海产养殖饵料四爿藻的生长评价

对目前普遍采用的四爿藻生物量累积时期生长状况的评价方法进行了比较,通过测定3种四爿藻的细胞数目、叶绿素a和叶绿素b的含量变化及几种波长下的特征光密度吸收值,分别绘制生长曲线。结果表明,叶绿素b含量变化和OD560、OD625、OD750变化与生长趋势不太吻合,而叶绿素a含量变化和细胞数目变化较为一致,呈现较为规则的指数生长曲线。这说明利用叶绿素a含量变化评价四爿藻生长状况较为可靠,而且可以通过测定光密度值直接获得,方便快捷,适合于大规模生产海产养殖饵料的需要。     

水环境中草甘膦对塔胞藻、塔玛亚历山大藻的毒性效应

[目的]以江苏海州湾常见微藻塔胞藻(Pyramidomonas delicatula)、塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)为受试藻,研究水环境中草甘膦对2种微藻的致毒胁迫效应。[方法]以叶绿素a含量、超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量为指标,研究2种海洋微藻的生长及细胞内抗氧化系统对草甘膦致毒胁迫的响应。[结果]草甘膦质量浓度高于6.15 mg/L,对2种微藻表现出明显抑制作用,塔胞藻、塔玛亚历山大藻10.25 mg/L组培养至7 d,分别为对照组的5.9%、6.4%;96 h培养时间内,草甘膦对塔胞藻及塔玛亚历山大藻叶绿素a含量的影响表现在降低叶绿素a的合成量,呈现显著的质量浓度-剂量效应;低质量浓度草甘膦对2种微藻的SOD活性均表现诱导性上升,在10.25 mg/L恢复对照组水平;草甘膦对2种微藻的CAT活性表现微弱抑制;2种微藻体内MDA含量随草甘膦处理质量浓度增加而显著增长,塔胞藻、塔玛亚历山大藻在10.25 mg/L试验组达最高值,均为对照组16倍之多。[结论]高质量浓度(≥6.15 mg/L)的草甘膦可以有效抑制海洋微藻抗氧化酶活性,对塔胞藻、塔玛亚历山大藻具有强烈的致毒效应,不同的海洋微藻对农药残留致毒胁迫的响应存在较大的种属差异性。旨在提示农药污染对水环境破坏的严重性,揭示海洋微藻作为环境毒理学评价指标的潜在应用。     

去藻247处理滇池藻类水的应用研究

滇池现属重富营养化水体。本文采用国外一种新型除藻剂去藻247用于处理滇池水样。投加四个不同浓度的除藻剂，通过监测叶绿素a、总磷的变化，得出去藻247在处理滇池水样时对叶绿素和总磷有较好的去除效果，其中当投加量为4mg／L时效果最佳，对叶绿素和总磷的去除率分别达到：56．7％和38．9％。     

组合水处理工艺除藻效率探讨

介绍了复旦大学基于藻毒素MC-LR在饮用水中的限值为1μg/L提出的饮用水源水中蓝藻细胞密度的限值为9．1×105个/L,并导出出厂水总藻细胞密度的限值应为(1．52-9．12)×106个/L,介绍了出厂水中叶绿素a的限值 0．3-0．5μg/L。按此三类限值(藻毒素,总藻密度,叶绿索a),对组合工艺(3个水厂的常规水处理工艺,3个水厂的强化常规处理工艺,3个水厂的深度处理工艺)的除藻,除藻毒素,除叶绿素a的效率进行了评价,认为水源水中藻细胞密度是出厂水藻密度是否符合限值要求的主要因素。故要加强水源防护。作者根据藻细胞尺寸及藻毒索,藻的致臭物, 叶绿素a的分子量大小,提出强化絮凝沉淀,采用高分子絮凝剂流化床接触絮凝澄清池,生物接触氧化池,气浮池等工艺可有效去除藻细胞及其所含藻毒素。不采用预氧化,防止破坏藻细胞,释放藻毒索,增加消毒副产物。以叶绿索 a评价净水效率测定方法上可能存在一些问题。     

原水监测中叶绿素a与藻类相关性

为探究叶绿素a与藻密度的相关性,试验分别以实验室条件下的纯藻种和水源型水库中的天然藻体为研究对象,通过定期对叶绿素a、藻密度的变化对比及线性相关性分析得出,实验室条件下单一藻种的叶绿素a与藻密度间存在显著线性正相关,水源型水库中叶绿素a与藻密度的相关性具有季节性特征,并通过LINEST函数模拟叶绿素a与藻密度的线性方程,构建叶绿素a-藻密度预测模型,可为水厂的藻类预警监测提供新思路.     

原水监测中叶绿素a与藻类相关性

为探究叶绿素a与藻密度的相关性,试验分别以实验室条件下的纯藻种和水源型水库中的天然藻体为研究对象,通过定期对叶绿素a、藻密度的变化对比及线性相关性分析得出,实验室条件下单一藻种的叶绿素a与藻密度间存在显著线性正相关,水源型水库中叶绿素a与藻密度的相关性具有季节性特征,并通过LINEST函数模拟叶绿素a与藻密度的线性方程,构建叶绿素a-藻密度预测模型,可为水厂的藻类预警监测提供新思路.     

从钝顶螺旋藻提取色素的初步探讨

本文初步研究了从螺旋藻中提取藻蓝素、叶绿素a和β-胡萝卜素的方法,并将叶绿素a制成它的铜钠盐。     

硫酸铜灭藻影响因素的试验研究

目的通过对硫酸铜灭藻影响因素的试验研究,确定出硫酸铜灭藻的最佳工况条件.方法以叶绿素a法作为检测方法,通过烧杯试验,确定处理含藻水的最佳硫酸铜投加量、接触反应时间、pH等参数.结果硫酸铜最佳投加量为1.5 mg/L;硫酸铜适宜的接触反应时间为8～12 h;pH值6.6左右时,硫酸铜藻类去除率较高,pH值＞9时,藻类去除率显著降低.结论 pH值对硫酸铜灭藻效果的影响较大;温度对硫酸铜灭藻有一定的影响;水中还原物质浓度对硫酸铜灭藻影响较小;藻类浓度不同对硫酸铜灭藻效果有一定的影响.     

光催化作用下ZnO/SnO2/蒙脱石复合物去除颤藻的研究

本文采用水解法制备了一种ZnO/SnO2/蒙脱石复合物,并研究了其絮凝和抑制水华典型藻-颤藻的效果.XRD和TEM实验表明在ZnO/SnO2/蒙脱石复合物中ZnO和SnO2纳米颗粒分散表面.叶绿素a含量和总可溶性蛋白质含量表明,ZnO/SnO2/蒙脱石具有很强的吸附絮凝颤藻的作用,在紫外光的辅助作用下,ZnO/SnO2/蒙脱石可以通过光催化作用降解颤藻.紫外光下使用50 mg· L-1ZnO/SnO2/蒙脱石在lh内,颤藻的叶绿素a去除率可以达到93.8％.ZnO/SnO2/蒙脱石可以通过吸附絮凝和光催化的协同作用去除颤藻.     

冷却水中藻类去除方法的研究进展

藻类污染作为水体污染的一部分,已引起人们的广泛关注。作者对物理法、化学法和生物法去除冷却水中的藻类的国内外现状进行了概述。综述了光磁协同、电化学等物理除藻方法,铜电解、臭氧氧化、化学药剂复配等化学除藻方法,以及利用水网藻和改性海带的生物除藻方法。并对各种方法的除藻机理及应用效果进行了简述。在总结国内外研究的基础上,对未来发展前景进行了评价和展望。     

Spectrophotometric analysis of chlorophyll pigments in canola and rapeseed oils

Of all the vegetable oils commonly in production, rapeseed and canola oil have the highest level of undesirable chlorophyll pigments. Chlorophyll is desirable as a flavour and colour agent in olive oil, the other species with significant levels. In canola and rapeseed oils, chlorophyll is not desired because it imparts an undesirable colour, especially in North America where consumers are accustomed to colourless oils. It also makes the processed oils more susceptible to oxidation, even after the chlorophyll components have been removed. The content and role of chlorophyll in canola seed and oil have been well reviewed recently [1].     

几种天然活性物对黑色素细胞毒性及美白功效的比较

为比较几种天然产物的美白效果及细胞毒性大小，采用小鼠B16黑色素细胞为受试细胞，分别研究了熊果苷及两种不同的海藻多糖对黑色素细胞的细胞毒性、酪氨酸酶活性和黑色素合成的影响。结果表明：熊果苻具有明显的细胞毒件，与之相比，海藻多糖对黑色素细胞活力几乎无影响；3种药物对细胞内酪氨酸酶活性及黑色素合成均有浓度依赖性的抑制作用，且熊果苷的抑制作用高于海藻多糖。     

Novel Cocoa Butter Equivalent from Microalgal Butters

An acetone solvent fractionation procedure was used to obtain two algal butter fractions, an algal stearin containing high amounts of 1,3-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (SOS), and an algal mid-fraction containing high amounts of 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (POP), and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl, 3-stearoyl-glycerol (POS). Algal stearin and algal mid-fraction were blended (1:9 w/w) to yield a potential cocoa butter equivalent (CBE). The amount of POP, POS, and SOS, in algal CBE was 15.8%, 32.0%, and 24.6%, respectively, compared to 15.4%, 38.8%, and 27.7% in Cocoa butter (CB). However, a higher amount of POO and SOO in the algal CBE caused a lower solid fat content at all temperatures compared to CB. This study demonstrates the potential for producing a new algal CBE using solvent fractionation and blending techniques that can be used in chocolate and other confectionery products.     

不同生长条件对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

目前,愈演愈烈的水体富营养化现象给水处理工艺带来了十分严峻的考验。为了深刻理解水处理工艺中主要运行条件对铜绿微囊藻生长代谢的影响,试验以藻细胞个数和胞外分泌物浓度为指标,在长达30 d的试验周期内研究了藻细胞繁殖阶段中水温、光照和振动等参数与铜绿微囊藻生长代谢变化之间的相互联系。结果发现改变水温和水力学条件对藻细胞的生长代谢有着十分重要的影响。环境条件的改变（如提高水温和增加振动频率）虽然有利于藻细胞的灭活,但也可能导致胞外分泌物含量的激增,这对水处理效果有着严重负面影响。     

Analysis of Triacylglycerols and Free Fatty Acids in Algae Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

To assess the suitability of microalgal strains for biodiesel production the lipid content and composition, especially individual triacylglycerols (TAG) and free fatty acids (FFA) must be determined. In this study, the compositions and concentrations of TAG and FFA were analysed in four halophytic algal species, Dunaliella salina, D. tertiolecta, D. bardawil, and D. granulata. These species were selected as part of a larger screen to identify species suitable for biofuel feedstocks. An accelerated solvent extraction instrument was used for lipids and fatty acid extraction using a dichloromethane–hexane solvent system. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) detection was optimized and applied to the quantitative analysis of TAG and FFA in the different algal extracts. Individual TAG were characterized structurally using direct electrospray ionization (ESI) MS and MS/MS techniques. Cationic adducts (NH₄ ⁺) of TAG were detected and quantified in the positive ESI MS and MS/MS modes, while the negative ESI mode was used for FFA analysis. Over 20 TAG were identified and quantified in the four Dunaliella strains. Analysis of FFA compositions demonstrated that the most abundant FFA in these four algal species were palmitic, linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids.     

Extraction of Algal Lipids and Their Analysis by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry

Algae are a promising source of biofuel but claims about their lipid content can be ambiguous because extraction methods vary and lipid quantitation often does not distinguish between particular lipid classes. Here we compared methods for the extraction of algal lipids and showed that 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE) provides superior lipid recovery (>150–200 %) compared to other common extraction solvents such as chloroform:methanol or hexane. Extractions of wet and dry algal biomass showed that 2-EE was more effective at extracting lipids from wet rather than dried algal pellets. To analyze lipid content we used normal-phase HPLC with parallel quantitation by an evaporative light scattering detector and a mass spectrometer. Analysis of crude lipid extracts showed that all major lipid classes could be identified and quantified and revealed a surprisingly large amount of saturated hydrocarbons (HC). This HC fraction was isolated from extracts of bioreactor-grown algae and further analyzed by HPLC/MS, NMR, and GC/MS. The results showed that the sample consisted of a mixture of saturated, straight- and branched-chain HC of different chain lengths. These algal HC could represent an alternative biofuel to triacylglycerols (TAG) that could feed directly into the current petroleum infrastructure.     

Glycerol and Acetate Additions to Maximize Lipid Content in High-Density Cultures of Phagotrophic Alga Ochromonas danica

Waste organics conversion to algal lipid is environmentally friendly and it promotes sustainability. Achieving high-lipid content in cells is crucial to the economic feasibility of algal lipid production and collection. Here, a phagotrophic microalga Ochromonas danica was grown on waste ketchup and then stimulated to accumulate high-lipid content using glycerol and acetate. Individually, glycerol and acetate could increase lipid synthesis. Sequential glycerol-then-acetate addition was more effective; for an O. danica culture with 0.25 g L⁻¹ cells, the intracellular lipid content was increased to 70–80% (w/w) in 6–12 hours. However, acetate added at >1 g L⁻¹ damaged cells. For high-density (25 g L⁻¹) fermentations, glycerol and acetate addition strategies were evaluated to overcome this inhibition. Results indicated that glycerol could be added in batches or continuously as long as the amount was sufficient to satisfy the glycerol consumption rate of 6 mg (g cells-hour)⁻¹ while acetic acid needed to be added continuously, optimal at a rate of 0.27–0.30 g hour⁻¹ or 12–14 mg (g cells-hour)⁻¹. Intracellular lipid content could reach 70–80% after 2-day supplementation of glycerol and acetic acid. The methods of glycerol/acetate additions developed here enhance algal lipid production and enable effective conversion of organic wastes to algal lipids as sustainable bioproducts.     

Unsaponifiable matter of green and blue-green algal lipids as a factor of biochemical differentiation of their biomasses: I. Total unsaponifiable and hydrocarbon fraction

As part of a program to study the chemical composition of algal biomasses, the composition of the unsaponifiable matter of the lipids of ten algal species (fiveMyxophyceae and fiveChlorophyceae) was investigated. The total unsaponifiable content, its general composition, and the components of the hydrocarbon fraction are discussed in the present paper. The unsaponifiable content of green algae is constantly higher than that of the blue-green ones, with the exception ofChlorella. In both algal classes, the major components are hydrocarbons and sterols. Blue-green algae are richer in hydrocarbons, whereas the green ones contain higher amounts of sterols. In most of the species examined, at least 48 components are present in the hydrocarbon fraction. Each algal species shows a characteristic gas liquid chromatography pattern, but n-C₁₇ is always one of the most abundant components. Generally, the prokaryotic blue-green algae show a simpler hydrocarbon composition than the eucaryotic green algae, which contain higher amounts of high mol wt components. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are generally present in very limited quantities, with the exception ofSpirulina sp. andChlorella, sp., which contain a C₁₇ alkene. Green algae also contain appreciable amounts of a C₂₇ monoene and of squalene.     

高铁酸盐对气浮藻渣脱水处理的探讨

对利用高铁酸盐脱水剂处理气浮藻渣的技术原理、设备选型和运行结果进行了论述。     

Steaming,boiling after pre-frying,and stir-frying influence the fatty acid profiles and oxidative stability of soybean oil blended with docosahexaenoic acid algal oil

The objective of this study was to improve the content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and obtain the blended oils used for different cooking methods (steaming, boiling, and stir-frying) by blending 0%–15% DHA algal oil into soybean oil. It was shown that the addition of DHA algal oil increased saturated fatty acid (SFA) (1.57%) but decreased monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (0.76%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (0.68%). Various cooking methods significantly changed the fatty acid (FA) compositions. Steaming is a more effective way to prevent DHA loss and the production of trans-fatty acid than boiling and stir-frying. Besides, a positive result from free fatty acid (FFA) and peroxide value also demonstrated that steaming was a better way to protect oils. Overall, the soybean oil blended with 3% DHA algal oil with better oxidative stability and could be recommended for daily application by steaming.