低碳烯烃齐聚合成液体燃料研究进展

以低碳烯烃为原料进行齐聚反应是制取清洁液体燃料的重要途径之一。目前,在烯烃齐聚反应的产业化发展中,开发具有高活性、高稳定性、产物分布集中的多相催化剂仍是重要的研究方向。本文概述了多相催化烯烃齐聚反应在酸性位点以及镍金属位点两种活性中心上的作用机理,并分别对C₂⁼、C₃⁼和混合烯烃的齐聚反应进行介绍;从多相催化剂的优化设计角度,具体包括载体的类型、孔道结构和活性中心的分布状态以及反应条件的优化等方面对当前的研究工作进行了综述。探讨了多相催化烯烃齐聚反应在制备液体燃料中存在的优势和问题,为进一步开发高选择性、长寿命的多相催化剂提供借鉴。     

载体对肉桂醛选择性加氢钴基催化剂的影响

以肉桂醛选择性加氢制肉桂醇为探针反应,通过反应筛选出对催化作用有利的载体,并确定催化剂的最佳负载量。催化剂表征结果表明,酸性载体较碱性载体好,在酸性载体中硅藻土具有更好的助催化作用,钴负载在硅藻土上的最佳负载质量分数为12%,载体存在颗粒效应及催化剂金属与载体存在强相互作用,载体影响催化剂的分布、晶体的形状及活性中心的多少。     

钯基乙炔选择性加氢催化剂研究进展

催化选择加氢去除乙烯中微量乙炔是石化工业重要的反应过程,工业钯基催化剂选择性低、催化剂使用寿命较短。本文综述了近年来国内外乙炔选择性加氢钯基催化剂的研究进展。主要探讨了过渡金属、金属氧化物与非金属配体助剂能调变钯粒子空间结构,隔离分散钯粒子并与钯粒子产生电子效应;阐明了钯粒子尺寸与织构形貌的调控能改变钯的晶面结构,影响钯对乙烯的吸脱附和对氢气的活化与解离性能;评述了单一氧化物、复合金属氧化物、碳材料等载体为催化剂提供合适的表面酸碱性并加强了与活性中心之间的相互作用,稳定钯粒子抑制其发生迁移与团聚。提高乙烯选择性与催化剂稳定性是该研究的重点与难点,负载型钯基催化剂的发展方向是构建高分散钯粒子,并在反应过程中保持稳定。     

α,β-不饱和醛/酮中双键选择性加氢催化剂的研究进展

α,β-不饱和醛/酮中双键选择性加氢制备相应的饱和醛/酮是一类重要的精细化工反应,高选择性催化剂的设计和制备是实现该类反应工业化的关键。从活性金属、助剂和载体材料等方面综述了国内外α,β-不饱和醛/酮中双键选择性加氢催化剂的研究进展,并且从反应物分子在金属活性位上的吸附模型和空间位阻效应等方面理论上阐释了活性金属种类、金属粒径等影响α,β-不饱和醛/酮中双键加氢选择性的本质原因。对近期α,β-不饱和醛/酮选择性加氢制备相应饱和醛/酮反应工艺方面的研究进展进行了评述。     

溢流氢效应对多相催化反应性能的调控

氢溢流现象广泛存在于多相催化反应中,氢活性物种在不同催化组分之间的传递行为实现了反应物在非解离氢活性位上的加氢过程。通过对催化剂的合理构筑,氢溢流现象的产生可以实现对许多重要催化反应活性、选择性和稳定性的调控。综述如何围绕氢溢流加氢机制设计新型高效多相加氢催化剂及其在一些重要催化反应中的应用。     

α,β-不饱和醛的选择性加氢研究进展

α，β-不饱和醛经加氢还原可以得到饱和醛、不饱和醇以及饱和醇等多种产物。综述了α，β-不饱和醛选择性加氢研究进展，着重在多相催化选择性加氢制备不饱和醇的研究领域，指出选择合适的催化剂和适当的反应条件能够有效实现对α，β-不饱和醛选择性加氢从而制备不饱和醇。     

载体对非晶态催化剂的氯代硝基苯加氢性能影响

以纳米碳管(CNTs)、γ-Al2O3、活性炭(AC)、SiO2为载体,Pt、Sn为活性组分,采用浸渍-化学还原法制备了负载Pt-Sn双金属非晶态催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、SAED、EDS等技术手段对催化剂进行了表征,明确了催化剂的非晶态性质、结构形态、粒子大小和元素组成等.以氯代硝基苯液相加氢为目标反应,对各催化剂的催化性能进行了评价.结果表明负载Pt-Sn非晶态催化剂在氯代硝基苯加氢反应中具有较好的活性和良好的选择性,其中以CNTs为载体的非晶态催化剂可使三种氯代硝基物加氢转化率达到99.9%,加氢脱氯率小于1.2%.从载体的微观结构、金属-载体相互作用、活性组分在载体表面的几何效应和电子效应等方面对载体响氯代硝基苯加氢性能进行了讨论.     

金属-载体相互作用对多相催化反应的影响

多相催化反应体系中，金属催化剂与载体之间通过电荷转移、物质输运等机理产生相互作用。这种金属-载体相互作用对催化反应性能的影响具有多样性，既可以抑制或促进某个反应的发生，造成选择性的不同；也可以在反应中诱导活性中心的生成，提高反应活性，因此在实际研究中需要对特定催化体系进行充分了解，并加以有效利用。     

非晶态Pd-B/Al2O3催化剂用于邻氯硝基苯加氢合成邻氯苯胺的研究

用化学还原法制得了Pd-B/Al2O3非晶态催化剂,并用于邻氯硝基苯液相加氢反应的研究.采用XRD、SEM、SAED等技术手段对催化剂进行了表征,表明Pd-B以超细颗粒的形式分散在载体上,并且明确了催化剂的非晶态性质、结构形态等.以邻氯硝基苯液相加氢为目标反应,对所制备催化剂的催化性能进行系统评价.在反应温度90℃、氢气压力1.0MPa的反应条件下,邻氯硝基苯的转化率达99.9%,邻氯苯胺的选择性达98.0%;在不加脱卤抑制剂的情况下,脱卤率小于2%,表明负载Pd系非晶态催化剂具有较好的邻氯硝基苯加氢活性及良好的选择性,优于Pd基晶态催化剂和Ni基晶态催化剂.从催化剂的微观结构、金属-载体相互作用、活性组分在载体表面的几何效应和电子效应等方面对非晶态催化剂响影响邻氯硝基苯加氢性能进行了讨论和解释.     

载体对不饱和醛/酮中C=O选择性加氢催化剂性能的影响

研究载体活性炭对沉淀法制备的Pd/C催化剂催化活性的影响,在不饱和醛/酮加氢反应中通过考察载体粒度和试剂改性等条件对催化剂催化活性以及C=O选择性的影响。结果表明,将粒度(100~200)目的活性炭在80℃的10%HNO_3溶液中浸泡120 min,洗涤干燥后得到活性炭载体制备的Pd/C催化剂具有较高的活性和C=O选择性,不饱和醛转化率达95.2%,不饱和醇选择性达96.3%。     

载体对镍催化剂催化间二硝基苯加氢制间苯二胺反应性能的影响

The hydrogenation of m-dinitrobenzene to m-phenylenediamine in liquid phase was studied with the nickel catalysts supported on SiO2, TiO2, γ-Al2O3, MgO and diatomite carders. Based on the experiments of X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, temperature-programmed reduction （TPR）, temperature-programmed desorption of hydrogen （H2-TPD） and activity evaluation, the physico-chemical and catalytic properties of the catalysts were investigated. Among the catalysts tested, the SiO2 supported nickel catalyst showed the highest activity and selectivity towards m-phenylenediamine, over which 97.3% m-dinitrobenzene conversion and 95.1% m-phenylenediamine yield were obtained at 373K under hydrogen pressure of 2.6MPa after reaction for 6 h when using ethanol as solvent. Although TiO2 and diatomite supported nickel catalysts also presented high activity, they had lower selectivity towards m-phenylenediamine. As for γ-Al2O3 and MgO supported catalysts were almost inactive for the object reaction. It was shown that both the activity and selectivity of the catalysts were strongly depended on the interaction between nickel and the support. The higher activities of Ni/SiO2, Ni/TiO2 and Ni/diatomite could be attributed to the weaker metal-support interaction, on which Ni species presented as crystallized Ni metal particles. On the other hand, there existed strong metal-support interaction in Ni/MgO and Ni γ-Al2O3, which causes these catalysts more difficult to be reduced and the availability of Ni active sites decreased, resulting in their low catalytic activity.     

Hydrogenation of aromatic aldehydes to aromatic hydrocarbons over Cu-HZSM-5 catalyst

With benzaldehyde as a model compound, the hydrogenation of aromatic aldehydes to aromatic hydrocarbons was investigated. Cu-HZSM-5 exhibited excellent catalytic performance for the reaction. The obtained catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption/desorption, N₂O chemisorptions, X-ray diffraction, NH₃-temperature programmed desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that Cu⁰ active species exhibited poor activity for the hydrogenation of benzene ring, while the strong acidity of HZSM-5 accelerated the hydrogenation reaction via hydrogen spillover phenomenon and the C–O activation effect. In addition, the catalyst was proved to be effective for the hydrogenation of a series of aromatic aldehydes to corresponding aromatic hydrocarbons.     

In situ nanoscale wet imaging of the heterogeneous catalyzationof nitriles in a solution phase: novel hydrogenation chemistry through nanocatalysts on nanosupports

Wet-environmental transmission electron microscopy studies of heterogeneous hydrogenation of complex nitriles in a liquid phase over new mesoporous cobalt-promoted ruthenium nanocatalysts on reducible nanotitania supports are presented. The desorbed organic products in the dynamic liquid phase hydrogenation are imaged situ on the nanoscale. The direct studies on the “nanocomposite” catalysts are correlated with parallel reaction chemistry measurements. They demonstrate high hydrogenation activity at low operating temperatures in the presence of atomic scale anion vacancy defects associated with Lewis acid sites at the nanosupport surface and an electronic and synergistic contribution to the promoter mechanism. The combined synergistic effect between the two metals and the interaction with the reduced nanosupport leading to an electronic modification lead to highly reactive site for the hydrogenation catalysis. The results illustrate novel selective hydrogenation chemistry with mesoporous nanocatalyst systems on nanosupports.     

金属改性对多环芳烃选择性开环Pt/Beta催化剂性能的影响

以离子交换法对Beta分子筛进行Mg、Ce、Ga金属改性,并制得不同金属改性的Pt/Beta催化剂。本文采用XRD、XRF、NH₃-TPD、Py-IR、H₂-O₂、TEM、H₂-TPR、H₂-TPD及XPS等手段表征了改性前后样品的物化性质,并考察了改性前后样品的多环芳烃选择性开环性能。结果表明,改性金属对B酸中心的取代效应和对L酸中心的补偿效应,可显著调控分子筛酸性位的类型与强度。改性金属可增强金属-载体强相互作用（SMSI）,一方面促进贵金属铂的分散,提高铂纳米颗粒的热稳定性;另一方面产生铂纳米颗粒向载体的电子偏移或离域,影响H₂在铂纳米颗粒上的活化与脱附。此外,金属Ga可以选择性毒化铂纳米颗粒的活性位。改性金属显著影响Pt/Beta催化剂转化甲基萘的活性、稳定性及轻芳烃选择性,金属Ga、Ce改性可显著提高催化剂的稳定性,Ga改性催化剂的轻芳烃选择性最优。     

有机配体对加氢处理催化剂的影响进展

简述了近些年来有机配体对加氢处理催化剂的影响研究情况。添加有机配体可以提高加氢处理催化剂活性,从有机配体对加氢处理催化剂的制备及硫化过程的影响角度对文献的研究结果进行了综述,并对有机配体的作用机理进行了分析讨论。文中总结指出,有机配体与活性金属、载体的作用改变了金属与载体的相互作用,影响了金属组分的分散和硫化,从而有利于高活性CoMoS相的生成。     

Zinc modification of Ni-Ti as efficient NixZnyTi1 catalysts with both geometric and electronic improvements for hydrogenation of nitroaromatics

The catalytic hydrogenation of nitroaromatics is an environmentally friendly technology for aniline production, and it is crucial to develop noble-metal-free catalysts that can achieve chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroaromatics under mild reaction conditions. In this work, zinc-modified Ni-Ti catalysts (Ni_xZn_yTi₁) were fabricated and applied for the hydrogenation of nitroaromatics hydrogenation. It was found that the introduction of zinc effectively increases the surface Ni density, enhances the electronic effect, and improves the interaction between Ni and TiO₂, resulting in smaller Ni particle size, more oxygen vacancies, higher dispersion and greater concentration of Ni on the catalyst surface. Furthermore, the electron-rich Ni^δ– obtained by electron transfer from Zn and Ti to Ni effectively adsorbs and dissociates hydrogen. The results reveal that Ni_xZn_yTi₁ (Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Ti₁) shows excellent catalytic performance under mild conditions (70 °C and 6 bar). These findings provide a rational strategy for the development of highly active non-noble-metal hydrogenation catalysts.     

Screening of Soluble Rhodium Nanoparticles as Precursor for Highly Active Hydrogenation Catalysts: The Effect of the Stabilizing Agents

We report the preparation of rhodium nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by 1-octadecanethiol (ODT), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB), and their application for hydrogenation catalysis. The three metal–ligand systems correspond to different mechanism of NPs stabilization via strong covalent linkage, chemisorbed atoms and electrostatic interactions, respectively. We found a strong effect of the interaction between the stabilizer and the surface of the metal nanoparticle on the catalytic activity. The Rh NPs were studied as soluble nanoparticle catalysts and as precursors for the synthesis of supported catalysts. All catalysts were tested in the hydrogenation of cyclohexene under similar conditions as a model reaction. Generally, Rh–ODT NPs were inactive, Rh–PVA NPs exhibited distinct activities in solution (aqueous biphasic catalysis) and as a supported catalyst, and Rh–TOAB NPs exhibited similar activities in solution and after immobilization. This last result opens the opportunity for the preparation of highly active Rh NP catalysts both in solution and as a heterogeneous catalyst. Additionally, the stability of the nanoparticles depends on the choice of ligand and on the functionalization of the support surface before immobilization. By optimizing the catalyst synthesis and reaction conditions, turnover frequencies as high as 700,000 h^?1 where observed for stable and recyclable catalyst.     

气相催化合成四氢吡咯的研究进展

综述了气相催化合成四氢吡咯杂环的研究进展,包括四氢呋喃和1,4-丁二醇为原料与氨胺化合成法,ω,ω’-氨基丁醇催化环合法、加氢脱氮法、电化学法等。主要介绍了1,4-丁二醇和四氢呋喃为原料的生产技术路线,揭示了还原胺化和缩合胺化反应合成四氢吡咯中催化剂的特点,以及催化剂载体、助剂组分对胺化反应的影响,指出今后的发展方向是开发具有高效、高选择性催化剂和环境友好合成工艺。     

苯加氢催化剂研究进展

介绍了苯加氢催化剂的分类,综述了均相催化剂、多相催化剂和离子液体催化剂的研究进展和生产工艺情况,其中多相催化剂可以对苯进行液相加氢和气相加氢。对苯加氢催化剂的评价和分析方法做了综述,讨论了苯加氢催化剂的加氢机理,对催化剂表面的吸附方式、反应速率的控制、苯和氢吸附的形式和分类问题做了说明。