二维搅拌摩擦焊接过程的数值模拟

将搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的流动看作是层流、粘性、非牛顿流体绕过旋转的圆柱体,并基于流体力学理论,建立了二维搅拌摩擦焊缝金属塑性流动的数值分析模型.计算结果表明:只有很少一部分靠近搅拌头探针的材料在焊接过程中受到探针的作用而发生变形,直接影响到材料的流动;在大多数的模拟条件下,探针直径范围内的材料仅仅在回撤边一侧沿旋转方向绕过探针,而不是在探针两侧绕流;绕过探针以后,焊缝金属材料又以恒定的速度,继续向前移动;变形区域内流变材料的流动速度大于探针直径范围外流变材料的流动速度.采用"标记嵌入技术"对焊缝金属流动进行了可视化研究,并对实验结果与模拟结果进行了验证,模拟结果能很好地预测塑性金属流动趋势.     

2014铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程塑性金属流变可视化

采用“标记嵌入技术”对2014铝合金搅拌摩擦焊缝金属塑性流变进行了研究。试验分析结果表明,在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,焊缝金属材料流动关于焊缝中心线是非对称的,在前进边一侧,既有材料向前流动也有材料向后流动,而在回撤边一侧,材料只发生向后运动;在焊缝上部表面附近,由于搅拌头轴肩的影响,材料向前转移非常明显。建立了二维焊缝金属塑性流变模型,模型能很好地解释焊缝金属流变过程。     

1060铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝金属流动机理

对1060铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊,研究搅拌头旋转方向、焊接速度、主轴转速和搅拌针偏移方向等不同因素对金属流动的影响。结果表明,5 mm厚1060铝合金在主轴转速1 000~1 100 r/min、焊接速度200~300 mm/min时,可获得无缺陷焊缝。在焊缝上部区域,轴肩的热力作用大于搅拌针对焊缝金属的作用。搅拌针的旋转方向及螺纹旋向对塑性金属流动具有重要影响。当搅拌头偏移的方向不同时,焊接质量相差较大。     

焊接工艺参数对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程中材料塑性流动行为的影响

以轴肩端面为同心圆的带螺纹搅拌头为研究对象,利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT建立了三维塑性材料流动模型,对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的塑性流动进行了数值模拟,研究焊接工艺参数对模拟结果的影响。结果表明,在搅拌头附近区域材料的塑性流动剧烈,且轴肩附近材料的流动速度高于搅拌针边缘材料的流动速度;随着搅拌头旋转速度的增加,搅拌头附近区域材料流动更剧烈,且高速流动的材料区域范围变大;焊接速度的提高对搅拌头及其附近区域材料的流动影响不大。     

搅拌摩擦焊焊缝塑性金属流动的实验研究

用铝箔作为标示材料,进行了LY12铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊试验.焊后在与焊缝表面平行的截面上,观察了标示材料在焊缝中流动的痕迹.结果表明,左旋螺纹探针搅拌头搅拌摩擦焊过程中,焊缝材料在水平面的流动与焊缝中心是不对称的.在焊缝上部,前进边的标示材料向前迁移,而返回边的标示材料绕过搅拌针向后迁移;在焊缝中下部,搅拌针周围出现塑性环.     

搅拌摩擦焊塑性金属流动行为研究

通过观测铝合金焊缝接头显微组织形貌与塑性金属组织的流线形,并结合对搅拌过程中搅拌针周围塑性金属的受力情况分析,初步构建了搅拌摩擦焊塑性金属流动行为模型,揭示了焊接缺陷的产生原因和性能薄弱区域。研究结果表明,水平方向上将塑性金属的流动迁移过程包括5个同时进行的过程,其中前进侧切削金属较少,在后退侧,搅拌针焊接前进方向和旋转方向相反,切削金属量达到最大值。厚度方向上由于轴肩的顶锻作用,上部塑性金属向下迁移,在焊缝中部堆积形成洋葱环。实际流动过程是水平和厚度方向流动行为的叠加。     

搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料流动形式

采用完全热力耦合模型对搅拌摩擦焊接过程进行模拟,并详细分析了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料流动形式.结果表明,模型可以成功预测搅拌摩擦焊接过程材料流动和温度分布情况.通过对搅拌头周围材料流动的研究,分析了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中飞边现象形成的主要原因.研究了搅拌摩擦焊接构件不同厚度上材料的三维流动形式,通过与二维情况的比较证实,二维情况下的材料流动数值模拟结果对应于搅拌摩擦焊接构件靠近下表面部分的材料流动情况.从等效塑性应变的分布也能证实搅拌头轴肩对靠近上表面的材料行为具有明显影响,而对下表面附近材料行为影响较弱,从而说明二维情况对应三维情况靠近下表面的部分.     

2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊二维流场的数值模拟

采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT建立了基于有限体积法的二维塑性材料流动模型,对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的塑性流动进行数值模拟,研究了焊接参数影响焊缝区域在沿垂直焊件表面方向上材料塑性流动特征的规律。结果表明,在紧靠搅拌头区域材料的塑性流动最剧烈,速度明显高于距搅拌头较远的区域,且材料在回撤边发生绕流现象;随着搅拌头旋转速度的增加,搅拌头附近区域材料流动速度增加,且材料流动较剧烈的区域明显扩大;焊接速度的提高对搅拌头及其附近区域材料的流动影响不大。     

搅拌针偏心距对焊缝金属塑性流动行为的影响

采用搅拌针偏心距分别为0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 mm搅拌头对叠层进行焊接试验,分析其对焊缝金属塑性流动行为影响.结果表明,焊缝由轴肩区、紊流区、焊核区及挤压区组成,其中紊流区为焊核区和轴肩区挤压金属形成的结果,前进侧挤压区金属变形尺寸明显大于返回侧.随偏心距增加,焊核区面积、宽度及挤压区标示材料向上迁移高度先增大后减小,前进侧标示材料向上迁移距离大于返回侧.由0.2 mm偏心距搅拌头获得焊核区面积和标示材料向上迁移距离最大.但焊核区宽度最大焊缝由0.3 mm偏心距搅拌头获得.根据焊缝金属塑性流动形态,提出搅拌针波动式挤压物理模型.     

7075铝合金板搅拌摩擦焊接头再结晶过程研究

针对7075铝合金板搅拌摩擦焊对接接头组织变化过程及搅拌头下压深度对焊接过程中焊缝塑性金属流动行为进行研究。研究结果表明:焊核区金属发生了动态再结晶,由细小的等轴晶组成;热机影响区晶粒出现弯曲变形,并发生了动态回复与部分再结晶;热影响区晶粒没有发生明显长大,晶粒间界随着热输入增大而加宽。搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,焊缝塑化金属存在三种运动,表层的水平圆周运动,探针周围的无序运动,底层的向上运动。     

搅拌摩擦焊接三维流动模型

建立了搅拌摩擦焊焊接过程中塑性软化层的流动行为物理模型,该模型根据不同部位的流动特点将软化层的流动分成三部分,轴肩端面附近的软化层流动、搅拌针上部的软化层流动和搅拌针端部附近的软化层流动行为。轴肩端面附近的软化材料首先流入搅拌针行进过程中于搅拌针后部形成的空腔内,剩余软化材料围绕着轴肩侧面缓缓地由前进侧流动到搅拌针的后部,并于轴肩后部侧表面上形成了焊缝表面弧形纹的弧峰;搅拌针上部附近的软化层以剪切的方式从搅拌针前部流动到搅拌针后部;搅拌针端部附近的软化层以挤压的方式从搅拌针的前部流动到搅拌针的后部。     

Numerical simulations on material flow behaviors in whole process of friction stir welding

A finite element model based on solid mechanics was developed with ABAQUS to study the material flow in whole process of friction stir welding (FSW), with the technique of tracer particles. Simulation results indicate that the flow pattern of the tracer particles around the pin is spiral movement. There are very different flow patterns at the upper and lower parts of the weld. The material on the upper surface has the spiral downward movement that is affected by the shoulder and the lower material has the spiral upward movement that is affected by the pin. The velocity of the material flow on the periphery of the stirring pin is higher than that at the bottom of the stirring pin. The material can be rotated with a stirring pin a few times, agreeing well with the previous experimental observation by tungsten tracer particles.     

轴向载荷变化对搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料变形和温度分布的影响

采用完全热力耦合模型分析轴向载荷变化对搅拌摩擦焊接过程的影响,发现较低的轴向载荷会导致搅拌摩擦焊接无法完成.搅拌摩擦焊接构件上表面材料由于受到搅拌针和肩台旋转的作用,导致上表面材料变形程度较下表面高,材料沿焊缝中心线的变形并非严格对称,前进侧材料的变形程度较后退侧高,搅拌头轴向载荷的增加会减弱这种不对称性.搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的最高温度随轴向载荷的增加而增加,且搅拌头轴向载荷的增加会促使搅拌区附近的温度分布趋于均匀.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦点焊接头塑化金属流动形态分析

在搅拌摩擦点焊过程中,塑化金属的流动形态是影响焊点成形及接头力学性能的主要因素。通过采用镶嵌标识材料的方法,研究了搅拌摩擦点焊过程中接头塑化金属的流动形态。结果表明,在焊点横截面上,匙孔两侧塑化金属发生塑性变形的宽度基本相同,从焊点表面到底面,塑性变形区宽度逐渐减小。在焊点的上部,塑化金属主要受轴肩的作用,在轴肩摩擦力和材料之间的剪切力作用下沿搅拌针旋转的方向运动,随着距焊点表面距离的增大,塑化金属沿搅拌针旋转方向的运动趋势逐渐减小。搅拌针周围的塑化金属在搅拌针螺纹向下的压力作用下,以螺旋状向焊点底部运动,运动到焊点底部后受底板的阻碍和未塑化金属的挤压作用从搅拌针四周向焊点上部运动。     

T形接头角接静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊三维流动特征

在T形接头横截面方向预置0.1 mm铜箔作为示踪材料，进行了角接静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊，焊后对T形接头角焊缝进行X-ray 2D透射和X-ray 3D扫描，得到了角焊缝示踪材料的2D流场和3D流场. 在前进侧热塑性材料主要以摩擦剪切为主，材料流动主要向焊接方向流动，并流向前进侧后方，后退侧材料主要以挤压为主，由于T接搅拌针螺纹的存在，使得材料整体向后退侧下方流动. 同时发现，在T接静轴肩后沿附近下方存在示踪材料"堆积区"，表明T接静轴肩对附近的材料塑性流动存在一定的阻碍作用. 根据所获得的观察结果，建立了T形接头角焊缝的三维流动主要特征模型.     

Modeling the Material Flow and Heat Transfer in Reverse Dual-Rotation Friction Stir Welding

Reverse dual-rotation friction stir welding (RDR-FSW) is a novel modification of conventional friction stir welding (FSW) process. During the RDR-FSW process, the tool pin and the assisted shoulder are separated and rotate with opposite direction independently, so that there are two material flows with reverse direction. The material flow and heat transfer in RDR-FSW have significant effects on the microstructure and properties of the weld joint. A 3D model is developed to quantitatively analyze the effects of the separated tool pin and the assisted shoulder which rotate in reverse direction on the material flow and heat transfer during RDR-FSW process. Numerical simulation is conducted to predict the temperature profile, material flow field, streamlines, strain rate, and viscosity distributions near the tool. The calculated results show that as the rotation speed of the tool pin increases, the temperature near the tool gets higher, the zone with higher temperature expands, and approximately symmetric temperature distribution is obtained near the tool. Along the workpiece thickness direction, the calculated material flow velocity and its layer thickness near the tool get lowered because the effect of the shoulder is weakened as the distance away from the top surface increases. The model is validated by comparing the predicted values of peak temperature at some typical locations with the experimentally measured ones.     

Understanding the material flow path of friction stir welding process using unthreaded tools

Material flow during friction stir welding is very complex and not fully understood. Most of studies in literature used threaded pins since most industrial applications currently use threaded pins. However, initially threaded tools may become unthreaded because of the tool wear when used for high melting point alloys or reinforced aluminium alloys. In this study, FSW experiments were performed using two different pin profiles. Both pins are unthreaded but have or do not have flat faces. The primary goal is to analyse the flow when unthreaded pins are used to weld thin plates. Cross-sections and longitudinal sections of welds were observed with and without the use of material marker (MM) to investigate the material flow. Material flow with unthreaded pin was found to have the same features as material flow using classical threaded pins: material is deposited in the advancing side (AS) in the upper part of the weld and in the retreating side (RS) in the lower part of the weld; a rotating layer appears around the tool. However, the analysis revealed a too low vertical motion towards the bottom of the weld, attributed to the lack of threads. The product of the plunge force and the rotational speed was found to affect the size of the shoulder dominated zone. This effect is reduced using the cylindrical tapered pin with flats.     

Modeling of material flow in friction stir welding process

This paper presents a 3D numerical model to study the material flow in the friction stir welding process. Results indicate that the material in front of the pin moves upwards due to the extrusion of the pin, and then the upward material rotates with the pin. Behind the rotating tool, the material starts to move downwards and to deposit in the wake. This process is the real cause to make friction stir welding process continuing successfully. The tangent movement of the material takes the main contribution to the flow of the material in friction stir welding process. There exists a swirl on the advancing side and with the increase of the translational velocity the inverse flow of the material on the advancing side becomes faster. The shoulder can increase the velocity of material flow in both radial direction and tangent direction near the top surface. The variations of process parameters do have an effect on the velocity field near the pin, especially in the region in which the material flow is faster.