Management of humeral head fractures with a trauma shoulder prosthesis: correlation between joint function and healing of the tuberosities

This prospective follow-up study investigated the correlation between healing of the tuberosities and the functional outcome after arthroplasty with a trauma shoulder prosthesis in elderly patients with non-reconstructible humeral head fractures. Surgery was performed on 65 patients (66 shoulders) with a mean age of 74.9 years. A total of 56 patients (57 cases) underwent clinical and radiological evaluation after a mean follow-up of 16 months (range: 4 to 62). Mean Constant Score was 50 and the age- and gender-corrected value was 73%. The Constant Score was significantly higher (62 points, p = 0.015) if the tuberosities healed. Mean ASES index was 68 and correlated significantly with the Constant Score (r = 0.77). Healing of the tuberosities appears to be crucial to achieve good function in patients treated with a humeral head prosthesis. For elderly patients, the main objectives are to recover the ability to perform activities of daily living, to become pain free, and to reach a high level of satisfaction. All these criteria were largely achieved by the procedure described in this paper.     

Suture fixation versus cable cerclage of the tuberosities in shoulder arthroplasty-clinical and radiologic results

Background

The most important individual parameter linked to functional outcome following hemiarthroplasty for fractures of the proximal humerus is anatomical healing of the tuberosities. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether the fixation method influences tuberosity healing and functional outcome.

Methods

Twenty-five consecutive patients with acute 4-part fractures of the proximal humerus were treated with hemiarthroplasty and cable fixation of the tuberosities. Twenty-nine previous patients with four-part fractures treated with hemiarthroplasty and suture fixation of the tuberosities were included as a control group. Functional evaluation was measured with the Constant Score 1?year after the operation. Radiographic evaluation included evaluation of the extent of tuberosity healing and head centralisation.

Results

The average Constant Score was 53.2 points in the suture group and 60.9 in the cable group (p?=?0.29). An x-ray evaluation revealed that 40% of the tuberosities in the suture group were anatomically healed versus 75% (p?=?0.027) in the cable group. In the suture group, 44% of the prostheses showed marked superior migration, whereas 25% of the prostheses in the cable group showed such migration (p?=?0.027).

Conclusion

In our collective adding an encircling steel cable for the fixation of the tuberosities resulted in higher anatomical healing rates.     

Reattachment of the tuberosities with cable wires and bone graft in hemiarthroplasties done for proximal humeral fractures with cable wire and bone graft: 58 patients with a 22-month minimum follow-up

OBJECTIVE: The stability of 2 fixation techniques for the tuberosities in patients with 3- or 4-part proximal humerus fractures treated with hemiarthroplasties was compared. DESIGN: Retrospective review of a nonrandomized sequential series of patients. SETTING: Level I university orthopaedic surgery department. PATIENTS: A consecutive series of 58 patients (average age, 64 years) from 1990 to 1999 with 3- and 4-part fractures of the proximal humerus. INTERVENTION: In group 1, 31 patients were treated with either a Neer or Aequalis shoulder prosthesis using nonabsorbable sutures and no bone graft for the reattachment of the tuberosities. In group 2, 27 patients were treated with either an Aequalis or Epoca shoulder prosthesis and a combination of cable fixation and bone grafting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: At follow-up (average, 32 months), radiographs were taken to confirm tuberosity fixation or degree of displacement or resorption. Functional outcome was assessed by the Constant-Murley Score. RESULTS: Significantly more dislocated tuberosities were found radiographically in group 1 (10 of 13 in total, P = 0.011), and significantly more tuberosities were resorbed in group 1 (9 of 12 in total, P = 0.012). Significant differences in functional results among healed versus failed tuberosity fixation were observed for activity of daily living (P = 0.05), range of motion (P = 0.002), strength (P = 0.01), the total score (P = 0.008), and the passive rotation amplitude (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: In hemiarthroplasties for proximal humeral fractures, the reattachment of the tuberosities with cable wire and bone grafting gives consistently better radiographic and functional results than with suture fixation alone.     

Primary hemiarthroplasty in four-part fractures of the proximal humerus: randomized trial of two different implant systems

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different prosthetic systems on the functional and radiographic outcomes after shoulder arthroplasty for fractures. This study comprised 35 patients (28 women and 7 men) with a mean age of 74 years (range, 56-88 years) who sustained 4-part fractures of the proximal humerus and were randomly allocated to 2 different groups regarding the type of prosthesis. The 2 systems used differ mainly in the type of fixation of the tuberosities. In group 1 (EPOCA), the fixation was achieved with wire cables through a medial and a lateral hole in the stem, whereas in group 2 (HAS), the fixation was performed by use of transosseous braided sutures. After a follow-up of 1 year, the functional and radiographic outcomes were evaluated. The retrieved data demonstrate that rigid fixation and anatomic positioning of the tuberosities (group 1) increase the rate of bony healing superior to all other factors. There was a statistically significant difference regarding the relative individual Constant score (P = .001) and the mean active range of motion (flexion, P < .001; abduction, P = .001; external rotation in adduction, P = .01; and external rotation in 90 degrees abduction, P = .001) when both groups were compared, showing a better outcome in the EPOCA group for all parameters. Radiologic findings, like heterotopic ossification, glenoid erosion, or subluxation, had no significant influence on the outcome in this study. Accurate placement of the tuberosities and healing at the bone-bone interface of the rotator cuff seem to be the most important factors influencing the outcome in prosthetic care of fractures.     

Prothetik bei proximalen Humerusfrakturen

Background

The purpose of this present study was to review the functional and radiological results of patients with complex fractures of the proximal humerus who were treated with an anatomical shoulder prosthesis.

Patients and methods

Between 1999 and 2005 a total of 61 patients were treated with an anatomical trauma prosthesis after an acute fracture.

Results

Thirty-eight patients (31 women and 7 men) with a mean age of 72 (range, 31–85) years could be followed-up. The absolute Constant score averaged 57.7 of 100 (range, 32–86) points by a mean of 86 (range, 60–129) months. Postoperative active elevation averaged 105 (range, 50–180)° and active abduction averaged 96 (50–180)°. Tuberosity resorption was found in 52% (20/38) at final follow-up. The outcome was significantly better in patients with healing of the tuberosities (p?=?0.02).

Conclusion

With the use of an anatomical trauma prosthesis the reduction of the pain level is excellent while the gain in function is only slight. The bony union of the tuberosities in an anatomical position is essential to achieve good results.     

Independent destiny of the two tuberosities in patients with complex humeral fractures treated with reverse shoulder arthroplasty and interposition autologous graft

BackgroundDifferent techniques have been proposed to achieve optimal tuberosity healing in patients with complex humeral head fractures (HHF) treated with reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). The purpose of the study was to compare the healing rate of both tuberosities in patients with complex HHF treated with RSA with and without an interposition autologous grafting technique (IAGT). Secondly, shoulder function in patients with different patterns of tuberosities healing was investigated.Materials and methodsA retrospective review study was performed. Eighty-one consecutive patients submitted to RSA for complex HHF were divided into 2 groups: (1) no IAGT and (2) IAGT. Tuberosity healing was radiographically assessed. Constant score (CS) and a 3-grade satisfaction scale were registered. According to the Group B (IAGT group) 4 subgroups were identified (I: healed greater tuberosity [GT]; II: healed GT and lesser tuberosity [LT]; III: reabsorbed GT and LT; IV: healed LT).ResultsThe mean follow-up was 32 months (range 24-66). Eight patients were lost at follow-up. The study group was finally composed of 73 patients (mean age: 76.4, range: 66-82). Group A and B were composed of 37 patients ([9M-28F], mean age: 74.1, range: 69-81) and 36 patients ([7M-29F], mean age: 76.4, range: 66-82), respectively. GT healing was found in 20 patients (54,1%) in Group A and 29 patients (80.6%) in Group B (p = 0.021); LT healing was found in 5 (13,5%) and 10 (27,8%) cases in Group A and B, respectively,(p = 0.034). The mean Constant-Murley score in Group A and B was 60.30 ± 6.41 (range 36-78) and 64.47 ± 8.59 (range 38-81), respectively. No differences were found (p = 0.122). According to Group B: Subgroup I, II and III were composed of 19, 10 and 7 patients, respectively. No isolated LT healing (Subgroup IV) was found. The mean CS in Subgroup I, II and III were 68.0 ± 6 (range: 60-81), 63.1 ± 9.36 (range:52-74) and 60.2 ± 9.73 (range:38-73), respectively(p = 0.262). Subgroup I patients had a significant higher external rotation(p = 0.014), while patients with both healed tuberosities had a significant greater flexion(p = 0.017). 29 (78%) and 32 patients (89%) were very satisfied/satisfied in Group A and B, respectively.ConclusionThe IAGT in case of RSA for complex HHF is successful for tuberosity healing and improves patient outcomes. Surprisingly, patients with isolated GT healing had significant higher external rotation than those with both healed tuberosities which, however, maintain significant greater flexion. Further investigations are needed to clarify the role of LT healing during RSA for complex HHF in the elderly.Level of evidenceLevel III; Retrospective Comparative Study     

The reverse shoulder prosthesis for primary and secondary treatment of proximal humeral fractures: a case report

Humeral head fractures are very common among elderly people, often requiring shoulder arthroplasty. One requirement for good function after shoulder arthroplasty is an intact or at least reparable rotator cuff. In patients with multifractured and or osteoporotic tuberosities, refixation leads to the potential risk of redislocation and resorption of the tuberosities or coexisting irreparable rotator cuff tears lead to a high failure rate after implantation of traditional fracture prosthesis, whereas the reverse shoulder arthroplasty may provide better outcome. Here we report of a 79-year-old woman, who fractured both humeral heads at different times. Her right side was treated with a fracture prosthesis, which had to be converted after 2 years to a reverse shoulder prosthesis. Because of coexisting irreversible rotator cuff tear accompanying the second humeral head fracture on her left side, this patient was primarily treated with a reverse shoulder prosthesis. During the most recent follow up, 33 months after reverse shoulder arthroplasty on the left side and 39 months on the right side, the age- and gender-adapted constant score was 88 compared to 59 on the right side. The primary or secondary implantation of the reverse shoulder prosthesis in proximal humeral fractures has to be planned carefully, since long-term results are still lacking and treatment options after failed reverse shoulder arthroplasty are few. Generally, primary implantation of traditional fracture prosthesis is indicated in most cases of humeral head fractures; but in carefully selected cases primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty may be superior and lead to better outcome. Therefore, future research should be conducted to find criteria where the reverse shoulder arthroplasty is indicated as first line treatment of proximal humeral head fractures in elderly patients.     

Primäre Schulterendoprothetik nach Trauma

Indications for primary shoulder prosthesis in displaced four-part fractures has decreased in recent years due to new techniques in fracture reconstruction using angle-stable plate osteosynthesis. The challenge of four-part fractures with an intact head fragment is the anatomic reconstruction and fixation of the tuberosities. Using a fracture prosthesis does not solve this problem. In complex head-split fractures arthroplasty is indicated, but the difficulty of tuberosity refixation and healing remains. New prosthetic designs improve tuberosity fixation and healing, as well as correct placement and orientation of the prosthesis. Anatomic fracture reconstruction should always be the goal and this goal should not be abandoned too easily.     

Proximal humeral fractures in geriatric patients. Is the angle-stable plate osteosynthesis really a breakthrough?

This is a retrospective study of the results of angle-stable plating of displaced 3- or 4- part fractures of the proximal humerus in 92 geriatric patients treated between 2/2000 and 2/2004. At final follow-up patients were clinically evaluated using the Constant-Murley score and were examined radiologically. The mean non-age-related Constant-Murley score was 69.8 points. A clear correlation was found between the final score and the quality of reposition of the tuberosities and/or plate position. Accurate reduction and plate positioning led to a significantly better functional result. For 28 patients (30.4%), sinkage of the humeral head into the shaft occurred despite angle-stable anchoring. The currently celebrated angle-stabilising plates did not lead to a significant improvement in functional outcome, compared with other established osteosynthesis procedures.     

Prognostic factors in prosthetic replacement for acute proximal humerus fractures

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of some epidemiological and radiologic factors on the outcome of prosthetic replacement in acute proximal humerus fractures. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. PATIENTS: Thirty-two patients [mean age 58 (range 37-83 years)] with a mean follow-up period of 35 months (range 8-80 months). Fifteen cases had Neer type IV, 2 had type III, and 15 patients had fracture-dislocations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Neer's criteria, Constant score, and elevation degree were used. Radiological parameters were union and position of the tuberosities, bone stock, and position of the prosthesis. RESULTS: Excellent or good results according to Neer's criteria were obtained in 24 of the 32 cases (75%), and unsatisfactory results in 8 cases (25%). Mean Constant score was 68 (range 19-98) and mean elevation degree 113 (range 30-180). Thirty-one cases (97%) had no or mild pain. Cases operated within 14 days following injury had a better general outcome (p = 0.005). The humeral offset was directly correlated to the elevation degree (p = 0.011) and Constant score (p = 0.002), whereas the head height was inversely correlated to the same parameters (p = 0.001 for both). The cutoff point for the humeral offset-general outcome correlation was calculated as 23 mm using ROC curve analysis. The most common complications were problems concerning the tuberosities (50%), and they adversely affected the clinical outcome (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative delay, problems of tuberosity fixation, and position of the tuberosities were parameters influencing the clinical outcome. Lateralization of the tuberosities results in better scores, whereas their distal transfer can be related to a poorer outcome.     

Changes in bone density of the femur after cement-free implantation of a modular hip prosthesis with a long shaft

Until now, no reports exist on the existence of femoral bone loss after hip arthroplasty using long-stem cementless prostheses in elderly patients. In a prospective evaluation the amount of bone loss (stress-shielding) after implantation of a long stem hip prosthesis in patients with femoral neck fractures (group A) or pertrochanteric femoral fractures (group B) was examined. Eleven patients (five from group A and six from group B) were treated with a long-stem modular hip prosthesis (MHP). Change of bone mass was evaluated using quantitative computed tomographie (QCT) immediately following and at six months (group A and B) and twelve months (group A) after implantation of the prosthesis. Clinical results, expressed with the modified Harris Hip Score, and relative changes of bone mass were compared with mean periprosthetic bone mass of the femur after operation. After implantation of the MHP, the maximum decrease of mean femoral bone mass was 19.1% at six months and 20.2% at twelve months for group A and 29.5% at six months for group B. Bone loss in the proximal periprosthetic area was higher than in the distal part. There was no correlation between baseline values of bone mass and the amount of stress-shielding or clinical outcome.     

Subtrochanteric missile fractures of the femur

The treatment results of subtrochanteric missile fractures of the femur in 41 casualties are analyzed. The wounds were inflicted by infantry weapon missiles in 29 (70.7%) and by fragments of mine or explosive devices in 12 (29.3%) casualties. The associated neurovascular bundle injuries were present in 11 (26.8%) patients. Fracture stabilization was done by external fixation in 25 (62.5%): group A; and by plaster of Paris in 15 (37.5%) patients: group B. The postoperative period was uneventful in 14 (35.0%) and early or late complications occurred in 26 (65.0%) patients. Bone infection developed in six (15.0%) and fractures did not heal in four (10.0%) patients. Complications were present in 13 (52.0%) patients from group A and in 13 (86.7%) patients from group B. Delayed fracture healing and fracture nonunion were present in group A and contractures of large joints in group B. Subtrochanteric missile fractures of the femur present very severe injuries where the treatment is followed by a very high percentage of complications. External fracture fixation in this region facilitates the care, stability, early covering of soft tissue defects and early physical therapy.     

A new prosthetic design for proximal humeral fractures: reconstructing the glenohumeral unit

A new shoulder prosthesis design for proximal humeral fractures has been developed. The rim of the articular component of this prosthesis has several holes to which the bone-tendon junction of the rotator cuff is fixed, to allow an anatomic reconstruction of the glenohumeral unit. The strength of the tuberosity fixation to this prosthesis is investigated in a cadaveric study. Artificial 4-part fractures were created in 18 human, fresh-frozen, paired shoulder joints with intact rotator cuffs. Two methods of tuberosity fixation were used in a matched-pair fashion. In group I the tuberosities were sutured to the rim of the prosthetic head, and in group II the tuberosities were circumferentially tension band-wired. Strength testing was performed on a material-testing machine, and displacement was recorded with an opto-electronic device. Both fixation methods proved to be equally reliable in the forces exerted during activities of daily living without significant displacement of the fracture fragments.     

Early management of proximal humeral fractures with hemiarthroplasty: a systematic review

We performed a comprehensive systematic review of the literature to examine the role of hemiarthroplasty in the early management of fractures of the proximal humerus. In all, 16 studies dealing with 810 hemiarthroplasties in 808 patients with a mean age of 67.7 years (22 to 91) and a mean follow-up of 3.7 years (0.66 to 14) met the inclusion criteria. Most of the fractures were four-part fractures or fracture-dislocations. Several types of prosthesis were used. Early passive movement on the day after surgery and active movement after union of the tuberosities at about six weeks was described in most cases. The mean active anterior elevation was to 105.7 degrees (10 degrees to 180 degrees) and the mean abduction to 92.4 degrees (15 degrees to 170 degrees). The incidence of superficial and deep infection was 1.55% and 0.64%, respectively. Complications related to the fixation and healing of the tuberosities were observed in 86 of 771 cases (11.15%). The estimated incidence of heterotopic ossification was 8.8% and that of proximal migration of the humeral head 6.8%. The mean Constant score was 56.63 (11 to 98). At the final follow-up, no pain or only mild pain was experienced by most patients, but marked limitation of function persisted.     

Outcome after primary hemiarthroplasty for fracture of the head of the humerus. A retrospective multicentre study of 167 patients

We have examined 167 patients who had a hemiarthroplasty for three- and four-part fractures and fracture-dislocations of the head of the humerus in a multicentre study involving 12 Austrian hospitals. All patients were followed for more than a year. Anatomical healing of the tuberosity significantly influenced the outcome as measured by the Constant score and subjective patient satisfaction. With regard to pain, the outcome was generally satisfactory but only 41.9% of patients were able to flex the shoulder above 90 degrees. The age of the patient and the type of prosthesis significantly influenced the healing of the tuberosity, but bone grafting did not. Achievement of healing of the tuberosity was inferior in institutions at which less than 15 hemiarthroplasties had been performed (Mann-Witney U test, p = 0.0001).     

Functional outcome of shoulder hemiarthroplasty for fractures: A multicentre analysis

In this multicentre study, data on 102 shoulder hemiarthroplasties for the treatment of fractures were analysed retrospectively with regard to tuberosity healing and functional outcome.

Methods

Clinical outcome was assessed using the constant score (CS) and the American Shoulder and Elbow Score (ASES). The mean follow-up time was 28.1 months. The proportion of patients presenting tuberosity healing was 35.3% (36 out of 102).

Results

Anatomical tuberosity healing has a significant effect on CS, especially for lateral elevation (p = 0.0076), forward elevation (p = 0.0002), power (p = 0.0023) and the ASES (p = 0.017). However, the pain value of the CS was not influenced by tuberosity healing (p = 0.34). In patients with anatomically healed tuberosities, the CS averaged 53.0 points, whereas in the group of patients with non-anatomical tuberosity healing, the score averaged 40.1 points (p = 0.0004).There was an 11-fold increase in tuberosity nonunion in females compared with males (p = 0.0045). Further, nonunion was seen to be associated with advanced age of >70 years (p = 0.037) and the presence of osteoporosis (p = 0.034).

Conclusion

In this study, we found that anatomical tuberosity healing around the prosthesis improved functional outcome and range of motion.     

Die Versorgung dislozierter 3- und 4-Fragmentfrakturen des proximalen Humerus mit einem winkelstabilen Plattenfixateur

In the presented prospective study 35 consecutive patients with displaced 3- and 4-part fractures of the proximal humerus, including fracture dislocations, were treated with a fixator plate comprising angular stability between May 2001 and December 2002. After 18.5 (8-29) months 31 (89%) fractures were available for follow-up. Good and very good results were obtained in 64%. A poor result was documented in 23%. 64% of the patients had no or mild pain, 71% were able to abduct the arm over 90 degrees . Fracture classification according to Neer and AO had no influence on the outcome, with a mean Constant Score of 76 points. Partial avascular necrosis (AVN) of the humeral head was seen in 16% of all cases representing 4% of the fractures without dislocation and 80% of the fracture dislocations. Fracture dislocation (p=0.02) and AVN (p=0.005) had a negative effect on the Constant Score, with AVN being a predictor for a high level of pain (p=0.04). Secondary dislocation of the greater tuberosity was seen in two patients, loosening of screws in one patient and a fracture below the plate in another one. Secondary dislocation or loss of reduction of the head was not recorded. Angle stable plate fixation with tension band wiring of the tuberosities is an effective and safe option to treat this difficult fractures, also in elderly patients with osteoporotic bone. Because 40% of the 4-part fractures with fracture dislocation yielded a satisfactory or better result, the plate fixator with angular stability may be an alternative to prosthetic replacement in selected cases.     

Outcome after surgical treatment of fragility ankle fractures in a certified orthogeriatric trauma center

IntroductionOrthogeriatric ankle fractures seem to play an essential role in terms of quality of life in the elderly. Knowledge of the outcome after orthogeriatric ankle fractures is sparse. The present study investigates the outcome after surgically treated ankle fractures at a certified orthogeriatric trauma center.Material & MethodsA retrospective observational study was performed investigating the outcome of surgically treated ankle fractures in orthogeriatric patients between 2015-2017. Outcome parameters included but were not limited to the EQ-5D 3 L, Barthel Index, Karlsson Score and the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Housing situation and mobility were evaluated and potential associations to the fracture pattern and the related treatment strategy were investigated.ResultsIn total, 58 patients were included (age 77.7 ± 6,2 years). The majority were AO-44 B2 fractures (72%). General outcome was related to the Parker score; a Parker Score of 9 prior surgery was independently associated with an improved outcome according to the EQ-5D 3 L and Barthel Index. Patients under 80 years of age also had better results.Place of residence did not significantly change after surgery. Neither different types of implants nor initial use of an external fixator (e.g. open fractures) did influence outcome. A wound healing impairment was found in 10% of our patients whereas the overall unplanned reoperation rate was 7%. Overall complication rate was 20%, one-year mortality was 10%.ConclusionsSurgically treated ankle fractures in the elderly which are treated in a certified geriatric fracture center seem to have limited negative effect on their quality of life. We did not observe the otherwise often demonstrated high mortality rates, but still nearly half of the patients demonstrated perioperative complications, which emphasizes the need for optimal perioperative care at an orthogeriatric trauma center. Since there was a reasonable number of patients with wound healing issues this study supports the idea of a staged protocol using external fixation with secondary ORIF.     

可吸收胶原蛋白线在口腔种植修复术切口无张力缝合中的应用价值

目的:比较可吸收胶原蛋白线与丝线编织非吸收性缝线在口腔种植修复手术切口无张力缝合中的临床效果及对患者伤口愈合时间的影响。方法:选取2016年8月-2017年8月在笔者医院门诊行牙齿种植修复术的188例患者为研究对象,采用随机数字法将其分为试验组和对照组,每组94例。试验组采用可吸收胶原蛋白线缝合伤口,对照组采用丝线编织非吸收性缝线缝合伤口。比较两组患者伤口愈合等级、平整率、缝合线完全吸收率、切口愈合时间、疼痛情况及不良反应发生情况。结果:试验组:甲级愈合89例,乙级愈合5例;对照组:甲级愈合74例,乙级愈合19例,丙级愈合1例,试验组患者伤口愈合等级显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组患者牙龈红肿5例,对照组患者牙龈红肿16例,渗血10例,试验组患者牙龈红肿、渗血及总发生情况均显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后3、5、7d,试验组患者缝线位点完全吸收率分别为0.00%、11.35%、97.52%,对照组患者缝线位点完全吸收率均为0.00%,试验组患者缝线位点完全吸收率在术后3、5d均显著高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组患者切口平整率为85.11%,对照组患者切口平整率为68.09%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组患者伤口愈合时间为(5.23±0.31)d,对照组患者伤口愈合时间为(7.57±0.36)d,试验组患者伤口愈合时间显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后3、5、7d,试验组患者VAS评分分别为(3.17±1.65)分、(2.04±0.88)分、(1.11±0.56)分,对照组患者VAS评分分别为(4.97±1.74)分、(3.74±1.25)分、(2.73±0.93)分,在各个时间节点,试验组患者VAS评分水平均显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:可吸收胶原蛋白线在口腔种植修复手术切口无张力缝合中的临床效果较丝线编织非吸收性缝线的临床效果更加显著,应用可吸收胶原蛋白缝线能够有效提高患者伤口愈合效果、缩短愈合时间,同时减少不良反应,值得在临床推广应用。     

Stability of tuberosity reattachment in proximal humeral hemiarthroplasty

Hemiarthroplasty can be an effective treatment for 4-part fractures of the proximal humerus; however, results are often unpredictable. Proper surgical technique is critical for success. Reconstruction of the displaced tuberosities should attempt to impart maximal interfragmentary stability. To our knowledge, a comparison of different tuberosity reconstruction methods has not been reported. We evaluated 5 techniques of tuberosity reattachment on 8 humeri. Four-part fractures were simulated by an oscillating saw in fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders. In the control construct, the greater and lesser tuberosities were attached to the humeral shaft with nylon strap ties (2.4 x l mm) applied at 9.1 N with closure of the rotator interval. Five anatomic reconstructions were then performed:(1) the control tuberosities were attached to each other with strap ties, and (2) the control tuberosities were attached to each other with strap ties, incorporating the anterior fin of the prosthesis. To each of these 3 constructs, a circumferential cerclage (4.8 x 1.25-mm strap tie) applied at 39.2 N was placed around the tuberosities and incorporated into the medial hole of the prosthesis (techniques 3, 4, and 5). Through use of a robot articulator at a rate of 10 degrees /s, passive external rotation from 0 degrees to 60 degrees was performed on the control and the 5 test constructs of each specimen. Interfragmentary displacement of the bony fragments was measured with mercury strain gauges and strain calculated. This strain was minimal and statistically less (P <.05) in those constructs in which a cerclage was used. Incorporation of the nylon strap into the fin of the prosthesis did not enhance stability. In those constructs in which a cerclage was used, maximal displacement was 0.14 +/- 0.7 mm (38% +/- 19% strain), as compared with 0.72 +/- 0.5 mm (204% +/- 133% strain) without it. Reconstruction of 4-part proximal humerus fractures with hemiarthroplasty should incorporate a circumferential medial cerclage. This will decrease interfragmentary motion and strain, maximize fracture stability, and facilitate postoperative rehabilitation.