空间机器人遥操作地面验证技术研究

针对空间机器人遥操作任务需求,建立了一套遥操作地面验证子系统．该地面验证子系统由天地通信模拟模块、空间机器人动力学模块、物理验证模块及星载验证模块组成．天地通信模拟模块对天地通信链路的时延和带宽进行模拟,动力学模块根据遥操作命令计算系统的动力学响应,物理验证模块和星载验证模块分别对空间机器人的末端运动、中央控制器的运算能力和执行时序进行验证．实验结果表明了该子系统的有效性．     

基于混合算法的空间机器人运动学参数辨识

外太空环境恶劣,空间遥操作机器人结构在太空环境作业时会产生形变,而且其加工生产也存在加工误差,空间遥机器人的形变引起DH参数的误差,为了完成空间机器人系统的地而仿真预测,并且确保空间遥操作机器人完成工作任务,必须根据遥测数据准确的辨识出空间机器人系统的运动学参数.提出了混合非线性参数辨识的LM(Levenberg-Marquarat)和递推最小二乘办法的混合辨识算法.最后,给出了办法的实例仿真,说明了辨识算法的稳定性,能够完成对空间遥操作机器人的运动学参数的辨识.     

面向多机器人遥操作的分布式预测图形仿真系统

在遥操作机器人系统中,由于存在通信传输时延,可能导致控制系统不稳定,从而降 低遥操作的效率和安全性．目前多采用预测仿真的方法来克服．在多机器人遥操作系统不但 要克服时延的影响,还要能控制机器人协调地完成遥操作任务．我们开发了一个面向多操作 者 多机器人遥操作的分布式预测图形仿真系统,实现了对多机器人遥操作系统的预测仿真 ,多个操作者可以通过人机交互接口遥控各自的机器人,相互协调完成遥操作的任务．初步 的实验表明该系统能够克服时延的影响,并能实现多操作者 多机器人的协调遥操作．这对 空间站机器人科学实验、多航行器对接等方面的研究有理论参考价值．     

基于18-传感器数据手套手部交互模型的建立

虚拟现实技术应用到遥操作机器人系统中可以克服通信时延对系统的影响,其交互设备数据手套用作遥操作机器人系统的主端控制装置可以在人机交互中充分发挥手的自然性和灵巧性.介绍了美国Immersion公司生产的CyberGlove的特点及使用方法,接着分析了人体手部的生理结构,将手部运动自由度分解为手部姿态22个自由度和空间位置6个自由度.在建立虚拟手部模型的基础上,以具有18个传感器的数据手套作为手势输入设备,通过人体手部运动学模型建立了数据手套与虚拟手模型之间的联系,利用3DS MAX、OpenGL编程实现了人手与虚拟手模型的交互操作.     

临场感遥操作机器人系统克服时延影响的研究发展策略􀀂

时延问题是临场感遥操作机器人系统中亟需解决的首要问题.为了了解临场感遥操作机器人系统克服时延影响的研究发展策略及其最近的研究进展;指出基于虚拟现实技术的临场感遥操作机器人系统是今后临场感机器人技术研究和发展的主潮流;认为致力于设计并研究对几何建模误差和动力学建模误差均具有鲁棒性的临场感遥操作机器人系统,才是有效地解决系统通信时延问题,并使其系统稳定,又具有良好可操作性的切实可行的办法.     

空间机器人的遥操作

本文介绍了美国、日本和欧洲等主要空间大国空间机器人的应用情况,总结了空间机器人遥操作的发展过程及特点,时延对空间机器人遥操作的影响和空间机器人遥操作的主要方式,展望了我国空间机器人遥操作的发展前景。     

临场感遥操作机器人综述

本文分别综述了视觉临场感遥操作机器人系统、力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统、触觉临场感遥操作机器人系统、运动觉临场感遥操作机器人系统及时延对临场感遥操作机器人系统的影响问题。提出了临场感遥操作机器人技术是一门多传感器、多信息融合的人机交互技术，并指出了其今后的发展方向及研究重点。     

力觉临场感遥操作系统的研究进展

力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统是一种新型的机器人控制系统，目前研究中系统存在的控制通信时延是严重影响系统的操作性能，甚至使系统不稳定的主要原因之一，当利用Internet网络传输信号时，时延是时变的，不确定的，对系统的影响更为明显，因此意在介绍国内外力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统的发展状况以及在克服时延对系统影响方面所取得的最新研究进展，同时指出研究中存在的问题，及对进一步研究提出一些看法。     

自由飞行空间机器人的遥操作分数阶PID控制

作为空间操控的重要手段, 空间遥操作将趋向于更精细和更灵活. 然而传统的空间遥操作控制方法难以兼 顾操作的精细性和灵活性. 针对这一问题, 本文阐述了一种面向自由飞行空间机器人的遥操作分数阶PID控制方法. 首先根据自由飞行空间机器人的动力学模型, 设计了空间遥操作分数阶PID控制系统. 其次, 针对空间遥操作时滞 系统和系统的鲁棒性和抗干扰性要求, 基于系统的参数稳定域, 对分数阶PID控制器的参数进行整定. 最后, 数值仿 真和地面遥操作实验验证了分数阶PID控制器的跟踪性能、抗干扰性、鲁棒性和抗时延抖动性能. 因此, 本文设计的 分数阶PID控制器不仅适合于空间遥操作复杂时滞系统, 而且可以满足未来空间遥操作任务的发展需求.     

自由飞行空间机器人的遥操作分数阶PID控制（英文）

作为空间操控的重要手段,空间遥操作将趋向于更精细和更灵活.然而传统的空间遥操作控制方法难以兼顾操作的精细性和灵活性.针对这一问题,本文阐述了一种面向自由飞行空间机器人的遥操作分数阶PID控制方法.首先根据自由飞行空间机器人的动力学模型,设计了空间遥操作分数阶PID控制系统.其次,针对空间遥操作时滞系统和系统的鲁棒性和抗干扰性要求,基于系统的参数稳定域,对分数阶PID控制器的参数进行整定.最后,数值仿真和地面遥操作实验验证了分数阶PID控制器的跟踪性能、抗干扰性、鲁棒性和抗时延抖动性能.因此,本文设计的分数阶PID控制器不仅适合于空间遥操作复杂时滞系统,而且可以满足未来空间遥操作任务的发展需求.     

Description of Instantaneous Restriction Space for Multi-DOFs Bilateral Teleoperation Systems Using Position Sensors in Unstructured Environments

This paper investigates a novel position-sensor-based force reflection framework for multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) bilateral teleoperation systems in unstructured environments. The conventional position-sensor-based force reflection method, which is known as position error feedback, may generate grossly inaccurate force reflection directions during collisions involving the slave manipulator links. The proposed restriction space projection framework calculates the instantaneous restriction space to provide the accurate force reflection, regardless of kinematic dissimilarity (KDS) conditions of bilateral teleoperation systems. Simulation results confirmed the validity of the proposed framework in a KDS bilateral teleoperation system under various constraint conditions.     

Nonlinear trilateral teleoperation stability analysis subjected to time-varying delays

A trilateral teleoperation system facilitates the collaboration of two users to share control of a single robot in a remote environment. While various applications of shared-control trilateral haptic teleoperation systems have recently emerged, they have mostly been studied in the context of single-DOF, LTI robotic systems. On the other hand, robotic manipulators with multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) and therefore nonlinear dynamics have recently found many applications such as in robotic-assisted surgery and therapy, space exploration and navigation systems. In this paper, considering the full nonlinear dynamical models of multi-DOF robots, stability analysis of a dual-user haptic teleoperation system is considered over a communication network subjected to asymmetrical time varying delays and through a dominance factor suitable for trainer–trainee applications. Stability in free motion and contact motion and asymptotic position tracking of the trilateral haptic teleoperation system in free motion are proven via Lyapunov stability analysis and Barbalat's lemma where operators and the environment are assumed to be passive. Simulation and experimental results concerning robot position tracking and user-perceived forces for three 2-DOF robots and experimental analysis of user-perceived stiffnesses for three 3-DOF robots validate the theoretical findings pertaining to the system stability and demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed controller.     

不确定遥操作系统带干扰观测器的自适应控制

遥操作系统受到不同类型的不确定性因素影响, 这些不确定性会降低系统的透明性, 甚至会使得系统不稳定. 本文提出了一种带干扰观测器的自适应控制器(adaptive controller with disturbance observer, ACWDO) 用来处理遥操作系统中同时受到的外部干扰和内部动力学参数不确定性. 首先建立了受外部干扰的遥操作系统的非线性动力学模型; 然后分别对主机器人和从机器人设计非线性干扰观测器用来对外部干扰进行估计和补偿; 之后在干扰观测器基础之上分别对主机器人和从机器人设计自适应控制器用来处理内部不确定的动力学参数; 最后再将所设计的ACWDO融入到四通道遥操作系统结构中. 理论分析和仿真结果表明, 所设计的控制器可以取得良好的位置跟踪和力跟踪效果, 确保了遥操作系统的透明性.     

基于时变输出约束的机器人遥操作有限时间控制方法

受操作时间窗口和工作空间的限制,空间遥操作任务需要在有限时间内完成,同时确保末端执行器满足物理约束。此外,时延和外部扰动使不确定遥操作系统的稳定性和控制性能受到严重影响。为此,本文提出了一种基于时变输出约束的机器人遥操作有限时间控制方法。首先,利用积分障碍李雅普诺夫函数处理操作空间的时变约束问题,实用有限时间李雅普诺夫稳定定理保证了系统的快速稳定性。然后,利用神经网络估计环境力以及消解模型不确定性带来的影响,利用鲁棒项补偿神经网络的估计偏差和消解未知外部扰动的影响。最后,在Matlab/Simulink环境下同其他算法进行仿真对比,并在地面实验平台上验证了该算法,理论仿真和实验结果表明该方法进一步提高了误差收敛速率和收敛精度,且系统的输出不会超出预先设定的时变边界。     

基于大数据聚类的工业遥操作机器人位姿定位控制系统设计

针对工业遥操作机器人位姿定位过程中难以同步控制位置和姿态角,导致位姿定位准确性较差的问题,利用大数据聚类技术,从硬件和软件两个方面优化设计工业遥操作机器人位姿定位控制系统。通过位姿传感器的改装,保证传感器设备能够同时测量机器人位置与姿态,改装定位控制器和驱动器。在系统硬件的支持下,考虑机器人组成结构、运动原理和动力学理论,构建机器人数学模型,在该模型下模拟机器人遥操作过程,确定机器人位姿的定位控制目标。实时采集机器人位姿数据,利用大数据聚类技术计算定位控制量,在控制器的约束下,实现系统的位姿定位控制功能。通过系统测试实验得出结论：综合多种类型的运动情况,在优化设计系统的控制下,机器人的位置误差平均值为4.5mm,姿态角控制误差为0.04°。     

Preface

This paper discusses the problems in teleoperation systems for a mobile robot and the utilization of a virtual world in such systems. In order to achieve smooth operation of the mobile robot through a communication link, we should consider time delays in data transfer. To compensate for the incomplete data sets, the virtual images can be generated by computer graphics when the information on the working environment can be acquired beforehand. In this paper, we construct a teleoperation system with a virtual world. The performance of the system is examined through experiments with actual mobile robots which show that the virtual robot can be operated by an operator in almost the same manner as the teleoperated real robot. In an experimental environment with a second moving robot, we can keep the status of the second robot under perfect control and operate the first robot with no interference.     

Markerless human–robot interface for dual robot manipulators using Kinect sensor

Remote teleoperation of robot manipulators is often necessary in unstructured, dynamic, and dangerous environments. However, the existing mechanical and other contacting interfaces require unnatural, or hinder natural, human motions. At present, the contacting interfaces used in teleoperation for multiple robot manipulators often require multiple operators. Previous vision-based approaches have only been used in the remote teleoperation for one robot manipulator as well as require the special quantity of illumination and visual angle that limit the field of application. This paper presents a noncontacting Kinect-based method that allows a human operator to communicate his motions to the dual robot manipulators by performing double hand–arm movements that would naturally carry out an object manipulation task. This paper also proposes an innovative algorithm of over damping to solve the problem of error extracting and dithering due to the noncontact measure. By making full use of the human hand–arm motion, the operator would feel immersive. This human–robot interface allows the flexible implementation of the object manipulation task done in collaboration by dual robots through the double hand–arm motion by one operator.     

竞争型遥操作机器人系统的研究

针对军事、反恐等领域遥操作机器人特点,首次系统地提出竞争型机器人遥操作系统的概念,并将其与传统协作型机器人遥操作系统进行比较分析,从而得出竞争型机器人遥操作系统的研究重点和特点．在此基础上,构建了一个基于网络的竞争型机器人对弈系统,为今后该方向的研究提供了新的思路．     

PD-like controller for delayed bilateral teleoperation of wheeled robots

This paper proposes a proportional derivative (PD)-like controller applied to the delayed bilateral teleoperation of wheeled robots with force feedback in face of asymmetric and varying-time delays. In contrast to bilateral teleoperation of manipulator robots, in these systems, there is a mismatch between the models of the master and slave (mobile robot), problem that is approached in this work, where the system stability is analysed. From this study, it is possible to infer the control parameters, depending on the time delay, necessary to assure stability. Finally, the performance of the delayed teleoperation system is evaluated through tests where a human operator drives a 3D simulator as well as a mobile robot for pushing objects.     

Upper-body haptic system for snake robot teleoperation in pipelines

Snake robots have shown a great potential for operations in confined workplaces that are less accessible or dangerous to human workers, such as the in-pipe inspection. However, the snake robot teleoperation remains a nontrivial task due to the unique locomotion mechanism (e.g., helical motion) and the constraints of the workplaces including the low visibility and indistinguishable features. Most snake robot feedback systems are based on the live camera view only. It is hard for the human operator to develop a correct spatial understanding of the remote workplace, leading to problems such as disorientation and motion sickness in snake robot teleoperation. This study designs and evaluates an innovative haptic assistant system for snake robot teleoperation in the in-pipe inspection. An upper-body haptic suit with 40 vibrators on both the front and back sides of the human operator was developed to generate haptic feedback corresponding to the bottom and up sides of the snake robot, transferring the egocentric sensation of the snake robot to the human operator. A human-subject experiment (n = 31) was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the developed system. The results indicate that the proposed haptic assistant system outperformed other feedback systems in terms of both task performance and subjective workload and motion sickness evaluations. It inspires new control and feedback designs for the future snake robot in industrial operations.