工,研究了磁力研磨工艺对钛合金金相组织的影响。结果当加工间隙为3 mm时,研磨压力适宜,加工后工件表面粗糙度值最小。采用粒径为100目的磨粒使工件表面研磨加工后纹理更细,表面粗糙度值最低。提高主轴转速,工件表面材料去除率增加,当主轴转速为1500 r/min时,加工后工件表面粗糙度值最小。对比工件加工前后的金相组织,加工后试样表面组织晶粒变细,晶界增多,工件表面应力状态由张应力转变为压应力。结论实验确定了较优的工艺参数组合,即:加工间隙为3 mm,磨粒粒径为100目,主轴转速为1500 r/min。采用永磁场磁力研磨工艺,能够大幅降低TC11钛合金表面粗糙度,并使钛合金表面组织得到改善。     

A surface topography model for automated surface finishing

This paper presents a 3-D surface topography model that has been developed to analyze and represent the spectrum of components of surface topography ranging over shape, waviness and roughness in a way suitable for generating macro- and micro-level automated surface finishing commands. Results of 3-D surface topography analysis such as comparison of desired and actual surface topography must be combinable with surface finishing processes in ways that permit the generation and output of commands, thereby causing the actual surface topography to converge towards a desired surface topography.An efficient filter, 3-D motif filter, with optimal cut-off length has been developed for roughness elements first, and then extended to waviness elements.A neutral surface shape method approximation for the machined surface shape has been proposed. Surface shape error is then eliminated as the deviation of the approximated neutral surface shape and the design surface shape.After the motif filtering, a B-spline fitting is used to represent the surface topography data within each 3-D motif cell after surface shape regeneration. The data reduction technique in 3-D motif filter methods has been shown significantly by reducing a great amount of inspection data to several elements and each element is suitable for use in surface finishing control. Some limitations of the 3-D motif filter method are discussed by the selection of different machined lay direction. The use of the developed 3-D surface topography model on automated surface finishing processes was performed on a platform constituting a 3-axis CNC machining center, inspection probe and a electrical grinder installed on the spindle housing of CNC machining center. Experimental results from an automated surface finishing system (ASFS) with in-process surface topography acquisition for mold and die finishing have shown the optimistic use of the developed surface topography model for industrial applications.