变极性等离子弧穿孔熔池受力及焊缝成形稳定性

通过YB005-01型压力变送器测定相同参数条件下正极性等离子电弧力大于反极性等离子电弧力,并建立了铝合金VPPA焊接穿孔熔池受力模型,分析了在不对称正、反极性等离子电弧力的作用下,穿孔溶池稳定性及其焊缝成形机理.同时进一步分析铝合金VPPA力学特性,掌握了焊接电流和离子气流量等重要焊接参数对其影响.经穿孔焊工艺实验,...     

等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔形成过程数值分析

目的 研究等离子弧焊接穿孔过程中熔池内部的金属流动情况和小孔动态变化过程。方法 通过“传热-熔池流动-小孔”之间的相互耦合关系,建立了等离子弧焊接穿孔过程的数值分析模型,通过VOF方法追踪了小孔界面,采用FLOW-3D软件模拟了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔的形成过程,定量计算了等离子弧焊接温度场、熔池流场及小孔形状;分析了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔行为;并通过等离子弧焊接实验数据验证了模拟结果。结果 当焊接时间为0~1.0 s时,小孔深度曲线与熔深曲线几乎相同,小孔底部紧贴熔池底部;在2.8 s以后,小孔深度曲线与熔深曲线有一定距离,小孔深度曲线在一定范围内波动,等离子弧焊接电弧挖掘作用到达极限,电弧压力与其他力达到平衡状态。模拟的焊缝熔深为8.04 mm、熔宽为13.20 mm,实验测得的焊缝熔深为8.00 mm、熔宽为13.42 mm。结论 构建的随小孔动态变化的曲面热源模型和电弧压力模型可以描述等离子弧焊接过程中的电弧热-力分布;模拟出了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔动态演变过程;模拟得到的等离子弧焊接焊缝形貌与实验测得的焊缝形貌基本吻合。     

Numerical simulation of fluid flow and temperature field in keyhole double‐sided arc welding process on stainless steel

Double‐sided arc welding process powered by a single supply is a type of novel high‐production process. In comparison with the conventional single‐sided arc welding, this process has remarkable advantages in enhancing penetration, minimizing distortion and improving welding production. In this paper, a three‐dimensional steady numerical model is developed for the heat transfer and fluid flow in plasma arc (PA)–gas tungsten arc (GTA) double‐sided keyhole welding process. The model considers the surface tension gradient, electromagnetic force and buoyancy force. A CCD camera is used to observe the size and shape of the keyhole and weld pool. The acquired images are analysed through image processing to obtain the surface diameters of the keyhole on the two sides. A double‐V‐shaped keyhole geometry is then proposed and its characteristic parameters are derived from the images and cross‐section of weld bead. In the numerical model, the keyhole cavum within the weld pool is treated as a whole quality, whose temperature is fixed at the boiling point of the workpiece material. The heat exchange between the keyhole and weld pool is treated as an interior boundary of the workpiece. Based on the numerical model, the distributions of the fluid flow and temperature field are calculated. A comparison of cross‐section of the weld bead with the experimental result shows that the numerical model's accuracy is reasonable. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical simulation of humping phenomenon in high speed gas metal arc welding

It is of great significance to obtain a thorough understanding of the physical mechanisms responsible for humping bead phenomenon in high speed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) in order to raise welding efficiency. Experiments were conducted to observe the weld pool behaviors in high speed GMAW, and it was found that both the severely deformed weld pool surface and strong backward flowing play a dominant role in humping bead formation. In this study, a mathematical model is developed to quantitatively analyze the forming mechanism of humping beads for high speed GMAW through considering both the momentum and heat content distribution of the backward flowing molten metal inside the weld pool. The transient development of temperature profiles in the weld pool with severe deformation demonstrates the humping bead forming process under some welding conditions. The predicted and measured humping bead dimensions are in agreement.     

Numerical Analysis of Two-Way Interaction between Weld-Pool and Arc for GTA Welding Process

［1］H.G.Fan, S.J.Na and Y.W.Shi: J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 1997, 30, 94. ［2］Y.P.Lei and Y.W.Shi: Numerical Heat Transfer B,1994, 26, 455. ［3］R.T.C.Choo, J.Szekely and R.C.Westhoff: Metall. Trans. B, 1992, 23B, 357.     

单束与双束串行激光填丝焊特性对比

以铝合金为研究对象,研究了双束串行激光填丝焊不同能量比对焊缝成形及焊缝气孔率的影响,并与单束激光填丝焊工艺进行对比。进一步借助高速摄像机对双束串行激光填丝焊能量比R为20/80以及单束激光填丝焊的熔池、匙孔以及等离子体的变化进行对比分析,获得了双束串行激光填丝焊能量比R为20/80时焊缝气孔率降低的原因。结果表明,对于双束串行激光填丝焊,当能量比R为20/80时焊缝气孔率较低。与单束激光填丝焊相比,双束激光填丝焊能量比R为20/80的焊缝气孔率降低了38%,而且焊接过程中焊丝熔化后沿熔池边缘流入,可大幅降低对匙孔的冲击作用,匙孔始终处于张开状态,焊接过程中等离子体的形态波动相对较小,表明焊接过程的稳定性较好。     

Numerical investigation of droplet impact on the welding pool in gas metal arc welding

A transient three‐dimensional model that describes physical phenomena inside a welding pool during gas–metal arc welding process is presented. The model considers such phenomena as heat‐mass transfer, electromagnetics, hydrodynamic processes and deformation of the weld pool free surface. The fluid flow in the weld pool is induced due to the presence of the mechanical impact of the droplets, thermo‐capillary surface tension, thermal buoyancy and electromagnetic forces. The weld pool surface deformation is calculated by considering arc pressure and droplet impact force. A comparative analysis of the impact of the electric current of the welding arc and different force factors causing the motion of liquid metal in the weld pool on the shape of the welded seam was carried out and discussed.     

Numerical simulation on interaction between TIG welding arc and weld pool

The interface deformation between welding arc and weld pool is important in dynamic coupling numerical simulation on arc and pool. To reveal the interaction between welding arc and weld pool, unified mathematic model of TIG welding arc and pool was established in this paper. The moving interface was solved by updating the calculation region of arc and weld pool continually. Fluid flow and heat transfer of TIG welding arc and weld pool were analyzed basing on this model. The weld pool shape calculated by dynamic coupling welding arc and pool is more close to the experiment than that of non coupling calculation.     

Numerical analysis of weld pool geometry in globular-transfer gas metal arc welding

The weld pool geometry and its dimension in the globular-transfer mode during gas metal arc welding (GMAW) were numerically analyzed by using the thermal conduction model, which considered the influence of the deformation of weld pool surface on heat flow in the quasi-steady state. According to the features of the globular-transfer mode, the additional heat energy from molten metal droplets was treated as a plane or volumetric heat source term to correspond to different welding conditions. The weld pool surface profile was predicted while considering the effect of droplet impingement on the depression of the weld pool. The bead-on-plate GMAW experiments were performed under different welding conditions to validate the model of numerical analysis. It has been found that the predicted results agree well with the measured ones.     

T型接头旋转激光+GMAW复合焊熔池动态行为数值分析模型

目的 研究T型接头旋转光纤激光+GMAW复合焊熔池的温度场和流态特征,揭示气孔缺陷的产生及抑制机理。方法 依据光学、电磁学、传热学及流体动力学机理,建立T型接头旋转光纤激光+GMAW复合焊熔池数值分析模型。使用Fluent软件对旋转频率分别为50 Hz和100 Hz的T型接头旋转激光+GMAW复合焊进行温度场以及流态特征的模拟,对比不同频率下T型接头横、纵截面,从工艺和焊缝成形角度出发,针对不同频率对熔池、小孔成形以及气孔抑制的影响进行讨论。结果 当旋转频率为50 Hz时,纵截面内小孔最大深度为5.4 mm,横截面熔池内小孔开口直径相对较大,旋转一周后,小孔远离气泡,气泡无法逸出,形成气孔;当旋转频率为100 Hz时,纵截面内小孔深度显著降低,熔池体积明显减小,横截面内小孔最大开口直径和深度均降低,熔池尺寸也有所减小,在时间为0.097 s时,小孔上方区域出现的顺时针涡流不仅能抑制气孔,还能改善熔池的下垂以及立板焊趾处的咬边。结论 随着旋转频率的增大,小孔的最大开口直径和深度均降低,还对熔池具有搅拌作用,使熔池体积变小。     

横向稳态磁场作用下微束等离子电弧数值分析

为分析外加横向稳态磁场作用下电弧特性与电弧对工件热、力输入的变化规律,本文建立了微束等离子电弧三维模型,将外加磁场简化为背景场添加至模型,使用有限元分析软件COMSOL进行求解计算.结果表明:外加横向稳态磁场作用下,喷嘴内部各项特性均未发生较大变化,喷嘴下方电弧等离子体在洛伦兹力的作用下向x负方向移动,电弧温度、等离子...     

Hybrid laser/arc welding of thick high-strength steel in different configurations

In this investigation, hybrid laser/arc welding (HLAW) was employed to join 8-mm-thick high-strength quenched and tempered steel (HSQTS) plates in the butt-and T-joint configurations. The influences of welding parameters, such as laser power, welding speed, stand-off distance (SD) between the arc of gas metal arc welding, and the laser heat source on the weld quality and mechanical properties of joints, were studied to obtain non-porous and crack-free fully-penetrated welds. The weld microstructure, crosssection, and mechanical properties were evaluated by an optical microscope, and microhardness and tensile tests. In addition, a finite element model was developed to investigate the thermal history and molten pool geometry of the HLAW process to join the HSQTS. The numerical study demonstrated that the SD had a paramount role in good synergy between the heat sources and the stability of the keyhole. For the butt-joint configuration, the results showed that, at a higher welding speed (35 mm/s) and optimum SD between the arc and laser, a fully-penetrated sound weld could be achieved. A non-porous weld in the T-joint configuration was obtained at a lower welding speed (10 mm/s). Microstructural evaluations indicated that the formation of residual austenite and the continuous network of martensitic structure along the grain boundary through the heat affected zone were the primary reasons of the softening behavior of this area. This was confirmed by the sharp hardness reduction and failure behavior of the tensile coupons in this area.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-017-0193-6     

Mathematical Modeling of Metal Active Gas (MAG) Arc Welding

In the present paper. a numerical model for MAG (metal active gas) arc welding of thin plate has been developed. In MAG arc welding, the electrode wire is melted and supplied into the molten pool intermittently. Accordingly, it is assumed on the modeling that the thermal energy enters the base-plates through two following mechanisms, i.e., direct heating from arc plasma and "indirect" heating from the deposited metal. In the second part of the paper, MAG arc welding process is numerically-analyzed by using the model. and the calculated weld bead dimension and surface profile have been compared with the experimental MAG welds on steel plate. As the result. it is made clear that the model is capable of predicting the bead profile of thin-plate MAG arc welding, including weld bead with undercutting.     

Modelling of arc welding: The importance of including the arc plasma in the computational domain

We present results of computational simulations of tungsten-inert-gas and metal-inert-gas welding. The arc plasma and the electrodes (including the molten weld pool when necessary) are included self-consistently in the computational domain. It is shown, using three examples, that it would be impossible to accurately estimate the boundary conditions on the weld-pool surface without including the arc plasma in the computational domain. First, we show that the shielding gas composition strongly affects the properties of the arc that influence the weld pool: heat flux density, current density, shear stress and arc pressure at the weld-pool surface. Demixing is found to be important in some cases. Second, the vaporization of the weld-pool metal and the diffusion of the metal vapour into the arc plasma are found to decrease the heat flux density and current density to the weld pool. Finally, we show that the shape of the wire electrode in metal-inert-gas welding has a strong influence on flow velocities in the arc and the pressure and shear stress at the weld-pool surface. In each case, we present evidence that the geometry and depth of the weld pool depend strongly on the properties of the arc.     

R‐curve behaviour of friction stir welds in aluminium‐lithium alloy 2195

ABSTRACT The fracture resistance of friction stir welds in 2195‐T8 is described in this paper. R‐curves were produced for several crack planes, parallel to the welding direction and situated at varying distances from the weld centreline. The friction stir weld was also characterized by hardness and tensile testing. Fracture resistance of the friction stir weld is compared to the base metal and to a variable polarity plasma arc weld. Results show that the material in and around the friction stir weld is tougher than the base metal and the variable polarity plasma arc weld. The friction stir weld fracture performance is discussed in the light of the observed hardness and fractographic data presented.     

Numerical Simulation of Current Density Distribution in Keyhole Double-Sided Arc Welding

In the double-sided arc welding system (DSAW) composing of PAW+TIG arcs, the PAW arc is guided by the TIG arc so that the current mostly flows through the direction of the workpiece thickness and the penetration is greatly improved. To analyze the current density distribution in DSAW is beneficial to understanding of this process. Considering all kinds of dynamic factors acting on the weldpool, this paper discusses firstly the surface deformation of the weldpool and the keyhole formation in PAW+TIG DSAW process on the basis of the magnetohydrodynamic theory and variation principles. Hence, a model of the current density distribution is developed. Through numerical simulation, the current density distribution in PAW+TIG DSAW process is quantitatively analyzed. It shows that the minimal radius of keyhole formed in PAW+TIG DSAW process is 0.5 mm and 89.5 percent of current flows through the keyhole.     

Solidification behaviour in plasma are welding

Melting and solidification behaviour in the deep penetrution welding process is different from that in conventional welding process in deep penetration processes there is keyhole formation and the full thickness of the plate receives the are heat input unlike conventional processes in which the heat input is received only by the surface nodes. In the present study, the thermal analysis of molten pool formation and solidification keyhole welding using plasma are welding has been done using the finite element method. The model accounts for the several phenomena associated with welding, like the distributed are heat input over the top surface and along the thickness, the temperature-dependent material properties. convection and radiation heat losses etc. The analysis is performed for different combinations of parameters. viz welding current and welding speed, which have the maximum influence on molten pool shape and solidification behaviour. The model has also been validated by conducting experimental measurement of thermal cycles experienced by the plate for different welding parameters. The weld pool dimensions. viz. the length and widlh are found to increase with inincreasing current and decereasing welding speed. Thermal cycles at locations close to the weld reach a higher value of temperature and the time for peak temperature is also less but at farther locations the peak temperature reached is lower and the time for peak temperature is higher. Details of the model, the experimental results obtained and the solidifications charateristics of the pool are discussed in this paper.     

等离子+缆式焊丝脉冲GMAW复合焊熔池流体行为研究

目的 研究等离子+缆式焊丝脉冲GMAW复合焊过程的熔池流体行为.方法 综合考虑传热学以及流体动力学,建立Fluent数值分析模型.使用双椭球–锥体热源模型代表等离子弧焊传热模型,用双椭球热源表征GMAW电弧传热并考虑熔滴传热,同时考虑熔池受到的电磁力、浮力、表面张力、等离子流力等作用力.基于Fluent软件,对复合焊过...     

CLAM钢穿孔等离子超声电弧焊接激励频率的优化

为了优化超声电弧焊接激励频率,针对穿孔等离子超声电弧焊接熔池进行了计算机模态分析.根据穿孔等离子弧焊接特点,利用特定的数值分析模型,通过ANSYS软件计算超声电弧焊接熔池模态,分析与模态频率相对应的熔池响应情况.最后,分别施加不同大小的超声电弧频率,以3组4.5 mm厚的中国低活化马氏体(CLAM)钢板为实验材料进行平板对接焊试验.结果表明:在谐振条件下,焊缝区面积增大,组织的细化效果较好,界面棒状碳化物生长得到抑制,同时焊缝区硬化现象得到显著改善;利用这种方法基本达到了超声电弧频率优化的目的.     

Influence of gravity state upon bubble flow in the deep penetration molten pool of vacuum electron beam welding

The governing equations of two-dimensional bubble flow model for gas–liquid two-phase system in deep penetration molten pool of vacuum electron beam welding were developed according to the laws of mass and momentum conservation. The separation models of gas and liquid convections in bubble flow were formed by regarding the gas phase in molten pool as a particle phase, and the vacuolar fraction, velocity slip, pressure gradient and other factors were introduced into the models. The influences of the gravity state upon the convection of bubble flow and the distribution of cavity-type defects in molten pool of AZ91D magnesium alloy were studied by the method of numerical simulation based on the mathematical models. The results showed that the gravity is an important factor to drive the convection of the bubble flow in the deep penetration molten pool during vacuum electron beam welding. The gravity has an impact on the gas distribution in molten pool, thus affects the distribution of cavity-type defects in weld. Because of the gravity contributing to driving the convection of bubble flow, it is conducive to the escape of gas phase in molten pool and reducing the air rate. A larger convection velocity of gas phase is helpful to the escape of gas phase, thus reduce the tendency of cavity-type defects.