额颞叶痴呆和阿尔茨海默病的神经心理学特征比较

目的比较不同痴呆程度的额颞叶痴呆(FTD)和阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者神经心理学特征的差异。方法应用神经心理学量表评价27例FTD患者和36例AD患者的认知功能。结果无论何种痴呆程度,FTD组患者神经精神问卷(NPI)评分均显著高于AD组(P<0.05)。轻度AD组患者日常活动能力量表(ADL)评分略高于FTD组(P=0.046),中重度FTD组患者的简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评分(P=0.021)和画钟测验(CDT)评分(P=0.004)均低于AD组。在临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)各功能域评分中,轻度AD患者定向力(P=0.030)与工作和社会交往能力(P=0.039)评分高于FTD组,中重度FTD患者在CDR总分(P=0.011)和判断与解决问题的能力评分上高于AD(P=0.007)。结论临床工作中对痴呆患者进行全面的神经心理学检查有助于鉴别FTD和AD。     

音乐治疗对不同严重程度痴呆患者精神行为症状的影响

目的 比较音乐治疗对不同严重程度痴呆患者精神行为症状的影响。方法 选取2017年 1—6 月在重庆市精神卫生中心住院的痴呆患者80 例,所有患者均接受精神科药物治疗,在此基础上进 行为期12 周的音乐治疗。采用神经精神科问卷（Neuropsychiatric Inventory, NPI）评估患者的精神行为症 状,采用临床痴呆评定量表（Clinical Dementia Rating scale, CDR）评估患者的痴呆严重程度,比较不同痴 呆严重程度患者的NPI评分情况。结果 干预结束后轻、中、重3组痴呆患者的NPI评分均较干预前改善, 但不同组间评分差异无统计学意义（P＞ 0.05）。结论 音乐治疗对不同严重程度痴呆患者精神行为症 状干预均有效。     

血浆促食欲素A与路易体痴呆核心临床症状相关性分析

目的 探讨血浆促食欲素A水平与路易体痴呆核心临床症状的相关性。方法 共纳入2019年1月至2021年12月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院诊断与治疗的51例路易体痴呆患者以及性别、年龄、受教育程度相匹配的46例认知功能正常对照者,采用简易智能状态检查量表（MMSE）和蒙特利尔认知评价量表（MoCA）评估整体认知功能、临床痴呆评价量表（CDR）评估痴呆严重程度、日常生活活动能力量表（ADL）评估日常生活活动能力、汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项（HAMD-17）评估抑郁严重程度、神经精神科问卷（NPI）评估精神行为,测定血浆食欲素A水平;单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析筛查路易体痴呆影响因素,Pearson相关分析和偏相关分析探究血浆促食欲素A与路易体痴呆核心临床症状的相关性,多因素线性逐步回归分析探究血浆促食欲素A与神经心理学测验的线性相关关系。结果 路易体痴呆患者MMSE(Z=-8.387,P=0.000)和MoCA(Z=-8.479,P=0.000)评分均低于对照者,CDR(Z=-9.072,P=0.000)、ADL(Z=-8.692,P=0.000)、HAMD-17(Z=-7.568,P...     

帕金森病痴呆

帕金森病（parkinson disease，PD）是一种常见的神经退行性疾病，主要临床特征有震颤、肌强直、运动减少以及姿势异常等运动障碍，很多患者还常伴有认知功能损害，严重影响其社会功能和生活质量，相当一部分患者在病程中逐渐进展成痴呆，临床上称之为帕金森病痴呆（parkinson disease dementia，PDD）。由于PDD与路易体痴呆（dementia with lewy bodies，DLB）在临床表现和发病机制以及病理等方面存在着交叉和重叠，使得有关PDD的研究更加复杂化。本文就PDD发生率、病理生化改变、诊断与鉴别诊断及治疗等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

帕金森病痴呆的临床特征及治疗进展

帕金森病（Parkinson disease，PD）是一种中老年常见的神经系统变性疾病，其主要的病理特征是黑质多巴胺能神经元的变性死亡和残存神经元内路易小体（Lewy body）形成。部分PD患者在疾病的晚期会出现痴呆的表现。临床上将与路易小体有关的痴呆分为：PD痴呆（Parkinson disease withdementia, PDD） 和路易体痴呆（dementia with Lewy bodies,，DLB），据研究大多数诊断为PD的患者会出现PDD；而在所有痴呆患者中，DLB大约占了20％，仅次于阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer disease，AD）。这三者尤其是前两者在病理学、临床表现以及神经生物学上有很大的重叠，难以鉴别。本文就PDD以及其与DLB、AD的鉴别及联系的最新研究作一综述。     

四分法画钟测验对轻中度老年血管性痴呆的诊断作用

目的 探讨四分法画钟测验（CDT）对轻中度老年血管性痴呆（VD）患者的识别作用.方法 选择VD患者97例,健康对照组56人.对所有受试者进行简易智能精神状态量表（MMSE）、四分法CDT和临床痴呆量表（CDR）测定.VD患者根据CDR结果又分为轻度VD组（67例）和中度VD组（30例）两个亚组.结果 VD组MMSE和CDT得分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t分别为14.67,9.71; P＜0.01）.轻度VD组、中度VD组与对照组比较,3组CDT评分差异有统计学意义（H =69.4,P＜0.01）,且轻度VD组与中度VD组比较,差异亦有统计学意义（U=7.52,P＜0.01）.CDT与MMSE评分呈正相关（r=0.679,P＜0.01）.CDT对轻中度VD的敏感性为83.5％,特异性为94.6％,联合应用MMSE检测敏感性及特异性均有明显提升,分别为92.7％,96.4％,敏感性与单用比较差异有统计学意义（x2分别为5.813,8.638;P＜0.01）.结论 四分法CDT对血管性痴呆患者的筛查有一定价值,并在一定程度上可以判定血管性痴呆的严重程度;将CDT与MMSE联合应用有益于轻中度VD的诊断.     

帕金森病痴呆与路易体痴呆

帕金森病(PD)是一种常见的神经系统变性疾病。其主要病理特征是黑质多巴胺能神经元的变性死亡和残存神经元内路易体(LB)形成。部分PD患者在疾病进展中并发痴呆表现,称帕金森病痴呆(PDD)和路易体痴呆(DLB)都具synuclein蛋白此特征性病理改变,两者在认知、精神症状和锥体外系症状上很相似,在病理学、临床表现上有很大重叠。本文就PDD与DLB、阿尔茨海默病(AD)、PD的鉴别及联系的最新研究作一综述。     

轻度认知障碍转化为痴呆的临床预测因素

目的 :探讨轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)患者基线认知功能评分和嗅觉评分在痴呆转化中的预测价值。方法 :研究对象为2011年3月—2012年9月在上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院神经内科记忆障碍门诊初次就诊的符合病例选择标准的57例MCI患者,对其进行认知功能相关神经心理测验[简易智力状态检查(Mini-mental State Examination,MMSE)量表、工具性日常生活能力(Instrumental Activity of Daily Living,IADL)量表、蒙特利尔认知评估(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)量表、神经精神科问卷(Neuropsychiatric Inventory,NPI)]以及12项跨文化嗅觉鉴定试验(12-item Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test,CC-SIT),并前瞻性随访2年,定期进行神经心理测验和嗅觉评估。2年内转化为痴呆的MCI患者归入MCI转化组,未转化为痴呆的患者归入MCI稳定组。应用logistic回归分析2年内MCI转化为痴呆的独立预测因素。结果 :MCI转化组与MCI稳定组的基线年龄、性别、教育年限、体质量指数均无显著差异(P0.05);MCI转化组基线MMSE量表评分、MoCA量表评分、IADL量表评分和嗅觉评分均低于MCI稳定组,差异有统计学意义(P0.001),NPI评分也低于MCI稳定组,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.364)。随访2年,57例MCI患者中有18例转化为痴呆患者,转化率为31.6%。MCI转化组随访第2年的MMSE量表评分、MoCA量表评分、IADL量表评分和嗅觉评分仍低于MCI稳定组,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。logistic回归分析显示,年龄、体质量指数、教育年限、MMSE量表评分、IADL量表评分、MoCA量表评分、NPI评分、嗅觉评分均不是MCI转化为痴呆的独立预测因素(P0.05)。结论 :MCI患者的神经心理测验和嗅觉评估结果可能是MCI转化为痴呆的潜在预测因素,但仍有待扩大样本量进一步验证。     

不同严重程度血管性痴呆与老年性痴呆的神经心理特点

目的 探讨不同严重程度的血管性痴呆（vascular dementia,VaD）与老年性痴呆（Alzheimer disease,AD）
的神经心理学特点。
方法 对广东省人民医院神经科门诊及病房的252例痴呆患者（VaD组127例,AD组125例）,和正常对
照组159例进行一组神经心理量表检查。神经心理量表包括：简易精神状态检查（mini-mental state
examination,MMSE）、Fuld物体记忆测验（fuld object memory,FOM）、言语流畅性测验（rapid verbal
retrieve,RVR）、数字广度测验（digit span,DS）和积木测验（block design,BD）。分析这两种类型不同
严重程度的痴呆患者认知障碍的特点。
结果 两种类型的轻、中、重度痴呆患者神经心理检查有统计学差异（P <0.01）。轻度痴呆患者MMSE、
RVR评分在VaD、AD组间存在统计学差异（P <0.05）,在中、重度痴呆患者,神经心理评分在VaD、AD组
间无统计学差异（P >0.05）。
结论 神经心理量表评估有助于VaD、AD的严重程度分级,RVR测验可辅助鉴别诊断轻度VaD和AD。     

丹红注射液治疗血管性痴呆的临床疗效及机制探讨

目的观察丹红注射液治疗血管性痴呆的临床疗效和安全性,并探讨其作用机制。方法血管性痴呆患者130例,随机分为丹红注射液治疗组和金纳多对照组,每组65例。在基础药物治疗基础上,分别给予丹红注射液（40ml／d）,金纳多注射液（20ml／d）静脉滴注,连续4周。治疗前后由专人进行简易精神状态量表（MMSE）、临床痴呆量表（CDR）及全面衰退量表（GDS）的评定。结果实验组及对照组治疗4周后,MMSE、CDR评分均较治疗前均显著提高,GDS评分显著降低。结论丹红注射液较金纳多注射液可能更显著改善患者的认知功能和痴呆程度。其治疗血管性痴呆的机制可能与其改善冠脉循环,减少脑缺血,抑制血栓形成有关。     

Biomarkers: Parkinson disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies

Dementia is a common feature in Parkinson disease (PD), the time of onset determining how patients are classified. Those patients where dementia develops prior to parkinsonism or during the first year of disease are designated as having dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). In those where dementia develops over a year after the onset of motor signs, the condition is known as Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD).While this seems at first sight to be a definitive way to distinguish these conditions, reality is rather different. The overlap between them is considerable, and there is much uncertainty associated with patients who have both motor symptoms and early cognitive impairment. The diagnosis is still based on medical history and clinical evaluation. It is not even certain that they can be accurately distinguished at autopsy. For this reason, the data concerning these entities have been reviewed, to examine various markers employed or measured in clinical, neuropathological, neuroimaging, and biochemical investigations. The concept of PDD and DLB being separate conditions is comparatively new, and the most promising tools with which to separate them at present are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning that indicate increased amyloid-β burden in DLB compared to PDD. However as yet there are no markers that unequivocally distinguish between PDD and DLB.     

Relationship between Parkinson disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies

Parkinson disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are considered Lewy body diseases (LBDs). To clarify the relation between PD with dementia (PDD) and DLB, 30 patients with LBD were divided into pathological subtypes according to the consensus guidelines for DLB. Patients with PDD showed neocortical and limbic type of LBD as well as patients with DLB. Dementia had not been noted in 2 patients with neocortical type. Our results indicate that PDD and DLB share a common pathological substrate and that the pathological subtypes of LBD show considerable overlap in clinical manifestations.     

Family history of dementia: dementia with lewy bodies and dementia in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease with dementia (PD-D) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) may result from the same neurodegenerative process with different temporal and spatial courses. The authors report an association between DLB and family history of dementia in a comparison study between patients with a clinicopathological diagnosis of PD-D and DLB. Findings suggest that positive family history for dementia is associated with DLB with a yet unknown mechanism.     

Sonographic discrimination of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with dementia

Objective To study the use of transcranial sonography (TCS) in discriminating between patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD). Methods Fourteen patients with DLB, 31 with PDD and 73 with PD without dementia (PDnD) were studied with TCS. Results All assessable patients with DLB, 97% with PDD, and 94% with PDnD showed at least unilateral hyperechogenicity of substantia nigra (SN). However, bilateral marked SN hyperechogenicity was present in 80% of DLB patients but only in one third of PDD and PDnD patients, and was associated with younger age at disease onset in PD but not in DLB. An asymmetry index ≥ 1.15 of bilateral SN echogenic sizes, estimated by division of larger size by smaller size, was found in 69% of PDD patients but only 20% of DLB patients. Combination of SN echogenic sizes, asymmetry indices and onset age discriminated PDD from DLB with a sensitivity of 96%, a specificity of 80% and a positive predictive value of 93%. TCS of brainstem raphe, thalami, lenticular nuclei, caudate nuclei and ventricle widths did not discriminate between DLB and PDD. Compared with PDnD patients, DLB and PDD patients exhibited significantly larger widths of third ventricle and of frontal horns. In PDD patients, scores on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale correlated with widths of third ventricle and of frontal horns. Conclusions SN hyperechogenicity is typical for PDD and DLB.However, size, asymmetry and relation of SN hyperechogenicity to age at disease onset discriminate PDD from DLB.     

Home alone with dementia

A recent US study reported that persons with Alzheimer's disease living alone differed from those living with others in their demographic characteristics and service utilization patterns (Webber et al ., 1994). In two studies we examined these same issues in a Canadian sample and extended the examination of persons with dementia living alone to include other variables (e.g. perceived risk) potentially related to service utilization. Similarities between the findings of the studies included that more people with dementia living alone than with others were female and used home-delivered meals. Those living alone were viewed as at more 'risk' than those living with others, but were not institutionalized and did not die at higher rates than those living with others.     

Living alone with dementia

This report describes a population of individuals with dementia living alone in the community. Data were collected as part of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA). We found that one third of the subjects in the CSHA sample with a dementia residing in the community lived alone. Whether their identified informal caregiver had thought about institutionalization was an important factor in actual short-term (2-year) institutionalization and appeared to be influenced by living arrangements. Caregivers of those living alone provided less hands-on assistance, experienced less burden, and were less likely to be depressed than those living with the demented person, but were more likely to have considered institutionalization. Presumably, this was driven by concerns about safety and support. How to support the growing numbers of individuals with dementia living alone in the community will be a significant challenge. Copyrightz1999S.KargerAG,Basel     

Lewy body dementia and Parkinson’s disease with dementia

Journal of Neurology - Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by its motor impairment. However, non-motor symptoms such as psychiatric disorders, autonomic disturbances and sleep disorders...     

Progressive dementia and hypersomnolence with dream-enacting behavior: oneiric dementia

BACKGROUND: Sleep disorders are associated with several types of degenerative dementias, including Alzheimer and prion diseases. Animal models have demonstrated abolition of rapid eye movement atonia, resulting in dream-enacting complex movements termed oneiric behavior, and patients with fatal familial insomnia may have vivid dreams that intrude on wakefulness. OBJECTIVE: To describe a new form of progressive dementia with hypersomnia and oneiric behavior. METHODS: Neuropsychological and polysomnographic studies of a middle-aged woman with a progressive dementia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and a vertical gaze palsy. RESULTS: Neuropsychological testing revealed decreased verbal fluency, impaired attention and working memory, amnesia, poor recall, and bradyphrenia with hypersomnia. Polysomnography revealed a rapid eye movement behavioral disorder with complete absence of slow wave sleep. Prion protein analysis did not reveal the mutation associated with fatal familial insomnia, and other diagnostic test findings were unrevealing. CONCLUSION: Our patient had a previously unreported syndrome of progressive dementia associated with rapid eye movement behavioral disorder and the absence of slow wave sleep.