材料光谱发射率测量装置线性度研究

介绍了对中国计量科学研究院建立的材料光谱发射率测量装置关于光谱辐射线性度的研究.本文应用双温黑体法模拟发射率测量的情况,验证了光谱辐射测量的线性度.从而保证发射率测量装置的可靠性,并根据验证中体现出的问题进行分析,也有利于下一步装置改进.     

黑体辐射源HT-9500的空腔温场测量

高温变温黑体辐射源HT-9500有效光谱发射率测算及不确定度评估的核心为黑体腔非均匀温度场的测量问题。本文通过热电偶、均温块亮温以及本地亮温三种扫描方法测量了HT-9500黑体空腔在1000℃、1300℃、1500℃条件下的温场分布,讨论并给出温场上下限。该结论可以用于基于蒙特卡洛方法的有效光谱发射率测算及不确定度评估,进而可被应用于多光谱条件下的辐射温度量值传递及积分黑体法高温材料光谱发射率测量研究。     

自校准红外光谱仪的辐射定标与外场应用

为精确获取目标场地的光谱发射率和场地地表温度,研制了具有自校准能力的傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,用于外场地表光谱辐亮度和大气下行辐亮度的测量。开展实验室定标工作,将面源黑体作为标准辐射源,选取观测地面目标热辐射最理想的8～14μm波段,对仪器进行两点法和线性多点法的辐射定标,确定两点法可满足仪器自定标需求。分析光谱仪测量过程中的不确定来源,得到合成不确定度优于0.22 K。开展外场实验,结合光谱迭代平滑温度和发射率分离算法(ISSTES)实现了地表温度和光谱发射率的分离,将获取的光谱发射率与多通道红外辐射计在同一场地下测得的光谱发射率进行比较,进一步验证了自校准红外光谱仪在外场应用时的测量精度和稳定性。     

基于积分球反射法的面辐射源发射率分布测量研究

发射率分布测量是评价大口径辐射源辐射均匀性的重要基础，但目前针对相关参数的研究较为匮乏。基于全半球激光积分反射方案，设计搭建了基于积分球反射法的红外辐射源发射率分布特征测量系统；开展了测量系统的性能研究，评价了激光光源子系统的稳定性，并在3 W的激光器功率下开展了面辐射源发射率分布特征测量实验。结果表明：建立的测量系统的稳定性良好，以标准金板表面为研究对象，多次测量结果的重复性为0.30%;开展了碳基面辐射源发射率分布实验测量，获得面辐射源发射率的分布云图，发射率的均匀性为98.1%。     

常温黑体光谱发射率校准技术研究

为了能够实现常温状态下的黑体光谱发射率的准确测量,基于连续可调激光器,搭建了一套中红外波段黑体光谱发射率测量装置。采用自行设计10mA恒流源对MCT探测器进行驱动,测量结果的动态范围从7.29×10⁴提高到4.32×10⁵,有效提升了探测系统的动态范围。该装置实现了覆盖光谱范围7.5~10.6μm,发射率测量量值范围0.01~0.9999的高精度测量,最优不确定度为4.0×10^-5(k=2)。     

发射率混合测量技术及在红外辐射测温中的应用

结合短波下利用反射法测量发射率精度高和长波下利用定义法测量发射率精度高的优点,提出了一种光谱发射率混合测量技术.测量了近红外4个波长下轻度氧化钢板的发射率,并对此技术在红外辐射测温中的应用进行了研究.实验结果表明:当实验条件控制合适时,采用该技术测量发射率的不确定度小于2%.     

100～400K真空红外亮温标准黑体辐射源研制

介绍了中国计量科学研究院研制的100~400K真空红外亮温标准黑体辐射源的工作原理、结构、性能测试方法及测试结果。黑体辐射源通过液氮制冷与3温区控制实现了100~400K范围内的温度控制。在真空环境下,测试了其在温度范围100~400K轴向温度均匀性、底部温度稳定性等技术指标,结果表明均匀性优于0.120K,控温稳定性优于0.020K/20min;在室温大气环境下,利用基于控制环境辐射的发射率测量方法测量了黑体空腔发射率,空腔法向发射率为0.9998。采用基于蒙特卡罗黑体发射率仿真计算方法分析轴向温度均匀性对空腔发射率的影响,分析了标准黑体辐射源的不确定度来源,在8~16 μm波长亮度温度的合成标准不确定度优于0.030K。     

测量光谱发射率的数学模型的建立

作者建立了一套测量300～500 ℃温度区间物体表面法向红外光谱发射率测量装置.在全面了解光电器件、电测设备原理基础上,从发射率定义出发,建立了与装置相对应的测量物体表面光谱发射率的数学(物理)模型,为实验数据的整理和不确定度评估打下了理论基础.     

激光跟踪仪测量曲面的测量不确定度研究

针对激光跟踪仪用于曲面轮廓度测量的不确定度评定问题,在论述了激光跟踪仪的标定和面向任务的测量不确定度的基础上,重点研究了Monte-Carlo模拟方法评价面向任务的不确定度的基本思想,并提出了虚拟激光跟踪仪的概念.最后通过实验研究,验证了采用Monte-Carlo模拟方法评价激光跟踪仪测量曲面轮廓度的不确定度是可行的.     

浴式黑体辐射源校准方法研究

介绍了几种典型的浴式黑体辐射源,并详细说明了校准方法。校准过程包括恒温槽内工作区域划定、介质温度测量、黑体腔有效发射率评估、辐射温度有效发射率修正等步骤。最终给出了浴式黑体辐射源的校准结果,并进行了不确定度评定。     

Thermophysical Properties by a Pulse-Heating Reflectometric Technique: Niobium, 1100 to 2700 K

Pulse-heating experiments were performed on niobium strips, taking the specimens from room temperature to the melting point is less than one second. The normal spectral emissivity of the strips was measured by integrating sphere reflectometry, and, simultaneously, experimental data (radiance temperature, current, voltage drop) for thermophysical properties were collected with sub-millisecond time resolution. The normal spectral emissivity results were used to compute the true temperature of the niobium strips; the heat capacity, electrical resistivity, and hemispherical total emissivity were evaluated in the temperature range 1100 to 2700 K. The results are compared with literature data obtained in pulse-heating experiments. It is concluded that combined measurements of normal spectral emissivity and of thermophysical properties on strip specimens provide results of the same quality as obtained using tubular specimens with a blackbody. The thermophysical property results on niobium also validate the normal spectral emissivity measurements by integrating sphere reflectometry.     

高温黑体空腔有效发射率的计算

建立了圆筒形黑体空腔模型,分别基于积分方程法、有限元分析法、Monte-Carlo法对该黑体空腔的有效发射率进行计算,并对比分析了不同腔体几何形状、腔体材料发射率、探测器距腔口距离等因素对黑体空腔有效发射率的影响。结果表明:在相同长径比、孔径比、材料发射率等条件下,长径比较大、孔径比较小、腔体材料发射率较大时黑体空腔有效发射率较大。     

Emissivity Measurements on Metallic Surfaces with Various Degrees of Roughness: A Comparison of Laser Polarimetry and Integrating Sphere Reflectometry

Both integrating sphere reflectometry (ISR) as well as laser polarimetry have their advantages and limitations in their ability to determine the normal spectral emissivity of metallic samples. Laser polarimetry has been used for years to obtain normal spectral emissivity measurements on pulse-heated materials. The method is based on the Fresnel equations, which describe reflection and refraction at an ideally smooth interface between two isotropic media. However, polarimetry is frequently used with surfaces that clearly deviate from this ideal condition. Questions arise with respect to the applicability of the simple Fresnel equations to non-specular surfaces. On the other hand, reflectometry utilizing integrating spheres provides a measurement of the hemispherical spectral reflectance, from which the normal spectral emissivity can be derived. ISR provides data on spectral-normal-hemispherical reflectance and, hence, normal spectral emissivity for a variety of surfaces. However, the resulting errors are minimal when both the sample and the reference have a similar bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). In an effort to explore the limits of polarimetry in terms of surface roughness, room temperature measurements on the same samples with various degrees of roughness were performed using both ISR and a laser polarimeter. In this paper the two methods are briefly described and the results of the comparison are discussed.     

NIST Radiance Temperature and Infrared Spectral Radiance Scales at Near-Ambient Temperatures

The realization and the dissemination of spectral radiance and radiance temperature scales in the temperature range of −50 to 250°C and spectral range of 3–13 μm at the National Institute of Standards and Technology are described. The scale is source-based and is established using a suite of blackbody radiation sources, the emissivity and temperature of which have been thoroughly investigated. The blackbody emissivity was measured using the complementary approaches of modeling, reflectometry, and the intercomparison of the spectral radiance of sources with different cavity geometries and coatings. Temperature measurements are based on platinum resistance thermometers and on the direct use of the phase transitions of pure metals. Secondary sources are calibrated using reference blackbody sources, a spectral comparator, a controlled-background plate, and a motion control system. Included experimental data on the performance of transfer standard blackbodies indicate the need for development of a recommended practice for their specification and evaluation. Introduced services help to establish a nationwide uniformity in metrology of near-ambient thermal emission sources, providing traceability in spatially and spectrally resolved radiance temperature, spectral radiance, and background-corrected effective emissivity.     

Temperature-Resolved Infrared Spectral Emissivity of SiC and Pt–10Rh for Temperatures up to 900°C

This article reports the first comprehensive results obtained from a fully functional, recently established infrared spectral-emissivity measurement facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). First, sample surface temperatures are obtained with a radiometer using actual emittance values from a newly designed sphere reflectometer and a comparison between the radiometer temperatures and contact thermometry results is presented. Spectral emissivity measurements are made by comparison of the sample spectral radiance to that of a reference blackbody at a similar (but not identical) temperature. Initial materials selected for measurement are potential candidates for use as spectral emissivity standards or are of particular technical interest. Temperature-resolved measurements of the spectral directional emissivity of SiC and Pt–10Rh are performed in the spectral range of 2–20 μm, over a temperature range from 300 to 900°C at normal incidence. Further, a careful study of the uncertainty components of this measurement is presented.     

Mathematical Models for Pulse-Heating Experiments

Accurate measurements of thermophysical properties at high temperatures (above 1000 K) have been obtained with millisecond pulse-heating techniques using tubular specimens with a blackbody hole. In the recent trend toward applications, simpler specimens in the form of rods or strips have been used, with simultaneous measurement of the normal spectral emissivity using either laser polarimetry or integrating sphere reflectometry. In these experiments the estimation of the heat capacity and of the hemispherical total emissivity is based on various computational methods that were derived assuming that the temperature was uniform in the central part of the specimen (long thin-rod approximation). The validity of this approach when using specimens with large cross sections (rods, strips) and when measuring temperature on the specimen surface must be verified. The application of the long thin-rod approximation to pulse-heating experiments is reconsidered, and an analytical solution of the heat equation that takes into account the temperature dependence of thermophysical properties is presented. A numerical model that takes into account the temperature variations across the specimen has been developed. This model can be used in simulated experiments to assess the magnitude of specific phenomena due to the temperature gradient inside the specimen, in relation to the specimen geometry and to the specific thermophysical properties of different materials.     

Design and Evaluation of Large-Aperture Gallium Fixed-Point Blackbody

To complement existing water bath blackbodies that now serve as NIST primary standard sources in the temperature range from 15 °C to 75 °C, a gallium fixed-point blackbody has been recently built. The main objectives of the project included creating an extended-area radiation source with a target emissivity of 0.9999 capable of operating either inside a cryo-vacuum chamber or in a standard laboratory environment. A minimum aperture diameter of 45 mm is necessary for the calibration of radiometers with a collimated input geometry or large spot size. This article describes the design and performance evaluation of the gallium fixed-point blackbody, including the calculation and measurements of directional effective emissivity, estimates of uncertainty due to the temperature drop across the interface between the pure metal and radiating surfaces, as well as the radiometrically obtained spatial uniformity of the radiance temperature and the melting plateau stability. Another important test is the measurement of the cavity reflectance, which was achieved by using total integrated scatter measurements at a laser wavelength of 10.6 μm. The result allows one to predict the performance under the low-background conditions of a cryo-chamber. Finally, results of the spectral radiance comparison with the NIST water-bath blackbody are provided. The experimental results are in good agreement with predicted values and demonstrate the potential of our approach. It is anticipated that, after completion of the characterization, a similar source operating at the water triple point will be constructed. Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or material are identified in this paper to specify the experimental procedures and result adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that material or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.     

低温标准黑体辐射源的性能研究

利用半导体制冷技术与热管技术,研制了低温达-30 ℃的新型低温黑体辐射源。通过实验得到其温度稳定性优于0.02 ℃/20min,均温区腔壁的轴向温度均匀性优于0.3 ℃,热管空腔有效发射率计算值大于0.999 2。利用基于光线跟踪技术的Monte Carlo方法,计算得出该热管空腔发射率从中心到边缘位置的变化规律为逐渐减小的趋势,发射率的平均变化率仅为0.06‰,说明轴向温场均匀性对法向平均有效发射率的影响较小。