4种有机农药在水中的光降解对比研究

为了解不同化学结构有机农药的光降解规律,以汞灯、氙灯为光源,在实验室中同时测定四种有机农药阿特拉津、异丙隆、灭草隆以及2,4-D丁酯,研究其在水体中的光解特性。结果表明,4种农药的光降解均符合一级降解动力学(r~20.9)。直接光解途径下,降解速率在两种光源下均遵循MNATZ2,4-DIPU(汞灯下半衰期7, 22, 4, 14 min,氙灯下半衰期16, 239, 8, 39 h);间接光解途径下,四种有机农药中IPU更容易受硝酸根诱导而加速降解(k_(indirect)/k_(direct)=8),ATZ降解速率几乎没有变化(k_(indirect)/k_(direct)=1),光解速率遵循MN2,4-DIPUATZ。从有机农药母体分子结构出发,提出芳环上取代基不同与光解机理对不同种农药光解动力学的影响。     

多氯联苯光化学降解研究的最新进展

综述了近10年以来多氯联苯(PCBs)在有机相、表面活性剂中的直接光化学降解行为,以及PCBs在水相中的光敏化反应和光催化反应等间接光化学降解行为。从光解动力学、光解途径、光解机理以及光解产物等几方面阐述了PCBs的光化学行为,光催化降解有机污染物是一种很有发展前景的有机污染物治理技术。     

利用共代谢机制降解水体中的氯代芳烃

氯代芳烃及其衍生物是一类毒性强、难降解的持久性有机化合物。在我国江河水体中检出率高，其中许多是优先监测污染物。水中的难降解有机污染物，可能通过几种微生物的一系列共代谢作用得到大部分，甚至是彻底的降解。本文针对水环境中的氟代芳烃污染物，分析了共代谢的类型、发生原因及影响因素。对利用共代谢机制修复水中氯代芳烃的最新研究进展进行了综述，并对本领域的发展前景进行了探讨。     

简述二噁英降解方法的研究进展

二噁英是一类剧毒的持久性有机污染物和一级致癌物质。脱氯降解是降低二噁英毒性的有效途径之一。本文首先介绍了二噁英的种类、来源和危害，其次对二噁英的降解方法包括光降解、光-Fenton降解、生物降解、热降解、化学降解脱氯作了简要评述，比较了各种降解方法的优劣。     

工业废水与河流水体对藻类的毒性实验

采用静水式急性毒性和亚急性毒性两种实验方法，分别对5大类共14种工业废水与河流水体进行了抑制斜生栅列藻生长的毒性实验。结果表明，电子类废水对斜生栅列藻的生长影响毒性最大，其次为农药类、化工类、纺织类和食品类。未经处理的废水有急性毒性，部分废水处理后对水生斜生栅列藻仍然存在亚急性致毒因子。实验还发现大多数处理后的废水含氨氮比例较高促进斜生栅列藻的生长，也会导致河流水体富营养化。     

光解法降解含萘污水的实验研究

分别以６Ｗ主波长为２６５ｍｍ的低压汞灯和３００Ｗ的高压汞灯为光源,对模拟污水中的萘进行了紫外光直接光解和ＴｉＯ２催化光解的可行性进行了研究。通过对催化剂吸附作用、体系溶氧、无机酸、碱和催化剂剂量等因素对萘光解反应影响的考察,证明紫外光光解法能够使模拟污水中的萘快速、有效地进行降解,并表明萘的ＴｉＯ２催化光解与其直接光解相比并无明显的优越性。光解反应速率方程符合一级反应动力学性质。     

南疆山前平原水文地球化学特征与氟的迁移与富集──以玉龙喀什河山前平原为例

已系统地分析了玉龙喀什河山前平原地下水中氟元素的来源及迁移特征。指出了氟形成的地质，地球化学及自然地理条件，迁移富集的水文地球化学环境和水化学成分特征。通过大量的统计分析，总结和明确了水中含氟量与水环境的碱性特征（总碱度及ＰＨ值）、水中各宏量组分（常规离子）及矿化度的相关性，相关程度，并求得了氟与它们的相关系数，从而明确了氟形成及迁移的水文地球化学特征及相关变化规律。     

南疆山前平原水文地球化学特征与氟的迁移与富集：以玉龙喀什河山前平…

已系统地分析了玉龙喀什河山前平原地下水中氟元素的来源及迁移特征。指出了氟形成的地质，地球化学及自然地理条件，迁移富集的水文地球化学环境和水化学成分特征。通过大量的统计分析，总结和明确了水中含氟量与水环境的碱性特征（总碱度及ＰＨ值）、水中各宏量组分（常规离子）及矿化度的相关性，相关程度，并求得了氟与它们的相关系数，从而明确了氟形成及迁移的水文地球化学特征及相关变化规律。     

土壤环境条件对农药戊唑醇光化学降解影响分析

本实验采用了HP-1100型高效液相色谱仪，分析不同条件下土壤中戊唑醇浓度为20．36mg／kg时，在高压汞灯光照下的光降解处理情况。实验表明戊唑醇在土壤中的光解规律符合化学反应一级动力学方程，但在不同环境条件土壤中的光解速率存在较大的差异。影响戊唑醇光化学降解的因素有：光源、土壤湿度、来源水、土壤成分、pH以及光敏剂、催化剂和氧化剂等。     

有机农药对土壤的污染及生物修复技术研究

农药的大量使用污染了大气、水体及生态系统。有机农药以直接施用、拌种、喷撒、随降水落入等方式进入土壤。农药在土壤中会以吸附、扩散稀释和降解等几种方式发生转化，并改变土壤结构、对土壤中生物的生存及酶的活性产生影响。生物修复技术可以通过动植物、微生物及根际环境对农药污染的降解来治理土壤中的农药，是治理农药污染的一种推荐方法。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Water management problems in economies in transition

Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.