大丽轮枝菌微菌核的萌发条件及致死温度

微菌核是大丽轮枝菌在土壤中的主要存活结构和初侵染源,在土壤中可存活14年之久,其数量及存活状况直接影响着大丽轮枝菌型黄萎病的发生为害程度。以棉花黄萎病菌Verticillium dahliae XJ2008菌株为试材,研究了微菌核萌发的最佳条件、致死温度及土壤温度对微菌核存活的影响。结果表明,20℃、pH8.0是微菌核萌发的最佳条件。大丽轮枝菌微菌核具有很强的耐高温特性,随着处理时间的延长,微菌核的萌发率呈下降趋势,在55℃及以上处理时其萌发率下降迅速,而在50℃及以下处理时其萌发率下降相对较慢,在55℃处理360min可使微菌核完全致死,而在40℃、45℃和50℃处理1,440min,仍然有少量的微菌核存活,但其萌发率随着时间的推移呈下降趋势。土壤微菌核模拟试验结果表明,土壤温度对微菌核有很强的致死作用,40℃条件下处理4d后土壤中的微菌核已全部死亡。该研究结果为通过覆膜增温防治作物黄萎病提供了理论依据。     

棉花黄萎病菌的侵染过程

深入揭示黄萎病菌的致病机理,为培育高抗新品种提供理论依据和技术途径,是有效控制黄萎病的根本.本文系统探讨了土壤中微菌核或孢子受寄主根系分泌物的刺激,开始萌发、产生的菌丝在寄主根表面定殖、穿过表皮、在皮层中发生及在寄主体内扩展和症状形成等黄萎病菌侵染棉花的过程,阐述了寄主植物形成多级防御反应阻击病原菌的入侵.对黄萎病菌侵染寄主植物过程及其机理下一步研究的问题和内容进行了讨论.     

4种木霉菌对棉花黄萎病菌抑制作用的测定

以绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)、康氏木霉(Trichoderma koningii)和二株未知木霉菌株(Trichoderma spp.)为供试木霉菌株,采用对峙培养法测定了不同温度处理下对棉花黄萎病菌(Verticilliam dahliae)的拮抗作用。结果表明,木霉在不同温度下对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用不一,其中以30℃和25℃黑暗条件下木霉对棉花黄萎病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,对峙培养5d后,绿色木霉、康氏木霉和二株未知木霉菌在30℃条件下对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制率分别达到67.3%、65.9%、56.8%、65.9%,25℃条件下的抑制率分别为65.9%、72.9%、65.9%、78.8%;20℃下木霉菌株对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用次之,10℃、15℃和35℃条件下木霉菌丝扩散速度较慢,且孢子产生量少,不能有效地抑制棉花黄萎病菌菌丝的扩展,表明环境温度过高或过低对木霉菌丝的生长及分生孢子的产生均有较大影响。该研究为筛选棉花黄萎病菌更为有效的生防木霉菌株提供理论依据。     

青霉PT95菌株菌核内产生类胡萝卜素的研究

从土壤中分离到一株经鉴定属于Penicilliumthomiiseries的菌株PT95,该菌株在6种固体培养基上都能形成大量的橙红色菌核,其中在察氏培养基上形成的菌核量最大,而在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基上形成的菌核的类胡萝卜素含量最高。培养基初始pH对菌核形成和色素含量无明显影响,但对菌落生长速度有显著影响。光照培养对菌核形成和色素含量无明显影响。薄层色谱分析表明,PT95菌株菌核内产生的类胡萝卜素由两种色素成分组成,其中β-胡萝卜素占总色素量的64．3％。     

大丽轮枝菌 VdCPMO基因克隆与功能分析

大丽轮枝菌 Verticillium dahliae是一种典型的土传病原真菌,可侵染400多种植物引致黄萎病,造成巨大的经济损失。微菌核是大丽轮枝菌的特殊休眠结构,能够在土壤中存活14年之久,是病害的主要初侵染来源。本研究在前期微菌核萌发表达谱的基础上,选择上调倍数最高的环戊酮1,2-单加氧酶基因（ VDAG_03943）,进行克隆与功能分析。结果表明,该基因全长1 929bp,cDNA序列全长1 668bp,编码555个氨基酸组成的蛋白,命名为 VdCPMO。与野生型菌株JY相比,敲除突变体菌株的菌落生长减慢,微菌核萌发率显著降低,芽管平均长度明显较短,而互补突变体菌株与野生型菌株JY间无显著性差异。致病力测定结果显示,敲除突变体菌株的微菌核丧失了对棉花的致病力。     

天麻萌发菌株的生物学特性研究

对4个天麻种子萌发菌菌株在不同培养条件下菌丝的生长进行了研究。结果显示,4个天麻萌发菌的最佳生长温度为25℃,适宜生长的pH值范围为5.0~6.0,最佳培养基为木屑-麸皮培养基。综合试验结果筛选出西乡为一株优良天麻萌发菌。     

蔗根土天牛高致病力绿僵菌菌株的生物学特性研究

【目的】明确对蔗根土天牛Dorysthenes granulosus具有良好杀虫活性的金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae JC002菌株生长和产孢所需要的最适营养条件和环境条件。【方法】通过单因素试验,测试了不同培养基、碳源、氮源、温度、pH及紫外线照射不同时间对JC002菌株生长和产孢的影响。【结果】JC002菌株培养基的最佳配方是葡萄糖30 g、蛋白胨15 g、马铃薯200 g、琼脂20 g、水1 000 mL;蔗糖、NaNO3是菌落生长及产孢的最适碳源和氮源;菌株培养的最适温度为25℃,培养基的最适pH值为7.0;紫外光对菌株的生长速率无显著影响,但对产孢量有较大的抑制作用,紫外光照射时间越长,产孢越少。【结论】本研究为JC002菌株的大量培养及其孢子制剂的大量生产和有效利用奠定基础。     

VdToxD1和VdToxD3调控大丽轮枝菌微菌核的萌发

大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae是一种土传性植物病原真菌,可侵染660多种植物,引发黄萎病。微菌核是大丽轮枝菌在侵染后期形成的特殊休眠结构,可在土壤中存活14年,是黄萎病的主要初侵染来源。本研究在前期大丽轮枝菌萌发与休眠微菌核转录组分析的基础上,选择微菌核休眠状态高表达的VdToxD1和VdToxD3基因进行功能研究。结果发现,VdToxD1和VdToxD3敲除突变体菌株的微菌核萌发率分别为87.3%和86.0%,显著高于野生型菌株的64.0%;负调控微菌核萌发的转录因子VdCrz1与VdToxD1上游的-937 bp到-349 bp中的特定基序结合,与VdToxD3上游的-752 bp到-496 bp中的特定基序结合,结合位点均位于2个基因的启动子区。     

棉花黄萎病高效拮抗菌XJUL-6的筛选鉴定及其特性研究

为探讨棉花黄萎病高效拮抗菌的拮抗机制,从新疆有毒植物焮麻(Urtica cannabina L.)中筛选出一株对棉花黄萎病具有较强抗性的内生菌XJUL-6,对其生物学特性进行初步研究,结果表明,36℃~38℃为最适生长温度,pH6~8为最适生长pH值。根据其形态特征、生理生化检测、16S rDNA、(G C)mo1%,将其鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌,XJUL-6的获得为进一步的研究棉花黄萎病高效拮抗菌的拮抗机制提供了实验材料。     

大丽轮枝菌黑色素合成相关基因与微菌核形成的关系

大丽轮枝菌是一种重要的土传植物病原真菌,以休眠结构微菌核作为初始接种体,可侵染660多种植物引致黄萎病。微菌核是致密的多细胞结构,表面附着大量的DHN黑色素。许多报道指出,在微菌核发育过程中,传统的DHN黑色素合成途径中有5种催化酶编码基因Vd PKS、Vd T4HR、Vd SCD、Vd T3HR和Vd LAC均被诱导表达,但这些基因与微菌核形成的关系目前尚无报道。本研究通过基因敲除技术,系统研究了传统DHN黑色素合成通路上这5种关键酶编码基因及一种缩链催化酶编码基因Vayg1在大丽轮枝菌黑色素合成及微菌核形成中的作用。结果表明,大丽轮枝菌DHN黑色素合成需要Vayg1基因的参与,且Vayg1和Vd T3HR基因还参与微菌核的形成过程。因此,Vayg1基因和Vd T3HR基因可作为黄萎病防治的新靶标。     

Effect of Temperature on the Formation of Microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae

Microsclerotium formation by six isolates of Verticillium dahliae was studied at different temperatures both in vitro and in Arabidopsis thaliana . In vitro mycelial growth was optimal at 25°C, but microsclerotium formation was greatest at 20°C (two isolates) or 15–20°C (one isolate). Seedlings of A. thaliana were root-dipped in a conidial suspension, planted, and either placed at 5, 10, 15, or 25°C, or left at 20°C until the onset of senescence, after which some of the plants were placed at 5, 10, 15, or 25°C. The amount of microsclerotia per unit of shoot weight was assessed in relation to isolate and temperature. The optimal temperature for production of microsclerotia was 15–25°C. Two isolates each produced about 10 times more microsclerotia than each of the other four isolates. For these isolates, high R ²_adj.-values of 0.77 and 0.66 were obtained, with temperature and its square as highly significant (P   < 0.001) independent variables. R ²_adj.-values for the other isolates varied between 0.28 and 0.39. Moving plants to different temperatures at the onset of senescence led to microsclerotial densities that were intermediate between densities on plants that had grown at constantly 20°C and plants grown at other temperatures. This suggests that vascular colonization rate and rate of microsclerotium formation are similarly affected by temperature. The senescence rate of plants appeared unimportant except for plants grown at 25°C, which showed the highest amounts of microsclerotia per unit of plant weight in the most rapidly senescing plants.     

大丽轮枝菌微菌核形成能力的遗传*

带有硝酸盐利用缺陷型遗传标记的大丽轮技菌Verticilliumdahliae黑色菌核型和白色菌丝型菌株在25℃下配对培养,形成野生型融合菌落带,对融合带的分生孢子后代进行遗传分析的结果表明,融合带中的异核体表现不稳定,分布不均匀。微菌核遗传因子可随亲本细胞质在异核体中的运动和交换而发生迁移。     

大丽轮枝菌微菌核形成能力的遗传

带有硝酸盐利用缺陷型遗传标记的大丽轮技菌Verticilliumdahliae黑色菌核型和白色菌丝型菌株在25℃下配对培养,形成野生型融合菌落带,对融合带的分生孢子后代进行遗传分析的结果表明,融合带中的异核体表现不稳定,分布不均匀。微菌核遗传因子可随亲本细胞质在异核体中的运动和交换而发生迁移。     

A glutamic acid-rich protein identified in Verticillium dahliae from an insertional mutagenesis affects microsclerotial formation and pathogenicity

Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes wilt disease in a wide range of crops, including cotton. The life cycle of V. dahliae includes three vegetative phases: parasitic, saprophytic and dormant. The dormant microsclerotia are the primary infectious propagules, which germinate when they are stimulated by root exudates. In this study, we report the first application of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) for construction of insertional mutants from a virulent defoliating isolate of V. dahliae (V592). Changes in morphology, especially a lack of melanized microsclerotia or pigmentation traits, were observed in mutants. Together with the established laboratory unimpaired root dip-inoculation approach, we found insertional mutants to be affected in their pathogenicities in cotton. One of the genes tagged in a pathogenicity mutant encoded a glutamic acid-rich protein (VdGARP1), which shared no significant similarity to any known annotated gene. The vdgarp1 mutant showed vigorous mycelium growth with a significant delay in melanized microsclerotial formation. The expression of VdGARP1 in the wild type V529 was organ-specific and differentially regulated by different stress agencies and conditions, in addition to being stimulated by cotton root extract in liquid culture medium. Under extreme infertile nutrient conditions, VdGARP1 was not necessary for melanized microsclerotial formation. Taken together, our data suggest that VdGARP1 plays an important role in sensing infertile nutrient conditions in infected cells to promote a transfer from saprophytic to dormant microsclerotia for long-term survival. Overall, our findings indicate that insertional mutagenesis by ATMT is a valuable tool for the genome-wide analysis of gene function and identification of pathogenicity genes in this important cotton pathogen.     

In vitro analysis of the role of glucose oxidase from Talaromyces flavus in biocontrol of the plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae.

Culture filtrates from Talaromyces flavus grown on glucose contained high levels of glucose oxidase activity, while culture filtrates from T. flavus grown on xylan contained negligible glucose oxidase activity. Culture filtrates from T-flavus grown on both media contained complex protein profiles. However, only culture filtrates from T. flavus grown on glucose inhibited germination of microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae in in vitro inhibition assays. A polyclonal antiserum preparation, pABGO-1, raised against purified glucose oxidase from T. flavus was highly specific for glucose oxidase. Only one protein band in culture filtrates (from glucose medium), migrating at 71 kDa, was detected in Western blots (immunoblots) with this antiserum. This band comigrated with purified glucose oxidase. No bands were detected in culture filtrates from the xylan medium. Glucose oxidase was removed via immunoprecipitation from culture filtrates of T. flavus grown in glucose medium, resulting in filtrates which no longer inhibited in vitro microsclerotial germination. When glucose oxidase-depleted filtrates were amended with purified glucose oxidase from T. flavus, the ability to kill microsclerotia in vitro was restored to original levels. We conclude that glucose oxidase is the only protein in culture filtrates of T. flavus responsible for inhibition of germination of microsclerotia of V. dahliae.     

Formation and ultrastructure of microsclerotia of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici

The formation of microsclerotia of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici Schneider & Gerlach was observed in culture, in isolated tomato root segments and in roots of intact tomato plants. In culture microsclerotia formed in the aerial mycelium, and submerged in the agar; in tomato roots they formed in single cells of the outer cortex. The microsclerotium of P. lycopersici is structurally unspecialized and has cell walls of similar thickness throughout. Microsclerotia are thought to have powers of long survival in soil. In isolation the microsclerotia of P. lycopersici maintained viability over 2 years with consistently high germinability. Transverse hyphae were never seen in sections of microsclerotia, suggesting that germ-tubes arise from the outermost layers of cells.