基于Hammerstein模型的MAF传感器的动态补偿研究

用Hammerstein模型表示具有动态非线性特性的汽车空气质量流量(MAF)传感器,所设计的动态非线性补偿器包括动态线性补偿器和静态非线性校正器.对动态标定实验装置中的阀门进行建模,阀门的阶跃响应作为传感器的激励信号.应用系统辨识法设计动态线性补偿器,应用反函数多项式拟合法设计静态非线性校正器.仿真结果表明,动态线性补偿器起到改善传感器动态性能指标的作用,静态非线性校正器可以保证校正后无失真的复现传感器的输入信号.同时,所设计的动态非线性补偿器具有良好的适应性,在传感器的不同幅值输入时,都起到了动态性能指标改善、稳态幅值无失真复现的作用.     

改进二维光电位置传感器及线性度实验研究

介绍了日本HAMAMASTU公司改进表面分流型二维光电位置传感器的工作原理及专用信号处理电路,指出其仍存在位置检测误差比较大的显著缺点。作者沿传感器高度和水平Y两个方向在Ф5mm内对该传感器线性度进行了大量实验研究,实验结果表明,该传感器的线性度性能A区要明显好于B区,应用时如能控制在A区,将具有较高的测量精度,其非线性度误差可达到≤1%。     

热膜式空气质量流量传感器动态非线性建模

热膜式空气质量流量传感器响应速度较快，测量范围宽，可靠性高，广泛应用于发动机空燃比的测量。但是，这种传感器的动态非线性问题影响了进气量测量的精度。采用基于多幅值阶跃信号的Hammerstein模型和两步辨识方法描述了传感器的特性。通过动态标定实验，得到不同幅值的阶跃输入、输出数据。根据幅值，用最小二乘拟合方法确定非线性系数，由输入数据和非线性系数得到静态非线性环节的输出。根据输出数据，运用线性自回归方法得到动态线性环节的传递函数。这样就建立起块联形式的动态非线性模型，有利于传感器动态非线性的校正。建模结果表明，动态非线性模型比线性模型可更准确地描述传感器的特性。     

传感器标定的非线性校正研究

针对传感器输入输出存在的非线性误差;本文利用曲线拟合法中的最小二乘拟合、多项式曲线拟合及神经网络拟合三种方法来对某压力传感器标定实验所得的数据进行非线性校正,并对拟合后的数据进行非线性分析;结果表明,通过以上三种曲线拟合方法都可以对传感器标定的数据进行校正,但神经网络拟合后的线性度相对最小二乘和多项式拟合后的线性度要小,非线性校正效果显著.此类方法简捷,实用,可对所有非线性系统进行校正,具有较高的应用价值.     

红外焦平面阵列非均匀性非线性校正新方法

针对红外焦平面阵列非均匀性线性校正方法存在较大误差,而考虑非线性响应的校正算法又过于复杂,难于在实际工程中获得运用等难题,本丈提出一种易于硬件实时处理、校正精度较高的红外焦平面阵列非均匀性非线性校正新方法.在介绍非线性校正新方法原理的基础上,推导出其数学模型,并给出实验结果.实验结果表明该校正方法的校正精度达到1.2%,校正过程中需要存储的参数仅为4个/1象素,易于硬件实现实时校正.     

基于非线性 PCA的微气体传感器阵列信号处理

在线性叠加模型基础上提出了气体传感器对混合气体的非线性叠加模型,并引入了非线性主成分分析(Nonlinear Principal Component Analysis,NLPCA)法对微传感器阵列的信号进行处理。使用该模型对由4个微热板式气体传感器组成的阵列的信号进行了分析,对照基于线性叠加模型的主成分分析法(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)的识别结果,说明该方法能够提高对混合气体识别和量化的准确度。     

改进的基于卡尔曼滤波的非均匀性校正算法

本文研究的对象是针对红外焦平面阵列探测单元响应的非线性对非均匀性校正精度的影响,提出了改进的基于卡尔曼滤波的非均匀性校正算法.该算法的研究方法是采用探测器响应的分段线性模型,对基于卡尔曼滤波器非均匀性校正算法进行扩展和改进,其结果能有效地克服红外焦平面阵列探测单元响应特性的非线性对校正精度的影响.实验结论表明,改进后的算法在一定程度上解决了探测器偏置和增益随时间漂移以及响应非线性影响非均匀性校正性能的问题,获得了较好的非均匀性校正效果.     

二维数字阵列光电位置敏感器件新式结构研究

简要阐述光电位置敏感器件的特点、工作原理,根据光电位置敏感器件的原理和光电位置方程,分析了背景光与测量精度的关系.在此基础上,利用低峰探测仪的双极性三极管将像素M(i,j)的行与列位线联系起来,用来检测最大光强度的像素,显示出最低输出电压,使位线与其输出电压相对应;采用分布图像的峰值检波器来模拟预处理光电信号,通过数字转换得到图像的重心位置;采用集中平行的模拟计算估算射到感光区的光分布的重心,并通过时钟比较器得到数字化图像.给出了检测位置的二维光电传感器阵列、显示与图像数量的平方根成正比功耗关系式以及几个重要结论.     

光电反射式动态扭矩测试方法研究

针对等直径转轴动态扭矩测试方法计算模型和测量装置复杂以及测试范围受限等问题,提出了一种基于DASP的光电反射式动态扭矩测试方法。建立由光电反射式传感器和DASP系统等组成的动态扭矩测试系统,利用传感器光电脉冲信号的时差和相对转角,来实现动态扭矩测量。实测结果表明,通过调整传感器的位置,就可以实时、精确地实现扭矩的非接触式测量。这种测试方法为转轴的扭矩测试提供了一种新的技术途径。     

基于最小二乘支持向量机的传感器非线性动态系统辨识

讨论了一种基于最小二乘支持向量机的非线性动态传感器系统辨识方法,并给出了相应的推导过程和学习算法.首先,将传感器的非线性动态系统分解为静态非线性子环节和动态线性子环节串联--Hammerstein模型;然后,建立类似线性的中间模型,通过该模型能将Hammerstein模型的非线性传递函数转换为等价的类线性形式;再通过LS-SVM线性回归算法求取中间模型参数;最后推导出中间模型参数与Hammerstein模型参数之间的关系,并通过该关系反演出原传感器系统的Hammerstein模型参数,实现传感器非线性动态辨识.仿真与实际传感器系统辨识的实验结果均表明该方法可行.     

Fiber-optic-graded-index-lens absorbance sensor with wavelength-scanning capability

A single optical-fiber absorbance sensor that contains a graded-index lens is described. The sensor can be tailored for a desired broad wavelength region, path length, and size. Laboratory evaluations of sensors of varying sizes and path lengths are presented. The sensors, even without the added expense of optical coatings, report true absorbance spectra for the 420-850-nm wavelength region with a linear response over a wide absorbance range. Direct comparison with several other sensor configurations shows that the graded-index-lens-based sensor has a high optical efficiency. Potential applications of the sensor include absorbance measurements at hazardous or remote sites and in vivo medical applications.     

Procedures for Wavelength Calibration and Spectral Response Correction of CCD Array Spectrometers

This work describes a procedure for acquiring a spectrum of an analyte over an extended range of wavelengths and validating the wavelength and intensity assignments. To acquire a spectrum over an extended range of wavelengths with a spectrometer with a charge coupled device (CCD) array detector, it is necessary to acquire many partial spectra, each at a different angular position of the grating, and splice the partial spectra into a single extended spectrum. The splicing procedure exposes instrument dependent artifacts. It is demonstrated that by taking a spectrum of a reference irradiance source and making spectral correction, the artifacts exposed by the splicing are removed from the analyte spectrum. This is because the irradiance reference spectrum contains the same artifacts as the analyte spectrum. The artifacts exposed by the splicing depend on the wavelength of the splice; therefore it is important to measure the irradiance reference spectrum for the same range of wavelengths used to measure the spectrum of the analyte solution. In other words, there is no general spectral correction factor which is applicable to spectra taken for different range of wavelengths. The wavelength calibration is also carried out by splicing many partial spectra from a source like a krypton lamp. However the wavelength assignments are not sensitive to the splicing procedure and the same wavelength calibration can be used for spectra acquired over different extended wavelength ranges. The wavelength calibration checks the validity of the setting of the grating angular position, and the assignment of wavelengths to individual pixels on the CCD array detector. The procedure is illustrated by measuring the spectrum of an orange glass and the spectrum of a suspension of microalgae.     

稀疏矢量阵设计的模拟退火算法

对于均匀间隔线列阵,由采样定理可知,当阵元间距超过信号波长的一半时,指向性图会产生与目标等高的栅瓣。为了获得高分辨率,同时避免栅瓣出现,需要大量的传感器。为了减少设备复杂度,可以采用稀疏布阵技术,以较少的阵元获得较高的分辨力。将模拟退火算法应用到稀疏矢量水听器阵的设计中。通过优化阵元位置控制指向性图,可以获得无栅瓣的指向性图。给出了优化后的稀疏矢量阵与均匀间隔矢量阵的指向性图比较。     

Frequency-estimation-based signal-processing algorithm for white-light optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers

A novel signal-processing algorithm based on frequency estimation of the spectrogram of single-mode optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors under white-light illumination is described. The frequency-estimation approach is based on linear regression of the instantaneous phase of an analytical signal, which can be obtained by preprocessing the original spectrogram with a bandpass filter. This method can be used for a relatively large cavity length without the need for spectrogram normalization to the spectrum of the light source and can be extended directly to a multiplexed sensor system. Experimental results show that the method can yield both absolute measurement with high resolution and a large dynamic range. Performance analysis shows that the method is tolerant of background noise and variations of the source spectrum.     

通过模态滤波实现阵列式传感器系统的故障诊断

基于结构振动响应特性利用改进的模态滤波方法对阵列式传感器系统进行故障诊断。在梁结构表面均匀布置一组加速度计,利用模态振型对该系统的输出信号进行重构,将重构信号与实际信号之间的曲率误差作为敏感参数,对系统中的模拟故障传感器进行检测与识别,并加以实验验证。数值计算和实验结果表明:改进的模态滤波方法不仅可以直接有效地对传感器系统进行实时故障监测,而且该方法与外界激励力位置无关,具有良好的工程应用前景。     

Capacitive sensor arrays in dimensional analysis of surfaces

The theoretical aspects of dimensional analysis and shape reconstruction of surfaces by means of displacement sensor arrays are investigated. Although this analysis is focused on surface profiles and linear arrays of capacitive sensors, its results could be easily extended to surfaces and bidimensional arrays of displacement sensors. Capacitance variations related to sensor-to-surface displacements during array scanning are used in the reconstruction equations obtained from the analysis. The reconstruction accuracy depends mainly on the dimensional stability of the array, and it is independent from the array trajectory. The problems raised by nonideal array and sensor behavior, such as fringe effects and geometry deviations are discussed. Capacitance variations due to such effects are calculated and taken into account by means of an energy method. A reconstruction system based on the theoretical results is proposed, and its performance in the reconstruction process is evaluated by a computer simulation which accounts for measurement uncertainties. Simulation results confirm both the effectiveness of the method and the feasibility of the system. Its features are compared with those of other noncontact surface-measuring instruments, and possible applications are outlined     

Large‐Area Integrated Triboelectric Sensor Array for Wireless Static and Dynamic Pressure Detection and Mapping

Large‐area flexible pressure sensors are of paramount importance for various future applications, such as electronic skin, human–machine interfacing, and health‐monitoring devices. Here, a self‐powered and large‐area integrated triboelectric sensor array (ITSA) based on coupling a triboelectric sensor array and an array chip of CD4066 through a traditional connection is reported. Enabled by a simple and cost‐effective fabrication process, the size of the ITSA can be scaled up to 38 × 38 cm². In addition, unlike previously proposed triboelectric sensors arrays, which can only react to the dynamic interaction, this ITSA is able to detect static and dynamic pressure. Moreover, through integrating the ITSA with a signal processing circuit, a complete wireless sensing system is present. Diverse applications of the system are demonstrated in detail, including detecting pressure, identifying position, tracking trajectory, and recognizing the profile of external contact objects. Thus, the ITSA in this work opens a new route in the direction of large‐area, self‐powered, and wireless triboelectric sensing systems.     

One- and two-dimensional single-mode differential fiber-optic displacement sensor for submillimeter measurements

Using the overlap integral method and the Gaussian approximation for the single-mode fiber-optic field, the working principle of one- and two-dimensional differential fiber-optic displacement sensors for submillimeter measurements is demonstrated. The sensors consist of one emitting fiber and two or three receiving fibers, respectively, for the one- and two-dimensional sensors. Sensor responses are intrinsically linear over a wide range of travels. Moreover, for the two-dimensional sensor, each axis of displacement can be measured independently. Sensor responses are simulated experimentally using a highly precise robot. Linearity, travel, and sensitivity are characterized for the different gap distance between the emitting and receiving fibers. A design chart that includes nonlinearity error, travel, sensitivity, and gap is finally proposed.