社区感染常见病原菌耐药性分析

目的 了解社区感染常见病原菌的耐药情况,为临床应用抗菌药物提供参考.方法 收集我2010年1-12月份852例社区感染患者的细菌培养及药物敏感试验结果,并对其耐药性进行统计分析.结果 各类标本共分离出病原菌902株,其中革兰阳性菌226株、革兰阴性菌676株.革兰阳性菌中葡萄球菌对青霉素G、红霉素、庆大霉素的耐药率高,均>50.0%;链球菌对青霉素G、克林霉素的耐药率较低,<30.0%;未检出耐万古霉素的菌株.革兰阴性菌中,大肠埃希菌对头孢西丁、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星,肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢西丁、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南、庆大霉素、奈替米星、阿米卡星和阿莫西林/克拉维酸,铜绿假单胞菌对替卡西林/舒巴坦、哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、美罗培南、庆大霉素和阿米卡星的耐药率都<30.0%;革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率都<10.0%.结论 应提高临床合理使用抗菌药物水平,加强社区抗菌药物应用管理,延缓细菌耐药性产生.     

新生儿多重耐药菌感染性肺炎62例临床分析

目的:回顾性分析贵州省黔西南州人民医院新生儿多重耐药菌(MDRO)感染性肺炎的病原菌分布及耐药情况,为合理用药提供依据.方法:选取2011年3月至2012年2月该院新生儿病房确诊的MDRO感染性肺炎62例为研究对象,分析病原菌种类及其药敏试验结果.结果:62例MDRO中革兰阴性菌51例,占82.3％,革兰阳性菌11例,占17.7％.革兰阴性菌主要为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,其对亚胺培南、美罗培南敏感率为100％,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感率为94.1％.革兰阳性菌均为葡萄球菌,对万古霉素敏感率为100％.结论:该院新生儿MDRO感染性肺炎的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌中的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,治疗首选亚胺培南、美罗培南,因其对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感率也高,且哌拉西林/他唑巴坦价格低廉,故哌拉西林/他唑巴坦可作为优选药.     

2013-2015年重庆市荣昌区中医院常见病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解重庆市荣昌区中医院临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法 收集重庆市荣昌区中医院2013年9月-2015年9月检验科分离的病原菌及药敏试验结果进行统计分析。结果 共分离出病原菌600株,其中革兰阴性菌428株,占71.33%;革兰阳性菌172株,占28.67%。标本主要来自痰液,构成比为75.08%。革兰阳性菌中,葡萄球菌检出率高且耐药较严重,金黄色葡萄球菌敏感的药物有万古霉素、多西环素、阿米卡星和呋喃妥因。未发现耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌。革兰阴性菌中肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林耐药率为100.0%,对其他均敏感;大肠埃希菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦钠、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南较敏感。铜绿假单胞菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌呈现出多重耐药性,对常见抗菌药物均有不同程度的耐药;鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦钠、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、美罗培南、复方新诺明、米诺环素敏感。结论 重庆市荣昌区中医院常见病原菌耐药严重,临床应重视病原菌检查,同时加强监管,以降低细菌耐药性。     

159株致败血症革兰阴性菌对β内酰胺类抗生素的药敏分析

目的测定致败血症革兰阴性菌对β内酰胺类抗生素的药物敏感性,为临床治疗提供参考。方法1999年3月- 2007年6月间经血培养证实革兰阴性败血症的病例141例,检出菌株159株,以VITEK-AMS全自动微生物鉴定仪进行药敏试验。结果革兰阴性菌菌株对氨苄西林耐药率最高,达86.13%,对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑啉、头孢噻吩的耐药率均在50%以上;对哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠、亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南等较敏感,耐药率均低于10%;超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率达32.84%,ESBLs阳性菌株对头孢唑林、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢曲松、氨曲南的耐药率明显高于ES- BLs阴性菌株,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论败血症革兰阴性致病菌对碳青霉烯类、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦钠及哌拉西林/三唑巴坦等抗菌药物敏感性高。产生ESBLs是革兰阴性菌对β内酰胺类抗生素耐药的原因之一。     

149株脑梗塞患者伴医院获得性肺炎病原菌的分布及主要病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药率分析

目的:分析脑梗塞患者并发医院获得性肺炎病原菌的分布及主要病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药率。方法:选取2017年12月—2019年5月期间收治的脑梗塞并发医院获得性肺炎患者100例资料,分析其患者晨痰或气管深处分泌物标本中分离出的病原菌分布与主要病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药情况。结果:100例患者晨痰或气管深处分泌物标本中培养出149株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌36株(24.16%)、革兰阴性菌94株(63.09%)和真菌19株(12.75%);革兰阳性菌中主要为金黄色葡萄球菌,革兰阴性菌中主要为鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌;鲍曼不动杆菌对环丙沙星的耐药率为最高(占60.71%),而其对美罗培南和氨苄西林-舒巴坦的耐药率为最低(均为3.57%);大肠埃希菌对美洛西林、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松、头孢他啶的耐药率均为63.64%,而其对美罗培南和氯霉素的耐药率为4.55%;肺炎克雷伯菌对环丙沙星、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松、头孢他啶的耐药率均为52.94%,而其对头孢吡肟、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、氯霉素及氨苄西林-舒巴坦的耐药率均仅为5.88%;金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素的耐药率为最高(分别为90.00%、80.00%),而其对多西环素、万古霉素几乎无耐药(敏感率为100.00%)。结论:脑梗塞患者并发医院获得性肺炎的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌,其次为革兰阳性菌;临床应根据患者感染病原菌的药敏试验结果,合理选用抗菌药物治疗。     

胆道感染的病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的通过了解胆道感染的病原菌分布及其对抗生素敏感性的情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对我院肝胆外科住院患者胆汁培养阳性的137株细菌分布及药敏结果采用WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果 137株胆汁培养阳性的细菌中,革兰阴性杆菌120株占87.6%,革兰阳性球菌17株占12.4%,引起胆道感染常见的病原菌主要为大肠埃希菌73株占53.3%,肺炎克雷伯菌25株占18.3%,铜绿假单胞菌12株占8.8%,大肠埃希菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南无耐药菌株,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率为12%、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦为8%、耐药率较低,对氨苄西林的为87.6%、头孢唑林为65.9%、哌拉西林为60.6%、头孢呋辛为60.2%,耐药率较高。肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南无耐药菌株,对头孢吡肟耐药率为9.8%、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦为5%,耐药率较低,对氨苄西林、哌拉西林为天然耐药。铜绿假单胞对阿米卡星耐药率为13%、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦为8.6%、亚胺培南为1.1%、美罗培南0.2%、,耐药率较低。对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛、头孢唑林、复方磺胺为天然耐药。结论胆道感染中革兰阴性杆菌仍占主要地位,细菌耐药谱有较大差异,建议临床医师根据病原学监测结果针对性地选择抗菌药物。     

2951例病原菌的分布及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药分析

目的了解我院临床分离出的2 951例病原菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。方法对2 951株临床分离菌株进行药敏试验。结果临床分离菌株中革兰阳性菌占17．45％,革兰阴性菌占82．55％。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺高度敏感;革兰阴性杆菌对头孢哌酮舒巴坦、哌拉西林他唑巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感性较高。结论肠杆科大肠埃希菌耐药率高于肺炎克雷伯菌,非发酵菌的鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌显示多重耐药。     

2007-2009年安徽省痰标本中分离的革兰阴性菌耐药性监测

目的 分析2007-2009年安徽省临床分离痰标本中革兰阴性菌对抗菌药物耐药性变迁情况.方法 采用2009年美国CLSI推荐的琼脂对倍稀释法进行抗菌药物敏感实验,计算抗菌药物的耐药率、敏感率和中介率,结果采用SPSS11.5软件进行统计分析.结果 2007年1月至2009年12月从临床送检的痰标本中分离出革兰阴性菌1492株.来自ICU的不动杆菌对亚胺培南及美罗培南的敏感率分别为70.0％和61.3％,其对哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、头孢曲松、庆大霉素、阿米卡星和环丙沙星的耐药率均高于非ICU菌株.来自ICU与非ICU的铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星、头孢他啶的敏感率均在50％以上.来自ICU的铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和庆大霉素的耐药率均高于非ICU菌株.肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星的耐药率低于30％.大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星的耐药率在30％以下,对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、氨曲南、庆大霉素、氟喹诺酮类的耐药率大于50％.结论 定期进行耐药性监测有助于了解我省细菌耐药性变迁,为临床经验用药提供依据.     

428例儿童社区获得性肺炎病原菌和药敏试验及分析

目的了解本地区儿童社区获得性肺炎的病原菌分布特点、药敏情况。方法对2009年1月至2011年1月在我院住院的1250例儿童社区获得性肺炎病例进行常规深部痰培养,进行细菌培养及药敏试验分析。结果共检出细菌428株,检出率为34.24%,位居前3位的细菌分别为:大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌;金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G100%耐药,对红霉素、阿奇霉素的耐药性均超过80%,对常用的β-内酰胺类如头孢克罗、头孢噻肟也有较高的耐药性,对亚胺培南的耐药率为45.07%;鲍曼不动杆菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢他啶、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率均超过80%,但尚未发现对糖肽类抗生素出现耐药;多数的革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、头孢他啶有较高的耐药性;在主要的革兰阴性菌中尚未发现对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦及亚胺培南耐药的菌株。结论大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、流感嗜血杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌为本地区儿童社区获得性肺炎的常见病原菌。分离细菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性较为严重。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病的病原菌构成及耐药性分析

目的:分析老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的病原菌构成及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供参考。方法:对156例COPD患者的痰培养和药敏试验结果进行回顾性分析。结果:革兰阴性(G-)菌125株,以铜绿假单胞菌为首;革兰阳性(G+)菌48株,以金黄色葡萄球菌为首;真菌18株。铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南和头孢他啶的耐药率均<35%;肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦和亚胺培南耐药率均<35%;鲍曼不动杆菌除了对亚胺培南和头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦敏感外,对其他药物的耐药率均>60%。G+菌耐药性严重,但对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感率均为100.0%。结论:老年COPD患者的主要病原菌为G-菌,呈现出多重耐药性,耐药率也不断增加。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.