新疆艾比湖湿地博乐河入口处土壤细菌多样性分析

【目的】了解新疆艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区非培养土壤细菌群落组成及多样性。【方法】采用非培养法直接从湿地土壤提取总DNA进行16S r RNA基因扩增,构建细菌16S r RNA基因克隆文库。使用MspⅠ和AfaⅠ限制性内切酶对阳性克隆进行16S r RNA基因扩增片段的限制性酶切分析(Amplified r DNA restriction analysis,ARDRA),挑取具有不同双酶切图谱的克隆进行测序,序列比对并构建16S r RNA基因系统发育树。【结果】从土壤细菌的16S r RNA基因文库中随机挑取75个不同谱型的克隆子,共得到58个OTUs,系统发育归类为8个细菌类群:绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrob)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)。其中,变形菌门为第一优势菌群,拟杆菌门为第二优势菌群,两者约占总克隆的65%。【结论】艾比湖湿地博乐河入口处土壤细菌多样性丰富,且存在一定数量的潜在微生物新种。     

小龙虾肠道细菌群落多样性及产蛋白酶细菌的筛选

【背景】养殖动物对饲料的消化利用往往与肠道菌群密切相关。【目的】揭示小龙虾肠道细菌群落组成,并从小龙虾肠道筛选产蛋白酶细菌。【方法】在Illumina MiSeq PE300平台对细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4区进行高通量测序,分析小龙虾肠道细菌群落多样性;通过酪蛋白平板法筛选产蛋白酶细菌并进行分子生物学鉴定。【结果】小龙虾肠道细菌优势门包括变形菌门、软壁菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门等4个门,累计占比为98.53%;优势属包括柠檬酸杆菌属、支原体科Candidatus_Bacilloplasma暂定属、哈夫尼菌属、肠球菌属、拟杆菌属、梭菌科未分类属、希瓦氏菌属等7个属,累计占比为91.67%。通过酪蛋白平板法筛选的产蛋白酶细菌来自哈夫尼菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、克雷伯氏菌属和芽孢杆菌属。【结论】小龙虾肠道细菌核心类群在蛋白质消化利用中发挥了重要作用。     

性激素变化对小鼠肠道菌群构成的影响

肠道菌群在维持宿主免疫和消化系统功能方面发挥着重要作用,肠道菌群的多样性和丰富度是衡量宿主健康状况的重要生理指标。性激素对动物生长发育发挥重要作用,但其对肠道菌群构成影响的相关实验研究相对较少。本研究以模式生物小鼠（Mus musculus）为对象,探究性激素的变化对小鼠肠道菌群构成的影响。采用外科手术方式建立小鼠去势模型,通过16S r RNA高通量测序技术,研究性激素对小鼠肠道菌群构成的影响。研究结果表明,雌性小鼠和雄性小鼠去势后,性激素水平显著下降。肠道菌群在门水平上,正常小鼠和去势小鼠肠道细菌群落均由拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、埃普西隆杆菌门（Epsilonbacteraeota）、髌骨细菌门（Patescibacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、软壁菌门（Tenericutes）、脱铁杆菌门（Deferribacteres）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和蓝藻细菌门（Cyanobacteria）组成,主要菌群为厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门物种,两门占物种相对丰度百分比...     

水环境中重金属铜对异育银鲫肠道微生物的影响

【目的】了解水环境中重金属铜对异育银鲫肠道微生物组成及多样性的影响。【方法】采用试剂盒提取异育银鲫肠道总DNA,然后对总DNA进行16S r RNA进行扩增,构建异育银鲫肠道微生物16S r RNA基因克隆文库,最后进行数据分析。【结果】厚壁菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门为异育银鲫肠道中主要的细菌类群,在不同浓度的重金属铜胁迫处理后,厚壁菌门的含量明显降低。稀释性曲线、Venn图和多样性指数分析结果表明,重金属铜胁迫处理后异育银鲫肠道微生物多样性明显降低。【结论】重金属铜会使异育银鲫肠道微生物组成及多样性降低。此结果为研究重金属污染对异育银鲫健康状况的影响及异育银鲫养殖过程中病害的诊断奠定基础。     

基于16SrRNA测序研究蒙桑根际细菌多样性

根际细菌丰富多样,对植物的生长发育有重要影响。为更好的了解野生蒙桑和移植栽培蒙桑根际细菌的多样性组成和差异,本研究提取了两样本的宏基因组DNA,利用Roche 454 GS FLX测序技术对样本菌群的16S r RNA基因的V1~V3区域进行测序。测序结果表明:野生蒙桑根际细菌的主导类群为变形菌门(31.62%)和酸酐菌门(19.8%);栽培蒙桑的主导类群为厚壁菌门(89.07%),两样本的沙浓指数分别为5.8和1.33。栽培蒙桑样本OTU498的基因序列数占总样本的78.9%,其最相近菌属为苏云金芽孢杆菌;野生蒙桑OTU656、OTU556、OTU568和OTU665占总样本的8.17%,最相近菌属是丝状共生菌。进化分析发现两样本菌群具有各自的特异性,大都来源于同一菌门的不同菌属,分别聚类。本研究表明移栽后蒙桑根际细菌的多样性降低,主导类群也发生了变化,基于16S r RNA测序可以揭示根际细菌的组成结构。     

南美白对虾肠道微生物群落的分子分析

采用分子生物学手段16S rDNA克隆文库方法对实验室养殖条件下的南美白对虾肠道细菌进行了多样性研究。用限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)方法从文库中筛选出可能不同细菌来源的克隆子12个,测定其16S rDNA片段核甘酸序列,将所获得的序列与GenBank数据库进行BLAST比对,结果表明:南美白对虾肠道的16S rDNA克隆文库中126个克隆子分属2个不同的细菌类群:变形细菌(Proteobacteria)和厚壁细菌(Firmicutes),其中厚壁细菌为优势菌群占到75.4%,且与最相似序列同源性均低于94%;变形细菌占到24.6%,与最相似序列同源性均高于98%,分别为希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella),泛菌属(Pantoea),Aranicola属,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和弧菌属(Vibrio)。     

东太平洋多金属结核区两个站位深海沉积物细菌多样性北大核心CSCD

【目的】为了解东太平洋中国多金属结核勘探合同区西区2个站位(WBC1305和WBC1316A)深海沉积物细菌群多样性。【方法】直接提取环境样品总基因组,通过PCR和TA克隆策略构建了2个站位6个层次16S r RNA基因文库,对2个站位沉积物表层泥样中细菌多样性和群落结构特征进行分析,并通过构建系统发育树,进行系统发育学分析。【结果】2个站位6个文库共获得有效克隆533个,其中472个克隆包括α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、δ-变形菌纲、浮霉菌门、酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、迷踪菌门、芽单胞菌门、Hydrogenedentes、Chlorobi和Nitrospinae16个细菌类群,而另外61个克隆为不可分类细菌类群。【结论】结果表明γ-变形菌纲和厚壁菌门分别是WBC1305和WBC1316A站位的优势种群;WBC1316A站位细菌群落结构更加丰富和复杂。     

野生大鲵肠道细菌多样性及产酶活性研究

[目的]纯培养分离大鲵肠道细菌并研究其多样性及产酶活性。[方法]分离大鲵肠道细菌并进行胞外淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶活性研究,并应用16S rRNA系统发育分析对菌落进行分子鉴定。[结果]纯培养分离得到65株细菌,产酶活性结果表明:62株产蛋白酶、46株产淀粉酶、61株产纤维素酶、2株产脂肪酶。将65株细菌16S rRNA序列扩增并进行RFLP分析后选取33株进行测序,可划分为2个门5个属:变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占总数的54.5%,分为普罗维登斯菌属(Providencia)、柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter);厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)占总数的45.5%,分为漫游球菌属(Vagococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属(Lysinibacillus)。[结论]大鲵肠道细菌产酶活性,分离出的细菌多样性丰富进行测序的肠道细菌可分为2门5属。     

贵州苗岭地区野猪肠道菌群结构与功能分析

野猪是当前南方山地森林生态系统中数量激增的主要有蹄类。为揭示贵州苗岭地区野猪肠道细菌的群落结构、多样性及菌群功能,本研究采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术检测了4头野猪胃肠道（胃、回肠、结肠和直肠）的细菌群落,共获得1 268 577条有效序列。经质控过滤,所有序列归类于1 019个OTU,包含19门292属。在门分类水平上,野猪肠道内核心菌群主要为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）,优势菌属包括普雷沃氏菌属（Prevotella）、乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、大肠-志贺氏菌属（Escherichia-Shigella）和双歧杆菌属（Bifidobacterium）等15个菌属。稀疏曲线表明测序深度已基本覆盖样品中所有细菌,测序充分。alpha多样性指数中,结肠和直肠的Chao1和Shannon指数显著高于胃和回肠（P<0.05）,证明结肠和直肠比胃和回肠具有更高的菌群丰富度和多样性。主坐标分析（PCoA）和相似性分析（Anosim）结果也同样表明野猪不同肠道菌群结构具有显著差异。LEfSe分析表明在野猪不同肠段共有22个显著差异的细菌菌属,其中大部分都归属于厚壁菌门,并且PICRUSt分析显示不同的肠段也表现出独特的代谢功能和代谢途径。本研究初步揭示了野猪的肠道菌群特征,发现野生种群野猪肠道中具有相对复杂的菌群结构,且不同肠段间存在显著差异。     

沁水盆地寺河地区煤层水细菌多样性分析

[目的]了解沁水盆地寺河地区煤层水中细菌群落组成和物种多样性。[方法]采用免培养法提取煤层水中微生物总DNA,利用细菌通用引物构建16S r DNA基因克隆文库。采用HhaⅠ、MspⅠ限制性内切酶对克隆子进行RFLP分析,测序并构建16S r DNA基因系统发育树。[结果]从文库中筛选出234个阳性克隆,覆盖度为97.4%,聚类为28个操作分类单元。BLAST比对、RDP归类及系统发育分析将这234个克隆归为变形菌门、拟杆菌门、螺旋体门、疣微菌门、黏胶球形菌门。其中变形菌门为绝对优势类群,占整个细菌克隆文库的80.1%。变形菌门中的ε-变形菌纲,占整个基因文库的35%。[结论]应用16S r DNA克隆文库技术,分析沁水盆地寺河地区煤层水中细菌类群的多样性不高。     

中国南海沉积环境可培养细菌多样性研究

【目的】探索海洋沉积环境中可培养细菌的多样性。【方法】采用纯培养分离及16S rRNA基因序列鉴定的方法,对我国南海海域20个沉积物样品进行细菌多样性分析。【结果】共获得200株细菌,分属于47个属,99个种。经系统进化分析,可培养菌株主要分布于4个类群:厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),优势类群为Firmicutes,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)所占比例为55.6%;而Actinobacteria和Bacteroidetes两个类群获得菌株较少;在Firmicutes和Actinobacteria两个类群中发现8个潜在新种和3个潜在新属级类群。【结论】初步研究结果表明,南海海洋沉积环境可培养微生物资源丰富,新物种资源多样;其中,芽孢杆菌为海洋沉积环境中的优势类群,随着样品深度的增加,细菌多样性呈现递减的趋势,深度可能是影响细菌多样性的一个重要因素;其次,分离培养基和分离方法直接关系到样品中可培养微生物多样性的发现,有待深入研究。     

美洲大蠊成虫肠道可培养细菌多样性研究

【目的】了解美洲大蠊成虫肠道可培养细菌的多样性。【方法】运用纯培养法、数值分类和16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析对样品中可培养细菌多样性进行研究。【结果】从NA培养基中分离得到54株细菌,根据形态观察和部分生理生化特性,选取32个代表性菌株进行16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育多样性分析。结果表明,数值分类中的代表菌株在82%相似水平上可分为12个表观群;这些分离菌株代表20个物种,属于4个大的系统发育类群(Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria)的10个科、15个属。多数菌株属于Proteobacteria门(15株,占46.9%)和Bacteroidetes门(10株,占31.3%)。【结论】美洲大蠊成虫肠道内存在较为丰富的细菌多样性。     

泥浸汁对太湖沉积物中的好氧可培养细菌多样性的影响

【目的】研究添加泥浸汁与否对太湖沉积物中可培养细菌的影响。【方法】采用R2A培养基和添加泥浸汁R2A培养基对沉积物中细菌进行分离培养,16S r RNA基因系统发育分析比较种群结构。【结果】培养基中添加泥浸汁,可使可培养细菌的种类数量增加到1.6倍。16S r RNA基因序列分析表明,培养的优势细菌类群存在明显差别。R2A培养基上生长的细菌主要为厚壁菌门(52%)、放线菌门(24%)、变形菌门(20%)和拟杆菌门(4%),其中大部分细菌与芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、节杆菌属等关系密切;而添加泥浸汁的R2A培养基上生长的细菌则主要为变形菌门(40%)、放线菌门(35%)、厚壁菌门(22.5%)和拟杆菌门(2.5%),与鞘脂单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属、副球菌属、节杆菌属等关系密切。【结论】添加泥浸汁原始营养因子可提高沉积物中可培养细菌的多样性,提高菌种可培养效率。     

Phylogenetic analysis of intestinal bacteria in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

AIMS: To identify the dominant intestinal bacteria in the Chinese mitten crab, and to investigate the differences in the intestinal bacteria between pond-raised and wild crabs. METHODS AND RESULTS: The diversity of intestinal bacteria in the Chinese mitten crabs was investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting, 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis and real-time quantitative PCR. The principal component analysis of DGGE profiles indicated that substantial intersubject variations existed in intestinal bacteria in pond-raised crab. The sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed that 90-95% of the phylotypes in the clone libraries were affiliated with Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Some genera were identified as unique in wild crabs and in pond-raised crabs, whereas Bacteroidetes was found to be common in all sampled crab groups. Real-time quantitative PCR indicated that the abundance of Bacteroides and the total bacterial load were approximately four-to-10 times higher in pond-raised crabs than in wild crabs. A significant portion of the phylotypes shared low similarity with previously sequenced organisms, indicating that the bacteria in the gut of Chinese mitten crabs are yet to be described. CONCLUSIONS: The intestinal bacteria of pond-raised crabs showed higher intersubject variation, total diversity and abundance than that observed in wild crabs. The high proportion of the clones of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in the clone library is an indication that these bacteria may be the dominant population in the gut of the Chinese mitten crab. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrated obvious differences in the intestinal bacterial composition of pond-raised crabs and wild crabs. This knowledge will increase our understanding of the effects of aquaculture operations on bacterial community composition in the crab gut and provide necessary data for the development of probiotic products for crab cultivation.     

青岛近海沉积物生物被膜中密度感应及密度感应淬灭细菌多样性

【背景】细菌密度感应(Quorum sensing,QS)是指细菌利用分泌的信号分子进行相互交流的现象,而密度感应淬灭(Quorumquenching,QQ)是指通过干扰信号分子的产生、释放、积累或应答从而阻抑密度感应通路。【目的】探究青岛近海沉积物生物被膜中密度感应和密度感应淬灭细菌的多样性。【方法】采用海水培养基2216E从青岛近海沉积物生物被膜中分离获取可培养细菌,采用平板交互划线和高通量筛选的方法分别筛选具有密度感应和密度感应淬灭的菌株。【结果】共分离获得83株共54种具有密度感应和密度感应淬灭的细菌,分属于四大细菌门类:变形菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门和放线菌门。其中,38株(45.8%)可以产生酰基高丝氨酸内酯(Acyl-homoserine lactone,AHL)类信号分子,它们分属于变形菌门(37株,15种)和拟杆菌门(1株,1种),优势属为弧菌属和鲁杰氏菌属;能够降解AHL类信号分子的有57株(68.7%),在变形菌门(41株,23种)、拟杆菌门(14株,10种)、厚壁菌门(5株,5种)以及放线菌门(1株,1种)中均有分布。【结论】在青岛近海沉积物生物被膜可培养细菌中,具有密度感应和密度感应淬灭现象的菌株具有很高的丰度和多样性,为后续生态学意义的研究与海洋微生物的开发提供了参考。     

Diversity of cultivable bacteria from deep-sea sediments of the Colombian Caribbean and their potential in bioremediation

The diversity of deep-sea cultivable bacteria was studied in seven sediment samples of the Colombian Caribbean. Three hundred and fifty two marine bacteria were isolated according to its distinct morphological character on the solid media, then DNA sequences of the 16S rRNA were amplified to identify the isolated strains. The identified bacterial were arranged in three phylogenetic groups, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, with 34 different OTUs defined at ≥?97% of similarity and 70 OTUs at ≥?98.65%, being the 51% Firmicutes, 34% Proteobacteria and 15% Actinobacteria. Bacillus and Fictibacillus were the dominant genera in Firmicutes, Halomonas and Pseudomonas in Proteobacteria and Streptomyces and Micromonospora in Actinobacteria. In addition, the strains were tested for biosurfactants and lipolytic enzymes production, with 120 biosurfactant producing strains (mainly Firmicutes) and, 56 lipolytic enzymes producing strains (Proteobacteria). This report contributes to the understanding of the diversity of the marine deep-sea cultivable bacteria from the Colombian Caribbean, and their potential application as bioremediation agents.

     

渤海沉积物产脂肪酶细菌的筛选及其多样性分析

【目的】从渤海沉积物中分离筛选产脂肪酶细菌,分析其物种多样性,增加人们对渤海生态系统中产脂肪酶菌多样性的认识,获取高效产脂肪酶菌株,为海洋产脂肪酶微生物的挖掘提供菌群资源。【方法】分别将8个渤海沉积物样品梯度稀释涂布至吐温-80筛选平板和三丁酸甘油酯筛选平板,选择性分离产脂肪酶细菌;分析基于16SrRNA基因序列的系统发育关系,揭示这些细菌的分类地位和遗传多样性;利用对硝基苯酚法测定胞外脂肪酶活性,筛选出高效产脂肪酶菌株。【结果】从8个渤海沉积物样品中分离获得51株产脂肪酶细菌,这些菌株隶属于Bacteroidetes、Proteobacteria和Firmicutes三个门的8个属,其中Pseudoalteromonas(35.2%)、Marinobacter(23.5%)和Sulfitobacter(17.6%)是优势菌群;脂肪酶酶活性实验表明所有测定菌株都能够分泌脂肪酶,菌株70623分泌的脂肪酶酶活最高,为42.4 U/m L。【结论】渤海沉积物中可培养产脂肪酶细菌类群较为丰富,Pseudoalteromonas、Marinobacter和Sulfitobacter菌株是优势菌群,测定菌株所产胞外脂肪酶能力不同,获得了一株高效产脂肪酶菌株Marinobacter sp.70623。     

Interspecific comparison of the fecal microbiota structure in three Arctic migratory bird species

The gut microbiota of birds is known to be characterized for different species, although it may change with feeding items. In this study, we compared the gut microbiota of birds with different feeding behaviors in the same habitat. We collected fecal samples from three Arctic species, snow buntings Plectrophenax nivalis, sanderlings Calidris alba, and pink‐footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus that are phylogenetically quite distant in different families to evaluate effects of diet on gut microbiota. Also, we characterized the prevalence of fecal bacteria using the Illumina MiSeq platform to sequence bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Our NMDS results showed that fecal bacteria of snow buntings and sanderlings were significantly distant from those of pink‐footed geese. Although all three birds were occupied by three bacterial phyla, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, dominant taxa still varied among the species. Our bacterial sequences showed that snow buntings and sanderlings were dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while pink‐footed geese were dominated by Proteobacteria. In addition, the bacterial diversity in snow buntings and sanderlings was significantly higher than that in pink‐footed geese. Our results suggest that insectivorous feeding diet of snow buntings and sanderlings could be responsible for the similar bacterial communities between the two species despite the distant phylogenetic relationship. The distinctive bacterial community in pink‐footed geese was discussed to be related with their herbivorous diet.     

新疆乌尔禾地区盐渍土壤耐盐细菌多样性与群落结构研究

研究新疆北部乌尔禾地区盐渍土壤中微生物群落结构及多样性,以期发现新的高盐环境耐盐性微生物资源菌株。采用传统分离培养法获得可培养耐盐菌株并对菌株形态学、16S rRNA基因测序、耐盐特性进行研究,同时结合高通量测序技术分析新疆乌尔禾地区盐渍土壤耐盐细菌的多样性与群落结构。共分离得到耐盐细菌11株,分属6个属,均为中度耐盐菌,以芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势菌。对盐渍土壤微生物16S rRNA(V3～V4)基因测序,共获得细菌序列290 952条,分属24个门410个属,变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 60.31%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 21.52%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes, 6.9%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria, 6%)相对丰度较高。优势属为克吕沃尔菌属(Kluyvera,21%)、Hafnia-Obesumbacterium(19.6%)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas,7.5%)。结果表明,新疆乌尔禾地区盐渍土壤耐盐细菌优势菌群以芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)居多,细菌群落结构较复杂,潜在可利用微生物资源较为丰富,对高盐极端环境耐盐微生物新资源有进一步研究的意义。     

Bacteria abundance and diversity of different life stages of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), revealed by bacteria culture‐dependent and PCR‐DGGE methods

Microbial abundance and diversity of different life stages (fourth instar larvae, pupae and adults) of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., collected from field and reared in laboratory, were investigated using bacteria culture‐dependent method and PCR‐DGGE analysis based on the sequence of bacteria 16S rRNA V3 region gene. A large quantity of bacteria was found in all life stages of P. xylostella. Field population had higher quantity of bacteria than laboratory population, and larval gut had higher quantity than pupae and adults. Culturable bacteria differed in different life stages of P. xylostella. Twenty‐five different bacterial strains were identified in total, among them 20 strains were presented in larval gut, only 8 strains in pupae and 14 strains in adults were detected. Firmicutes bacteria, Bacillus sp., were the most dominant species in every life stage. 15 distinct bands were obtained from DGGE electrophoresis gel. The sequences blasted in GenBank database showed these bacteria belonged to six different genera. Phylogenetic analysis showed the sequences of the bacteria belonged to the Actinobacteri, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Serratia sp. in Proteobacteria was the most abundant species in larval gut. In pupae, unculturable bacteria were the most dominant species, and unculturable bacteria and Serratia sp. were the most dominant species in adults. Our study suggested that a combination of molecular and traditional culturing methods can be effectively used to analyze and to determine the diversity of gut microflora. These known bacteria may play important roles in development of P. xylostella.