Ball milling improves extractability and antioxidant properties of the active constituents of mushroom Inonotus obliquus powders

Inonotus obliquus has been used as a folk remedy for a long time. An improved method using fine grinding by ball mill was investigated, and the main chemical components and physicochemical properties of Inonotus obliquus powders were analysed. The Inonotus obliquus fine grinding powders were prepared by pulverising the coarse powder with planetary ball mill for different time. The results showed that the yields of polysaccharides increased from 41.08 mg g^?1 (coarse powder) to 319.62 mg g^?1, and the yields of polyphenols were also increased fourfold in ball‐milled powders as compared to the untreated one. Ball‐milled powders showed higher values in the bulk density, angles of repose and slide, water solubility index and swelling capacity (P < 0.05), but lower values in the water‐holding capacity and oil‐holding capacity. The shape and surface morphology of the powders were changed after ball mill treatment. The antioxidant properties of the extracts from ball‐milled powders were significantly improved (P < 0.05). The results will be helpful for the application of Inonotus obliquus in food and pharmaceutical industries.     

两种粉碎机型式对鹰嘴豆芽超微粉食用品质的影响

目的 探讨粉碎机型式对鹰嘴豆芽超微粉食用品质的影响。方法 利用碾轧式超微粉碎机和行星式球磨仪对鹰嘴豆芽进行超微粉碎,检测鹰嘴豆芽超微粉的营养成分含量以及物理性质,探究功能成分及抗氧化活性的变化。结果 处理后的两种粉体平均粒径减至常规粉体的10.19%、8.53%;与碾轧式超微粉相比,行星式球磨粉的持水力、水溶性和溶胀力分别是其1.49、1.50和1.43倍,休止角、滑角显著增加（p＜0.05）,L值升高和a、b值降低更明显（p＜0.05）;行星式球磨粉获得多于碾轧式超微粉10.30%、15.61%的酚类物质。碾轧式超微粉营养成分含量较多（脂肪6.17%、还原糖3.82%）,具有较强的抗氧化活性。结论 两种粉碎机对鹰嘴豆芽粉具有不同的影响,行星式球磨仪促进酚类物质含量上升更显著（p＜0.05）,碾轧式超微粉碎机更好地保留粉体流动性和营养功能性。     

超声波辅助提取光皮木瓜多糖及其体外抗氧化性研究

通过单因素以及正交试验研究超声波辅助提取光皮木瓜多糖的最佳工艺及其体外抗氧化性。结果表明：超声波辅助提取光皮木瓜多糖的最佳提取条件为料液比1:45(g/mL)、提取温度80℃、提取时间40min,超声波功率600W,在此条件下多糖的提取率为12.072%。光皮木瓜多糖对NO2、DPPH·以及·OH 清除作用明显,具有较好的还原力,表明光皮木瓜多糖有较好的抗氧化活性。     

光皮木瓜汁体外抗氧化活性研究

采用体外抗氧化实验评价光皮木瓜汁的抗氧化活性,并对总酚和VC含量与抗氧化能力的相关性进行分析。结果显示：光皮木瓜汁有较强的清除自由基能力,稀释10倍的果汁清除ABTS+ ·、DPPH自由基、羟自由基( ·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2－ ·)的IC50分别为0.0043、0.021、0.22、0.39mL,且对DPPH自由基、ABTS+ ·的清除效果明显高于O2－ ·和 ·OH,同时可显著抑制Fe2+诱发的卵黄脂蛋白脂质过氧化,具有较高的还原能力。光皮木瓜汁清除DPPH自由基、ABTS+ ·和抑制卵黄脂蛋白脂质过氧化的能力与总酚含量之间的相关性均高于其与VC含量之间的相关性。     

响应面试验优化超声波提取光皮木瓜黄酮和多糖复合物

目的：促进光皮木瓜资源的综合利用。方法：采用Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面分析法,优化木瓜黄酮和多糖复合提取工艺。结果：超声波法提取光皮木瓜黄酮和多糖的工艺条件为超声波功率480W、提取时间35min、温度73℃、液料比为90:1(mL/g),黄酮和多糖总得率为15.62%,比热水浸提法总得率提高了21.46%。结论：超声波法提取光皮木瓜黄酮和多糖复合物得率较高。     

冻干光皮木瓜超微粉的加工工艺

联合使用真空冷冻干燥技术和超微粉碎技术制得冻干木瓜超微粉,并介绍了其工艺流程和技术要点。木瓜真空冷冻干燥时的物料粒度0.95cm3,物料厚度15～20mm;最佳升华干燥条件：真空度40Pa,加热板温度60℃,物料温度－ 40℃,冷凝温度－ 35℃;最佳解析干燥条件：真空度20Pa,加热板温度85℃,物料温度40℃,冷凝温度－ 35℃。先用植物粉碎机将冻干木瓜粗粉碎至60～80 目;再在压力大于12MPa、温度小于35℃的条件下,用气流磨机粉碎到1000 目以上,即得成品。本工艺生产的光皮木瓜冻干超微粉,具有良好的复水性、溶解性、活性,完整的保留了木瓜原有的色、香、味和其营养成分,可作为进一步深加工的主要原材料。     

浑浊型光皮木瓜果汁的稳定性研究

浑浊型光皮木瓜果汁中由于不溶性固形物含量较高,对产品的稳定性提出了更高要求。以新鲜光皮木瓜为原料,研究了取汁方式、不同稳定剂和杀菌方式对果汁稳定性的影响。结果表明,打浆取汁的不溶性固形物含量为（36.56 ± 1.27）%,显著高于压榨法,更有利于产品香气、营养成分等的保留;黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、结冷胶最适复配添加量分别为0.02%、0.02%、0.10%时,果汁的加权稳定性最高,其中黏度值为（23.55 ± 0.78）mPa·s,悬浮稳定性为（94.19 ± 0.91）%;果汁经高温短时杀菌（121 ℃/0.1 MPa/30 s）,贮藏期40 d以内果汁菌落总数均低于限值（2 lg CFU/mL）,悬浮稳定性保持至（65.17 ± 0.83）%,显著高于巴氏杀菌,感官品质处于较好的水平（感官评分>8）。该研究为提高果汁在加工与贮藏中的稳定性提供理论依据。     

Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities of major fruits from Ecuador

Seventeen fruits from Ecuador were analysed for total soluble phenolic compounds content and for antioxidant capacity, using three different methods (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS⁺). For the total phenolic content measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, three groups, having <100, 200–500 and >1000 mg GAE/100 g FW, were clearly distinguishable. Andean blackberry, capulí cherry peel and banana passion fruit were classified in the third group, with concentrations of 2167, 1494 and 1010 mg of GAE/100 g FW, respectively. Antioxidant capacity analyses revealed the same classes. FRAP and ABTS⁺ gave comparable results and were highly correlated (y = 0.691x + 6.78; r² = 0.908). Spectrophotometric measurements showed that the Andean blackberry and capulí peel but not banana passion fruit contained high levels of anthocyanins (λ_max = 520 nm).     

锦橙皮渣膳食纤维微粉化及其功能特性分析

以锦橙果汁加工副产物锦橙皮渣为原料制备锦橙皮渣膳食纤维,通过普通粉碎和球磨法微细化处理,得到不同粒径大小的锦橙皮渣膳食纤维微粉和超微粉,测定其理化性质和重金属离子结合力,并利用激光粒度仪、红外光谱、X射线衍射、热分析、扫描电镜对不同锦橙皮渣膳食纤维粉进行粒径测定和结构观察,探究超微粉碎对锦橙皮渣膳食纤维理化性质、微观结构及重金属离子吸附能力的影响。结果表明,球磨微细化处理后膳食纤维的粒径减小;粉体的持水性、持油性、溶胀性、重金属离子结合力显著升高（P＜0.05）,色泽变浅。本实验为锦橙皮渣的综合利用以及作为一种潜在食品添加剂资源提供理论参考。     

西藏光核桃超微粉粉体特性及活性成分研究

为探究超微粉碎技术对西藏光核桃粉粉体特性及活性成分的影响,本研究以西藏光核桃为试材,真空冷冻干燥后,粗粉碎3 min再超微粉碎5、10、15 min,对比分析粉体粒径、微观结构、流动性、吸湿性等粉体特性,多酚、多糖、水溶性果胶(WSP)等活性成分及其抗氧化活力。结果表明:随超微粉碎时间延长,光核桃粉粒径变小,离散度由6.58±0.54减小到2.86±0.09,粉体均一性提高。随超微粉碎时间延长,光核桃粉容积密度增大,压缩性减小,基本流动能增加。水合特性随超微粉碎时间延长逐渐增强,相对湿度小于50%时吸湿性无显著变化。光核桃经超微粉碎,多酚、多糖的抗氧化活力无显著变化;WSP含量显著降低,但抗氧化活力显著提高(p0.05)。综合分析发现,超微粉碎技术可以制备品质优良的光核桃粉,较好地保留其主要活性成分及抗氧化活力,为光核桃深加工提供新途径。     

The effect of ball milling treatment on structure and porosity of maize starch granule

Maize starch was mechanically treated by a planetary ball mill at 500 rpm for 1, 2 and 3 h. The effect of ball-milling treatment on structure and porosity of maize starch granule was studied. The SEM and TEM analyses indicated that starch granule surfaces were significantly changed and cavities in the central region of distorted granules were observed in the company with disappearance of alternate growth rings. The FT-IR analysis showed that ball milling treatment significantly increased the intensity of band 3382 cm⁻¹ and decreased the ratio of 1047/1018 cm⁻¹ and 995/1018 cm⁻¹ corresponding to the crystalline/amorphous part of starch structure. Special surface area (S_BET), cumulative volume (V_BJH), average diameter pores (D_BJH), span and median diameter (D_{v, 0.5}) increased rapidly and then decreased gradually. The XRD patterns, FT-IR and ¹³C CP/MAS NMR spectra showed that the crystallinity of starches and content of double helices of starch chains were decreased, respectively.

Industrial relevance

Ball milling is one kind of physical modified method in polymer industry. It can be used in a variety of applications, including nanomatrix composites, dispersed alloy materials, metallic refinery, ore treatment, waste disposal, and synthesis of organic materials. Starch is a natural carbohydrate polymer, it contributes greatly to the textural properties of many foods and is widely used in food and industrial applications as a thickener, colloidal stabilizer, gelling agent, bulking agent and water retention agent. However, limitations such as low solubility, high viscosity, shear resistance, thermal resistance, thermal decomposition and high tendency toward retrogradation limit its use in some food and non-food systems.After ball milling treatment, the reactivity of starch is increased. Furthermore, milled starches exhibit the adsorptive capacity which can offer new opportunity for starch application, for example as sorbent in food or pharmaceutical.     

不同碾磨方式小米糠对小麦面团特性及馒头品质的影响

利用多功能粉碎机、流化床式气流粉碎机与行星式球磨机对小米糠进行物理改性,以探究不同碾磨方式、不同添加量的小米糠对小麦面团特性及馒头品质的影响。结果表明,随小米糠粒径减小,持水力、水膨胀力、持油力均提高,其中气流碾磨的效果最明显,分别提高44.29%、41.67%、39.45 %。馒头硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性随添加量和粒径增大而增加,比容随添加量和粒径增大而减小,色差L*值随添加量的增加而下降,随粒度减小而上升。当普通碾磨米糠添加量不高于5%,气流与球磨碾磨小米糠添加量不高于10%时,综合感官评分最高。     

Polyphenols and triterpenes from Chaenomeles fruits: Chemical analysis and antioxidant activities assessment

Mugua, fruit of the genus Chaenomeles, is a valuable source of health food and Chinese medicine. To elucidate the bioactive compounds of five wild Chaenomeles species, extracts from fresh fruits were investigated by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS/MS. Among the 24 polyphenol compounds obtained, 20 were flavan-3-ols (including catechin, epicatechin and procyanidin oligomers). The mean polymerisation degree (mDP) of procyanidins was examined by two acid-catalysed cleavage reactions; the mDP value was the highest in Chaenomeles sinensis and the lowest in Chaenomeles japonica. Total polyphenol content (TPC) reached 46.92 and 46.28 mg/g gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in Chaenomeles speciosa and Chaenomeles thibetica, respectively, although their main bioactive compounds were different (being epicatechin and procyanidin B2 in the former, and catechin and procyanidin B1 in the latter). These two species also exhibited equally strong free radical scavenging activities. Our results further showed that the antioxidant ability of Chaenomeles fruits was significantly correlated to their total polyphenol contents. Two triterpenes (oleanolic acid and ursolic acid) were the highest quantity in Chaenomeles cathayensis and C. thibetica, respectively.     

球磨处理对菠萝蜜果皮不溶性膳食纤维结构及性能的影响

为改善水不溶性膳食纤维（Insoluble dietary fiber,IDF）的口感和功能特性,以菠萝蜜果皮IDF为对象,采用行星球磨对其进行干法粉碎处理。通过表征分析及研究其理化性质的变化,探究不同球磨时间对菠萝蜜果皮IDF的微观形貌、化学结构、晶相结构和比表面积以及功能特性的影响。结果表明,球磨改性使IDF原有的纤维束状结构被破坏,粒径变小,比表面积增大,球磨时间18 h时,IDF的平均粒最小,比表面积最大,球磨改性不影响IDF的化学组成和结晶结构。随球磨时间延长,IDF的持水力、结合水力、溶胀性和阳离子交换能力呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,持油力总体呈下降趋势。球磨时间为18 h时,其持水力、结合水力最高,分别为4.6和4.3 g/g,阳离子交换能力也最强。研究表明球磨对菠萝蜜果皮IDF具有很好的粉碎改性效果并能改善其功能特性。     

Phenolic compounds profile and antioxidant activity of Dorystoechas hastata L. Boiss et Heldr

Phenolic compound profile and antioxidant activity of methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, water and petroleum ether (b.p. 40–60 °C) extracts of Dorystoechas hastata, endemic to Turkey and being consumed as herbal tea by local inhabitants, have been investigated. HPLC–DAD analysis indicated the presence of chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and rosmarinic acids as phenolic acids, quercetin, kaempferol and apigenin as flavonoids and carnosic acid and carnosol as diterpenoid antioxidants in the plant. Petroleum ether, methanol and water extracts of D. hastata were found to be very effective antioxidative extracts. Petroleum ether extract, having the highest amount of carnosic acid and carnosol contents (531.3 and 389.9 mg/g DW, respectively) among all solvent extracts, was found to have the highest antioxidative potential based on the individual antioxidant activity assays; DPPH, ABTS⁺, TBARS and total phenolic content, expressed as IC₅₀, TEAC, EC₅₀ and TPC values, respectively, and also on the principal component analysis. It exhibited significantly high TEAC (7.1 mM trolox) and low EC₅₀ (54.5 μg/mL) values, indicating the strong potential in in vitro radical scavenging and in inhibiting lipid oxidation. Water extract, with its extremely low IC₅₀ value of 4.9 μg/mL in DPPH radical scavenging and significant TEAC (4.8 mM trolox), EC₅₀ (64.4 μg/mL) and TPC (116.7 mg GAE/g DW) values, was found to be the second highest in antioxidative potential among all extracts. TPC value of methanol extract (147.3 mg GAE/g DW) was found to be significantly higher than the other extracts studied. The results showed that D. hastata can be used as a potential antioxidative edible source due to its different classes of phenolic compounds and strong antioxidative capacity.