临近声速气流条件下电子束空气等离子体特性

为了研究高速动态气流中的电子束等离子体特性,建立了一个由蒙特卡罗模型、多组分等离子体模型与计算流体力学模型组成的多阶段耦合数值模型,在临近声速气流条件下,对1.33×104 Pa空气电子束等离子体特性进行了研究。结果表明,电子束能量沉积具有极强的空间不均性,电子束激发下的风洞流场呈现不同的性质,亚声速流场下游边界区密度减小,而在超声速流场中可诱发弱激波;相比于静止气体,在动态气流中等离子体密度下降,且存在额外的输运行为,使其向气流下游输运,但在临近声速条件下,气流速度大小对气流下游等离子体分布的影响不大;电子束入射角对等离子体空间分布和大小均有影响。     

非均匀等离子体对强激光传播及电子束输运的影响

本文介绍近期针对非均匀等离子体对强激光传播和电子束输运影响取得的研究进展,首先研究弱无序分布等离子体对强激光传播的影响,提出强激光在弱无序等离子体中存在非线性分支流传输机制,并阐明光电离效应及相对论效应对分支流的重要影响。此外,研究等离子体密度梯度对相对论电子束输运过程的影响,发现相对论电子束输运所激发的静电波在空间固定点处的波数或相速度随时间变化,并且不依赖于等离子体密度的上升或下降,静电波的局域空间波数最终随时间逐渐增大,这导致在非均匀等离子体中静电波通过朗道阻尼方式将能量耗散转移给背景电子,表现为一种由背景等离子体密度梯度引起的束流能量耗散新机制。     

同轴枪脉冲放电等离子体输运过程中密度变化的实验研究

同轴枪放电等离子体具有密度高、输运速度快等特点,在核物理、航天工程等领域具有广阔的应用前景,已成为国际前沿研究热点.同轴枪中的等离子体密度是反映其应用特性的重要参数之一,因此等离子体密度在输运过程中的变化对理论研究和实际应用都具有重要意义.利用发射光谱法测量了H_β谱线的Stark展宽,从而计算出同轴枪放电等离子体密度在输运过程中的变化.结果显示,当电源注入能量为1.08 kJ、同轴枪内空气气压为4.0Pa时,等离子体密度在输运过程中不断增加;相同能量注入条件下,当同轴枪内空气气压增加至10 Pa时,等离子体密度在输运过程中出现了先增加后减小的趋势;当电源的注入能量达到7.68 kJ时,等离子体密度在10 Pa气压条件下输运时也出现了一直增加的现象.此外,当同轴枪内的工作气体变为氩气时,在注入能量为1.08 kJ、枪内气压4.0 Pa条件下,等离子体密度在输运过程中一直减小.     

球形及柱形磁化等离子体靶中α粒子能量沉积率分析

基于单粒子理论模型及积分算法,编写了单粒子轨道数值模拟程序———ALFA,分析了柱形和球形两种边界位形磁化等离子体靶中非热α粒子通过库仑碰撞对D-T等离子体加热的能量沉积率。在均匀背景磁场及相同的D-T等离子体密度、温度条件下,柱形边界中非热α粒子能量沉积率比球形边界更高。在相同等离子体温度及密度条件下,α粒子的能量沉积率随磁场的增大而增大,但计算结果表明,磁场的有效作用区域存在明显的上下限值,当等离子体内磁场小于下限阈值时,磁场增加对α粒子能量沉积率的提高贡献不大,而且当等离子体内磁场超过上限阈值后,磁场再增加对提高α粒子能量沉积率的作用也不明显。对不同几何尺寸的磁化等离子体靶,磁场有效作用区域的上下限值不同,靶尺寸越大,相应的上下限阈值越小。提高等离子体密度,可增加α粒子能量沉积率,也能降低磁场有效作用区域的上下限阈值。     

激光驱动强流电子束产生和控制

在惯性约束聚变(ICF)电子束快点火物理方案中,需要超强拍瓦激光脉冲驱动MeV能量的强流电子束,并沉积数十kJ能量到压缩氘氚芯区。强流电子束的束流品质是影响点火成功的关键因素之一,为深入了解强流电子束产生物理过程,研制成了三维高性能、适应上万CPU核规模的并行粒子模拟程序,并开展了大规模数值模拟研究,探索了强流电子束的产生机制和输运规律。回顾了近几年来快点火研究团队围绕强流电子束产生和控制开展的研究,介绍了导致束流品质差的两大物理原因:预等离子体效应和束流不稳定性磁场的随机散射。针对这两个物理原因,提出了四种提高强流电子束品质的方法:(1)双层金锥靶减弱预等离子体的负面效应;(2)输运丝产生环向磁场准直强流电子束;(3)外加磁场导引强流电子束提高耦合效率;(4)抑制束流不稳定性以降低随机磁场对电子束流的散射。     

飞秒激光等离子体中电子热传导现象的数值模拟

采用相对论电磁粒子模拟程序研究了飞秒激光等离子体相互作用中产生的电流密度、电场和自生磁场的发展演化过程。介绍了电子的非局域热输运的基本特性以及激光加热过程中温度烧蚀前沿稠密等离子体子区的预热效应、临界面附近的限流效应,以及冕区的反扩散与限流效应,得到了经典Spitzer-Harm理论描述的电子热传导随自生磁场的演化情形。数值模拟表明:在线性强激光作用下,由于电子初始时刻的无规则热运动,在等离子体上激发电磁不稳定性,而不稳定性激发的强电磁场使电子束在非常短的距离内沉积能量,同时对在激光有质动力推开电子时形成的超热电子能量输运产生抑制作用。     

电子束产生大尺度等离子体过程的数值模拟研究

建立了一个四组分一维混合模型，对电子束注入大气产生大尺度等离子体的过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明了能量为140keV、流强为50mA/cm²的注入电子束，可以产生线度为0.5m，密度为10¹²cm^-3量级的大气环境下等离子体.电子束所伴随的空间电荷效应由于等离子体的产生会很快消失，不影响后续的等离子体产生过程.电子束注入流强主要影响产生等离子体的密度，而电子束能量则同时影响其空间线度和密度. 关键词： 电子束 碰撞 电离     

太赫兹波在飞行器等离子体鞘套中的传输特性

针对临近空间飞行器的黑障问题,根据模拟的RAM C-Ⅲ飞行器周围的流场分布结果,计算了等离子体电子密度和碰撞频率,并根据其分布建立了非均匀的等离子体模型。在此基础上,利用散射矩阵方法分析了太赫兹波在等离子体中的传输特性随着等离子体密度、等离子体厚度、等离子体碰撞频率的变化以及外加磁场对传输特性的影响。结果表明,太赫兹波的传输损耗随着等离子体电子密度和等离子体厚度的增加而增加,而碰撞频率的增加会使得透射率先减小后增加。在外加磁场的作用下,左旋太赫兹波的传输特性会得到改善;而对于右旋太赫兹波,磁场的施加会引入吸收峰,并且随着磁感应强度的增加向高频方向移动。     

强流非聚焦型相对论性电子束的产生及其特性的研究

本文论述产生强流非聚焦型相对论性电子束的物理机制及其特性,结合国际上和中国原子能科学研究院的工作来说明产生这种束流的几个关键的技术问题,如阴极等离子体的形成和运动,电子束流自磁场对束流箍缩及束流密度均匀性的影响、阳极等离子体的形成及其影响等。至今为止国际上尚未形成一种比较严格的理论模型来解析该二极管中的电子束行为,本文试图将国际上有关这方面的研究做个综述并对一些分析做些改进,如束流自磁场对箍缩及束流密度均匀性的影响。     

磁场对螺旋波等离子体波和能量吸收影响的数值研究

本文考察在径向电子数密度呈抛物形分布的情况下,外加稳恒磁场,射频通过螺旋波天线在等离子体中激发电磁波的传播性质.采用线性扰动波假设,数值求解Maxwell方程组,得到80—800 G(1 G=10-4T)磁场条件下等离子体中径向电、磁场强度及能量沉积密度的分布情形.计算结果表明,磁场增大(80→800G)时,螺旋波受到的阻尼较小,可深入等离子体传播;Trivelpiece-Gould(TG)波受到的阻尼增大,在等离子体-真空边界处衰减增强;整体的能量吸收向边界集中.磁感应强度小于100 G时,TG波可深入主等离子体区传播,等离子体径向能量吸收相对均匀.     

Transport and focusing of a low-energy electron beam in low-pressure ionized argon

The transport and focusing of low-energy electron beams with effective transfer of stored energy in low-pressure ionized argon are investigated under the conditions of a high degree of charge neutralization in an external longitudinal magnetic field. It is shown that a nonuniform magnetic field provides the range of parameters where one can tightly stabilize the position of the maximum of the beam on the target and, if necessary, compress the beam. It is demonstrated that the parameters of the electron beam can be controlled by appropriately selecting the configuration of the magnetic field matched to self-fields.     

On the influence of the voltage pulse rise time and cathode geometry on the generation of a supershort avalanche electron beam

The influence of the voltage pulse rise time on the amplitude of a runaway electron beam and X-ray generation in air and nitrogen under atmospheric pressure is studied experimentally and theoretically. Generalization of the whistle criterion for the case of a nonuniform field is suggested. It is shown that the maximal energy of beam electrons and the beam current amplitude grow when the voltage pulse rise time decreases. It is found that the amplitude of the runaway electron current reaches a maximum at a certain curvature of the cathode. The maximal energy of electrons increases when the radius of curvature of the cathode exceeds the value at which the beam current amplitude is the highest. If the field is nonuniform, its critical value at which many electrons run away is more than an order of magnitude lower than in the uniform field.     

Production of powerful electron beams in dense gases

Subnanosecond electron beams with the record current amplitude (～70 A in air and ～200 A in helium) were produced at atmospheric pressure. The optimal generator open-circuit voltage was found for which the electron-beam current amplitude produced in a gas diode was maximal behind a foil. It was established that the electron beam was produced at the stage when the cathode plasma closely approaches the anode. It was shown that a high-current beam can be produced at high pressures because of the presence of the upper branches in the curves characterizing the electron-escape (runaway) criterion and the discharge-ignition criterion (Paschen curve).     

Parameters of the Plasma Sheet Generated by a Sheet Beam in the Range of Forvacuum Pressures

Results of experimental investigations into the spatial distribution of the parameters of the plasma (electron concentration and temperature) generated by a sheet beam with energy up to 2 keV in argon at pressures from 6 to 9 Pa are presented. The electron beam was produced by a source with a plasma cathode specially designed for emission of beams in the range of forvacuum pressures. It is demonstrated that the character of distribution of the plasma parameters is caused by the corresponding distribution of the electron current density over the beam cross section, and the plasma parameters themselves also noticeably depend on the gas pressure and the magnetic field. A model of ionization processes that provides satisfactory agreement between the calculated and experimental dependences is suggested.     

Beam rotation and shear in a large electron beam diode

The time-averaged electron-beam current distribution of one of the electron guns of the large Aperture Module (LAM) of the Aurora laser was measured as part of a larger set of experiments designed to study the electron beam transport to and energy deposition in the LAM laser chamber. The radiograms made on the center line of the LAM laser chamber while the laser chamber was at vacuum pressure demonstrated several of the expected results. The beam was relatively uniform over the aperture, with the exception of shadows cast by the diode anode wires, the Hibachi ribs, and the Hibachi support structure. At a depth of 50 cm into the laser chamber, the self-magnetic field of the beam produced a shear in the top and bottom edges of 15 cm. At the same depth the applied magnetic field caused a rotation of the entire beam profile of about 3°     

An Electron Beam Initiated Fusion Neutron Generator

An experimental scheme is proposed which seems to satisfy all the requirements for use of a high energy electron beam to initiate a thermonuclear plasma. One-dimensional expansion is utilized to obtain confinement times longer than the pulse length of the electron beams. A magnetic field is used to limit the radial heat conductivity, and this magnetic field also serves as a guiding field for the electron beams when they are in the vicinity of the target. Two opposing electron beams are employed and the forces produced by these counterstreaming currents in the overlap region of the beams are sufficient to stop the beams within the target. Estimates made of all the critical factors indicate that beams achievable with current technology can be focused and stopped in T-D targets 6 cm long with densities as low as 1021 cm-3. With a containing magnetic field of 750 kilogauss the containment time of the plasma is sufficiently long so that beam pulse lengths up to 8 × 10-9 sec can be used. Furthermore a positive fusion energy yield relative to the energy delivered to the target is predicted.     

Calculations of the parameters of the air plasma produced by an electron beam in the channel of an MHD generator with a nonequilibrium conductivity

Approximate analytic expressions for calculating the electron density in both steady and unsteady plasmas produced by pulsed electron beams are derived and proved to agree well with numerical calculations. It is shown that the algorithm for calculating the parameters of a nonequilibrium plasma in the channel of an MHD plasma generator depends on the type of generator. The effect of the magnetic field strength on the electron density and electric conductivity of the air plasma produced by an electron beam in the channel of a Faraday MHD generator is investigated. The influence of the parameters of the flow and ionizer on the efficiency of an MHD generator with a nonequilibrium conductivity is analyzed.     

Effect of normalized plasma frequency on electron phase-space orbits in a free-electron laser

Irregular phase-space orbits of the electrons are harmful to the electron-beam transport quality and hence deteriorate the performance of a free-electron laser （FEL）. In previous literature, it was demonstrated that the irregularity of the electron phase-space orbits could be caused in several ways, such as varying the wiggler amplitude and inducing sidebands. Based on a Hamiltonian model with a set of self-consistent differential equations, it is shown in this paper that the electron- beam normalized plasma frequency functions not only couple the electron motion with the FEL wave, which results in the evolution of the FEL wave field and a possible power saturation at a large beam current, but also cause the irregularity of the electron phase-space orbits when the normalized plasma frequency has a sufficiently large value, even if the initial energy of the electron is equal to the synchronous energy or the FEL wave does not reach power saturation.