中国天体物理暑期讲习班：河外星系天文学

在国家自然科学基金委员会、教育部、中国科学院上海天文台和德国马普天体物理研究所等大力支持和帮助下，首届中国天体物理研究生暑期讲习班星系物理部分“河外星系天文学”于2004年4月5日在中国科学院上海天文台举行，历时11天。此次讲习班的正式代表共108人，分别是来自中国大陆、台湾、香港的研究生和青年天文工作者     

天文小词典(1)

天文学研究天体的位置、分布、运动、形态、结构、化学组成、物理状态和演化的学科。一般分为天体测量学、天体力学、天体物理学等。天体测量学主要包括基本天体测量、照相天体测量、时间服务、纬度服务,以及射电天体测量学和空间天体测量学等;天体力学主要研究天体摄动理论、天体形状和自转理论,以及天文动力学等;天体物理学主要包括太阳物理学、太阳系物理学、恒星物理学、星系物理学、宇宙学、光学天文学、射电天文学、红外天文学、紫外天文学、×射线天文学、γ射线天文学、中微子天文学、等离子体天体物理学、相对论天体物理学等。随着科学技术的不断进步,天文学的研究范畴和天文的概念在不断扩大和发展。自古以来天文学和人类生产和生活就有着密切的关系。编历、授时、测定地理坐标、天文导     

简讯

简讯“射电天文学前沿”学术讨论会盛况空前中国天文学会恒星和行星、星系与宇宙学、射电天文、高能天体物理、星表和天文常数、高空和大气外天文观测、天文仪器和技术等七个专业委员会以及中科院射电联合开放实验室联合发起召开的“射电天文学前沿”学术讨论会，于１９９...     

邮购信息

天文学物理新视野 这是一本综合介绍天体和天文现象的书。通过把一些基本的物理原理应用于各种情况,读者将学到如何把日常的物理知识与天文世界联系起来。本书从一些最基本的天体出发,透彻地解释天文现象如何发生,为什么发生,天文学家如何收集关于恒星、星系和太阳系的信息,并如何解释这些信息。     

学术会议活动

天体物理前沿讨论会(1984年7月,上海) 上海天文台举办的“天体物理前沿讨论会”,在各天文台和有关单位的大力支持下于1984年7月14日至7月21日在上海召开。与会代表共75人。参加讨论会的除来自国内天文界外,部分高等院校物理系的同志及出版界的同志也出席了这次讨论会。 这次讨论会就当前天体物理的一些前沿课题进行了学术交流和讨论。其中十二篇邀请报告的内容涉及等离子体天体物理、类星体、X射线、黑洞物理、广义相对论中的奇异性定理、中子星、宇宙大尺度结构、星系数值模拟、银河系大尺度结构的红外特征及密度波理论等。加籍华人郭新教授应邀在会上作了“恒星风与质量损失”的报告。 整个讨论会讨论热烈,气氛活跃,取得了良好的效果。 上海天文台叶叔华台长在会上讲了话,对代表们莅临上海天文台表示欢迎和感谢,希望以后能在天体物理领域加强上海天文台与其它台站和天文系(专业)的合作。 这次讨论会的邀请报告将陆续在本刊全文发表。 (宋国玄) Colloquium on the Frontiers ofAstrophysics(Shanghai,July 1984) (Song Guoxuan)     

学术活动

由中国天文学会天文地球动力学专业委员会、上海天文学会和上海天文台联合举办的“天文地球动力学研究中的数学方法研讨会”于1991年11月11日至15日在四川乐山市举行。来自天体测量、天体力学、太阳物理、地球物理等专业的科学家和研究生40余人参加了会议。会议安排了四个专题讲座:     

中国天文学会首届学术大会(2000年9月21～23日，上海)

中国天文学会首届学术大会于２０００年９月２１～２３日在中国科学院上海天文台召开。这是我国天文界第一次召开这样大规模的综合性学术会议。来自全国各地的１７８名天文工作者参加了这一盛会。会议安排了大会特邀报告、三大组（分太阳与太阳系、恒星与星系、应用天文与仪器三个大组）报告和各专业委员会会议。大会特邀报告共有九个专题。它们分别是：１．宇宙大爆炸学说;２．我国近年来天文的新发现;３．天文在夏商周断代工程中所起的作用;４．γ暴研究新进展;５．星系形成与演化;６．应用天文学研究进展;７．太阳系探索和地外生命…     

中国天文学会学术会议(序号:155)射电天文数据和图像处理学术讨论会(3)

全国射电天文数据和图像处理学术讨论会（3）于1993年10月27日至30日在浙江省岱山召开。出席这次会议的代表共27人，他们分别来自北京天文台、紫金山天文台、上海天文台、云南天文台、北京大学地球物理系、北京师范大学天文系、南京大学天文系和南京大学信息物理系。会议是由中国电子学会射电天文学分会，中国科学院射电天文联合实验室，中国天文学会射电天文专业委员会和上海天文学会支持和组织的，并由射电天文联合实验室VLBI分部主办。这次学术讨论会的学术报告共29篇，涉及VLBI天文学，分子天文学，米波天文学，毫米波天文学，以及…     

第三届中国天体物理暑期讲习班:活动星系核(2007年5月21-30日,合肥)

由国家自然基金委员会、教育部主办的中国天体物理暑期讲习班,自2004年首届在上海举办以来,得到了天文界的广泛关注和支持。2007年5月21—30日,由中国科学技术大学天体物理中心承办的第三届中国天体物理暑期讲习班在合肥顺利举行。     

射电天文学的功勋及宇宙生命探索（上）

自20世纪30年代接收到银河中心方向的无线电波以来,迅速发展起来一门崭新的学科——射电天文学。迄今射电天文学已经成为天文学的一个重要的分支学科,并且获得了许多激动人心的重要天文发现。射电天文学开创了研究天体物理、天体测量、宇宙的起源与演化和宇宙的大尺度结构的新途径,它正在现代天文研究中发挥着越来越大的作用。     

Radii and albedos of asteroids 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 15, 51, 433, and 511

We derive the following radii (in kilometers) and visual geometric albedos for nine asteroids from 10- and 20-μm radiometry: 1 Ceres (540, .16); 2 Pallas (275, .08); 3 Juno (125, .14); 4 Vesta (270, .21); 6 Hebe (110, .16); 15 Eunomia (135, .15); 51 Nemausa (80, .05); 433 Eros (12, .07); and 511 Davida (180, .04). Vesta has the highest albedo measured for an asteroid, while Davida, the lowest-albedo object in the sample, is one of the darkest known objects in the solar system. The median of all asteroid albedos measured to date is 0.1.     

Sun,Solar System,Stars, Interstellar Matter,Galaxy, Extragalactic Systems,Instruments, History of Astronomy

P01 Calibrations on DSS‐II Plates P02 High‐Resolution Near‐Infrared Speckle Interferometry and Radiative Transfer Modeling of the OH/IR star OH 26.5 + 0.6 P03 Mid‐infrared long‐baseline interferometry of the symbiotic Mira star RX Pup with the VLTI/MIDI instrument P04 N₂D⁺ abundance in high mass star forming regions P05Causal Viscosity in Accretion Disc Boundary layers P06 Planetesimals in protoplanetary disks P07 Star Clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud P08 Is there a universal mass function? P09 On CO cooling in dense molecular clouds P10 An unbiased search for molecular clumpuscules P11 Vertical structure of accretion disks P12 A New Data Acquisition System and User Control Program for CCD Cameras at “Hoher List” Observatory P13 Tracing the Photon Dominated Region around DR21 with CO, CI, CII, and OI emission P14 Time resolved spectroscopy of CI Aql P15 Empirical Color Transformations between SDSS Photometry and Other Photometric Systems P16 V4332 Sgr P17 Low rotation velocities of white dwarfs from the CaII K line P18 E‐Learning in Astronomy P19 RR Lyrae stars: Kinematics, orbits and z‐distribution P20 New developments on the field of chemically peculiar stars in the milky way and the LMC P21 Large‐scale CO Mapping of the CEPHEUS Giant Molecular Cloud using KOSMA P22 HoLiCS II – The “Hoher List Control System” II P23 88 GHz “Holotransmitter” for the Nanten2 Telescope P24 Comet Astrometry – Tracing the last witnesses of the solar system's childhood P25 Considerations on the spectral appearance of M‐type brown dwarfs P26 Photon Dominated Region Modelling of Barnard 68 P27 A New Versatile Multichannel CCD‐Controller for BUSCA P28 High Precision “Bonn Shutters” for the largest CCD Mosaic Cameras P29 High‐Resolution Near‐Infrared Speckle Interferometry and Radiative Transfer Modeling of the OH/IR star OH 104.9 + 2.4 P30 A new Doppler image of the weak‐line T Tauri star V410 Tauri P31 Improving our knowledge on open cluster radial velocities P32 The Distribution of MSX Infrared Dark Clouds in the inner Milky Way P33 Was the Early Earth shielded from UV by Ozone produced from the Smog Mechanism? P34 Structure Analysis of the CO data in the Perseus clouds P35 Evidence for Turbulence in the Velocity Fields of Perseus Cores P36 Dust‐driven Winds and Their Resulting Mass Loss at Subsolar Metallicity P37 Two adjacent gigantic (∼9°) IRAS filaments of bipolar morphology: An almost invisible pair P38 A new optical filament of the Monogem Ring P39 The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Survey of OVI Emission in the Milky Way     

Photoelectric photometry of asteroids 37, 80, 97, 216, 270, 313, and 471

Photoelectric observations of several minor planets were made from 1975 to 1977 at the Astronomical Observatory of Torino. Lightcurves and period information are given for 7 objects: 37 Fides, 80 Sappho, 97 Klotho, 216 Kleopatra, 270 Anahita, 313 Chaldaea, and 471 Papagena.     

Cassini RADAR observations of Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Iapetus, Hyperion, and Phoebe

Cassini 2.2-cm radar and radiometric observations of seven of Saturn's icy satellites yield properties that apparently are dominated by subsurface volume scattering and are similar to those of the icy Galilean satellites. Average radar albedos decrease in the order Enceladus/Tethys, Hyperion, Rhea, Dione, Iapetus, and Phoebe. This sequence most likely corresponds to increasing contamination of near-surface water ice, which is intrinsically very transparent at radio wavelengths. Plausible candidates for contaminants include ammonia, silicates, metallic oxides, and polar organics (ranging from nitriles like HCN to complex tholins). There is correlation of our targets' radar and optical albedos, probably due to variations in the concentration of optically dark contaminants in near-surface water ice and the resulting variable attenuation of the high-order multiple scattering responsible for high radar albedos. Our highest radar albedos, for Enceladus and Tethys, probably require that at least the uppermost one to several decimeters of the surface be extremely clean water ice regolith that is structurally complex (i.e., mature) enough for there to be high-order multiple scattering within it. At the other extreme, Phoebe has an asteroidal radar reflectivity that may be due to a combination of single and volume scattering. Iapetus' 2.2-cm radar albedo is dramatically higher on the optically bright trailing side than the optically dark leading side, whereas 13-cm results reported by Black et al. [Black, G.J., Campbell, D.B., Carter, L.M., Ostro, S.J., 2004. Science 304, 553] show hardly any hemispheric asymmetry and give a mean radar reflectivity several times lower than the reflectivity measured at 2.2 cm. These Iapetus results are understandable if ammonia is much less abundant on both sides within the upper one to several decimeters than at greater depths, and if the leading side's optically dark contaminant is present to depths of at least one to several decimeters. As argued by Lanzerotti et al. [Lanzerotti, L.J., Brown, W.L., Marcantonio, K.J., Johnson, R.E., 1984. Nature 312, 139-140], a combination of ion erosion and micrometeoroid gardening may have depleted ammonia from the surfaces of Saturn's icy satellites. Given the hypersensitivity of water ice's absorption length to ammonia concentration, an increase in ammonia with depth could allow efficient 2.2-cm scattering from within the top one to several decimeters while attenuating 13-cm echoes, which would require a six-fold thicker scattering layer. If so, we would expect each of the icy satellites' average radar albedos to be higher at 2.2 cm than at 13 cm, as is the case so far with Rhea [Black, G., Campbell, D., 2004. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 36, 1123] as well as Iapetus.     

MINERALOGY,PETROGRAPHY AND CHEMISTRY OF THE CHONDRITE,KAMIOMI, SASHIMA-GUN,IBARAKI-KEN,JAPAN

The Kamiomi, Sashima-gun (Iwai-shi), Ibaraki-ken, Japan, chondrite (observed to fall in spring, during the period 1913–6), consists of olivine, orthopyroxene, nickel-iron and troilite with minor amount of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, apatite and chromite. The average molar composition of olivine (Fa₁₉) and orthopyroxene (Fs₁₇) indicates that Kamiomi is a typical olivine bronzite chondrite. From the well-recrystallized texture, the presence of poorly-definable chondrules, homogeneous composition of olivine and absence of glass, this chondrite could be classified in petrologic type 5. The bulk chemical composition, especially, total Fe (27.33%) and metallic Fe (17.00%) as well as Fe_total/SiO₂(0.72), Fe_metal/Fe_total (0–633) and SiO₂/MgO (1.59) support the above conclusion. Coexistence of heavily-shocked olivine grains in the matrix composed of olivines and pyroxenes which suffered from light to moderate shock effect suggest that impacting phenomena, small-scaled but locally strong, occurred on the Kamiomi parent body.     

Excitation equilibrium for low lying levels in Cii,Niii, Oiv,Nevi, Mgviii,Six, and Siii

The populations of the excited state ² P _3/2 relative to the ground state ² P _1/2 have been investigated in C ii, N iii, O iv, Ne vi, Mg viii, Si x, and Si ii by considering all the radiative and collisional processes including the collisional transitions to the higher states which cascade to the upper level. The relative populations are used for the calculation of the line emissivities. The intensities of 76 320, 30 258 and 14 302 lines of Nevi, Mgviii, and Six ions respectively in the chromosphere-corona transition region are also calculated.     

Photoelectric photometry of asteroids 45, 120, 776, 804, 814, and 1982DV

Photoelectric lightcurves of six asteroids, observed at the ESO 50-cm photometric telescope, are presented. 45 Eugenia, observed for pole determination program, showed a small amplitude of light variation, i.e., about 0.09÷0.10 mag. For 120 Lachesis, no period of rotation was deduced from three observing nights; it is probably longer than 20 hr. 776 Berbericia was observed again to eliminate the ambiguity between 23^h and 15^h.3 periods, as pointed out by Schober (1979). The longer period is ruled out, but we suggest a very plausible shorter period of 7^h.762, implying, at least at this opposition, one maximum and one minimum per cycle. A similar ambiguity is present for 804 Hispania also. The period could be either 14.^h.84 or 7^h.42. These two objects are typical of a class of asteroids whose periods are uncertain by a factor two. A short discussion on this problem is given. For 814 Tauris a long period of 35.8 hr is found, confirming the tendency of dark asteroids of intermediate size to rotate more slowly than larger ones. Finally a single-night lightcurve of the fast-moving object 1982DV is presented. Our observations agree very well with Harris' results (1982, private communication).     

Narrow-band spectrophotometry of Ariel,Umbriel, Titania,Oberon, and Triton

The spectral reflectances of Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon, and Triton were measured in 28 bandpasses between λ326 and λ976 nm on the night of 28/29 June 1974. These observations were made with the 200-in. Hale telescope and multichannel spectrometer. Bandpasses of 8 nm from λ326 to λ566 nm and 16 nm from λ592 to λ976 nm were employed. The spectral reflectances of Ariel, Oberon, and Titania increase from λ342 to λ534 nm and are relatively flat from λ550 to λ976 nm. Umbriel's reflectance decreases monotonically with increasing wavelength through the entire range of measured wavelengths. Triton is found to have a constant spectral reflectance.     

Outflow channel sources, reactivation, and chaos formation, Xanthe Terra, Mars

The undulating, warped, and densely fractured surfaces of highland regions east of Valles Marineris (located north of the eastern Aureum Chaos, east of the Hydraotes Chaos, and south of the Hydaspis Chaos) resulted from extensional surface warping related to ground subsidence, caused when pressurized water confined in subterranean caverns was released to the surface. Water emanations formed crater lakes and resulted in channeling episodes involved in the excavation of Ares, Tiu, and Simud Valles of the eastern part of the circum-Chryse outflow channel system. Progressive surface subsidence and associated reduction of the subsurface cavernous volume, and/or episodes of magmatic-driven activity, led to increases of the hydrostatic pressure, resulting in reactivation of both catastrophic and non-catastrophic outflow activity. Ancient cratered highland and basin materials that underwent large-scale subsidence grade into densely fractured terrains. Collapse of rock materials in these regions resulted in the formation of chaotic terrains, which occur in and near the headwaters of the eastern circum-Chryse outflow channels. The deepest chaotic terrain in the Hydaspis Chaos region resulted from the collapse of pre-existing outflow channel floors. The release of volatiles and related collapse may have included water emanations not necessarily linked to catastrophic outflow. Basal warming related to dike intrusions, thermokarst activity involving wet sediments and/or dissected ice-enriched country rock, permafrost exposed to the atmosphere by extensional tectonism and channel incision, and/or the injection of water into porous floor material, may have enhanced outflow channel floor instability and subsequent collapse. In addition to the possible genetic linkage to outflow channel development dating back to at least the Late Noachian, clear disruption of impact craters with pristine ejecta blankets and rims, as well as preservation of fine tectonic fabrics, suggest that plateau subsidence and chaos formation may have continued well into the Amazonian Period. The geologic and paleohydrologic histories presented here have important implications, as new mechanisms for outflow channel formation and other fluvial activity are described, and new reactivation mechanisms are proposed for the origin of chaotic terrain as contributors to flooding. Detailed geomorphic analysis indicates that subterranean caverns may have been exposed during chaos formation, and thus chaotic terrains mark prime locations for future geologic, hydrologic, and possible astrobiologic exploration.