苏联用粘结性烟煤生产球形活性炭技术综述

<正> 粘结性烟煤作为生产活性炭的原料是很有发展前途的。用粘结性烟煤可显著降低粘结剂用量或完全不用粘结剂。苏联可燃矿物研究所于70年代开发了用粘结性烟煤生产球形活性炭的技术。它的特点是不用粘结剂,可采用从气煤到焦煤较广泛的煤种以及以它们为基础的配煤为原料,其特性见表1。     

用烟煤制取活性炭的研究

活性炭是以含碳物质为原料，经过多道工序加工处理后得到的一种具有吸附作用的炭素材料。它广泛地用于环保、食品、石油化工等部门。我区具有丰富的煤炭资源，而煤中含有大量的不定形碳，理论上是制造活性炭的优质原料。正是基于这样的认识，开展了以包头万利矿的烟煤为原料制造活性炭的研究。     

利用大同烟煤生产柱状活性炭的工艺开发

研究了以大同烟煤为原料生产柱状活性炭的工艺,讨论了炭化最终温度、活化温度和活化时间等对工艺的影响,给出了最佳工艺条件。     

煤焦油沥青制球形活性炭的研究

实验室研究利用煤焦油沥青研制球型活性炭,在活化温度850℃,活化时间6h,烧失率67.5%时制得的球形活性炭碘值为778.8mg/g,亚甲蓝值为77.32mg/g,并具有球形度好、装填密度均匀、比表面积较大、强度高、耐磨损、耐腐蚀等优点,达到了净化用颗粒活性炭质量标准。     

活性炭布的研究

活性炭布可以用粘胶纤维为原料经炭化、活化制得，本文研究了工艺条件对活性炭布的影响，以及粘胶纤维用氯化锌、氯化铝和硼酸水溶液浸渍的结果。     

以大同烟煤为原料制备压块活性炭的研究

煤基压块活性炭是以煤为原料,经过制粉、压块、炭化和活化等工序制得的一种不定性颗粒活性炭。介绍了大同烟煤的煤质特性;简述了以大同烟煤为原料制备压块活性炭的生产工艺、主要设备和实验过程。研究结果表明：采用大同烟煤制备压块活性炭,不用配煤和不需添加剂,所得压块活性炭样品的微孔发达,比表面积达到1 109 m2/g,吸附性能和强度指标均接近和优于参比样品。     

活性炭脱硫剂制备影响因素分析

从原料选择、炭化条件和活化条件出发,结合脱硫机理分析了制备活性炭的最佳原料和最佳条件。结果表明：（１）半焦是脱硫剂的理想原料;（２）脱灰和预氧化有利于孔结构和比表面积发展;（３）ＣＯ２活化对增大比表面积有利,水蒸气活化主要扩大孔径;Ｏ２活化和化学活化对改变表面化学结构有利。     

煤基活性炭的定向制备与再生研究

对煤基活性炭生产过程中炭化与活化的机理展开了详细的分析和论述,同时分析了制备过程中影响质量的因素,并且具体分析了活性炭电极材料的定向制备.以我国的经济和环保为出发点,介绍了活性炭再生以及评价方法,为煤基活性炭的快速发展提供参考.     

物理活化法制备竹活性炭的研究

本研究以可再生的、资源丰富的赣南毛竹为原料,先以N2为炭化介质进行炭化,然后以CO2作为活化介质对炭化产物进行活化,制备出竹材活性炭.综合考察活化温度和时间等对最终产品收率和亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响.通过N2吸附等温线初步分析吸附过程,确定制备工艺并进行优化,并对制备的竹活性炭进行扫描电镜和透射电镜的结构表征.     

贫瘦煤制备抗菌活性炭的研究

实验探讨了用山西贫瘦煤为原料,经过浓度20％的盐酸或浓度4％NaOH进行脱灰处理。以及对脱灰处理煤进行炭化和活化等工艺过程制备出具有较高吸附性能的煤基粉状活性炭。同时,实验采用浸渍法负载Zn^2＋、Cu^2＋、Ag^＋ 3种抗菌金属离子制成具有抗菌性能的抗菌活性炭。     

沥青基球形活性炭的制备研究

以煤沥青为主要原料采用水浴悬浮法制备沥青球。使用扫描电子显微镜和偏光显微镜对沥青球的表面形貌进行表征,探讨了减黏剂萘含量对调制沥青软化点的影响,成球温度对球形貌的影响以及沥青/水相的最大质量比。实验还采用Fluent软件对固液悬浮体系进行模拟。结果表明:所制得沥青球球形度好,表面光滑,粒径分布范围窄;相同原料沥青,萘含量越高调制沥青软化点越低;沥青/水相的最佳质量比为16;不同的搅拌器最佳速度有所不同。     

强粘结性烟煤粘结指数测定影响因素研究

为提高强粘结性烟煤的粘结指数测定的准确度,研究了试样的不同粒度组成,焦化时间,以及与惰性组分的配比对G值结果的影响。结果表明,高于15min后,焦化时间对G值影响不大,其余两者影响很大。     

大同煤加添加剂制备活性炭

在添加剂作用下制备活性炭的试验结果表明 ,加添加剂后 ,可有效地改变活性炭的孔隙结构 ,使其吸附性能大大增强 ,同时还可缩短活化时间 ,降低活化温度 ;添加剂对环境和设备均无不良影响     

Effect of Friedel-Crafts alkylation on the caking properties of bituminous coal

Reaction of medium caking Illinois No. 6 and highly caking Kentucky HVB coals under mild Friedel-Crafts alkylation conditions rendered the product non-caking. Use of aluminium chloride alone with coal did not change the caking property, while this catalyst in the presence of either an alkyl chloride or benzene did suppress caking. Gaseous HCl decreased but did not eliminate agglomeration. Alkylation of a non-caking Western subbituminous coal had no effect on its non-caking property.     

Enlargement of the micropores of a caking bituminous coal by controlled oxidation

In a study of the enlargement of pores of coals it has been found that treatment of a bituminous coal (PSOC No. 371, from the Pennsylvania State University Coal Section) with a 5:95 O₂:N₂ stream 4 h at 400 °C increases the surface area as measured by nitrogen adsorption at 77K by a factor of at least 50 to a value 52 m² g^?1. The increase in pore size was accompanied by a 9.7% weight loss. Simultaneously, the area as measured by carbon dioxide at 195K increased from 61 to 136 m² g^?1 and that measured by carbon dioxide at room temperature increased from 125 to 237 m² g^?1. Attempts to enlarge the pores by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide or ozone were unsuccessful. A Pittsburgh coal subject to a small percentage of oxygen in nitrogen or steam at 300 to 400 °C showed a surface area as measured by nitrogen adsorption of less than 1 m² g^?1 both before and after such pretreatment. This same coal with a 5:95 O₂:N₂ stream for 4 h at 450 °C showed a surface area of 110 m² g^?1 measured by nitrogen adsorption at 77K.     

XPS study and physico-chemical properties of nitrogen-enriched microporous activated carbon from high volatile bituminous coal

N-enriched microporous active carbons of different physico-chemical parameters have been obtained from high volatile bituminous coal subjected to the processes of ammoxidation, carbonisation and activation in different sequences. Ammoxidation was performed by a mixture of ammonia and air at the ratio 1:3 (flow ratio 250 ml/min:750 ml/min) at 350 °C, at each stage of production i.e. that of precursor, carbonisate and active carbon. Ammoxidation performed at the stage of demineralised coal or carbonisate has been shown to lead to a significant nitrogen enrichment and to have beneficial effect on the porous structure of the carbon during activation, allowing obtaining samples of the surface area of 2600-2800 m²/g and pore volume 1.29-1.60 cm³/g to be obtained with the yield of about 50%. The amount of nitrogen introduced into the carbon structure was found to depend on the sequence of the processes applied. The greatest amount of nitrogen was introduced for the processes in the sequence carbonisation → activation → ammoxidation. The introduction of nitrogen at the stage of active carbon leads to a reduction in the surface area and lowering of its sorption capacity. From the XPS study, ammoxidation introduces nitrogen mainly in the form of imines, amines, amides, N-5 and N-6, irrespective of the processing stage at which it is applied.     

Preparation and characterization of spherical activated carbons from oil agglomerated bituminous coals for removing organic impurities from water

A new and simple method of producing of spherical activated carbons (SACs) from different bituminous coals, i.e., gas coal, gas-coking coal and orthocoking coal, is presented. Coal agglomerates of spherical shape obtained by oil agglomeration using rapeseed oil and linseed oil, were subjected to carbonization and activation with steam at 850 °C. The SACs prepared from gas-coking coal (hvAb) agglomerates were characterized by the best developed porous structure with surface area S_BET of about 800 m²/g and pore volume of 0.40 cm³/g. The adsorption capacity of the produced SACs was determined in terms of substituted phenolic compounds. The adsorption of 2-chlorophenol (OCP), 4-chlorophenol (PCP) and 4-nitrophenol (PNP) from aqueous solutions was studied under a static conditions on the SAC prepared from gas-coking coal agglomerated using rapeseed oil. At high concentrations of the solute the adsorption behavior of OCP was found to be different in comparison to PCP and PNP. The adsorption of the two last phenolic compounds on the selected SAC is very well described by Langmuir adsorption model. For OCP a two-stepped adsorption isotherm was obtained. The Langmuir isotherm equation fits very well only for the first stage of the OCP adsorption.     

聚乙烯醇缩丁醛包膜球形活性炭的制备与应用

球形活性炭拥有优异的吸附效率且易于后续分离,但是由于广谱吸附性,其应用受到了一定的限制,而膜分离是一种优异的选择性分离方式,将球形活性炭的高效吸附性与膜分离技术的高效选择性相结合可以实现球形活性炭的更广泛的利用。利用聚乙烯醇缩丁醛（PVB）作为成膜物质包覆在活性炭球表面,利用葡聚糖与红曲红色素作为两种不同相对分子质量的吸附质模拟多糖脱色的过程,探究了不同相对分子质量与不同浓度的PVB对包膜球形活性炭在吸附过程中的影响,并通过吸附动力学与吸附等温线对其过程进行了分析。结果表明,在单组分吸附中,葡聚糖的吸附量最大下降达67.1%,而红曲红最小仅下降了14.8%;在双组分吸附过程中,两者的吸附选择性则最高上升了114.8%,说明包膜活性炭在选择性吸附方面取得了较大的改善。