Early diagenetic growth of carbonate concretions in the upper Doushantuo Formation in South China and their significance for the assessment of hydrocarbon source rock

Mineralogical and textural characteristics and organic carbon composition of the carbonate concretions from the upper Doushantuo Formation (ca. 551 Ma) in the eastern Yangtze Gorge area reveal their early diagenetic (shallow) growth in organic-rich shale. High organic carbon content (up to 10%) and abundance of framboidal pyrites in the hosting shale suggest an anoxic or euxinic depositional environment. Well-preserved cardhouse clay fabrics in the concretions suggest their formation at 0-3 m burial depth, likely associated with microbial decomposition of organic matter and anaerobic oxidation of methane. Gases through decomposition of organic matter and/or from methanogenesis created bubbles and cavities, and anaerobic methane oxidation at the sulfate reduction zone resulted in carbonate precipitation, filling in bubbles and cavities to form spherical structures of the concretions. Rock pyrolysis analyses show that the carbonate concretions have lower total organic carbon (TOC) content but higher effective carbon than those in the host rocks. This may be caused by enclosed organic matter in pores of the concretions so that organic matter was protected from further modification during deep burial and maintained high hydrocarbon generating potential even in over-matured source rock. As a microbialite sensu latu, concretions have special growth conditions and may provide important information on the microbial activities in depositional and early burial environments.     

Upper mantle P wave velocity structure of the northern part of China and Mongolia

ｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｆｉｎｅｒａｄｉａｌｖｅｌｏｃｉｔｙｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｕｐｐｅｒｍａｎｔｌｅｐｌａｙｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｏｌｅｉｎｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｆｍａｎｔｌｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎａ...     

Geological effects in tectonic superposition of Paleo-Pacific domain and Paleo-Asian domain in northern part of North China

The northern part of North China is located where the Paleo-Asian domain is superposed by the Paleo-Pacific domain. The period from the end of the Late Paleozoic to the beginning of the Mesozoic is important for the superposition of the two domains. It is demonstrated according to the coupling of the superficial and deep geological effects that in this period begins the lithosphere modulation, hot interface uprising, and crust extension in this area. Thus a new understanding about the Indo-China movement has arisen. Project supported by the National Natural Scirnce Foundation of China.     

华北中部地区重力场时空动态演化特征

以2009—2013年获取的9期流动重力资料为基础,系统分析华北中部地区的重力测量资料,研究重力场的时空动态演化特征。资料显示华北中部地区重力异常变化十分剧烈,整个测区呈现大面积负值变化,在局部地区形成重力变化梯度带。重力场变化与断裂活动密切相关,近期出现的反向变化表明该地区地震危险性进一步加大,这对地震预报工作具有重要的现实意义。     

华北地区地壳上地幔速度各向异性研究

本文介绍面波反演得到的华北地区地壳上地幔速度各向异性分布图像,并与S波分裂的结果作初步的定性比较.不同周期瑞利波群速度的方位各向异性图像呈现显著的横向变化,与华北地区地壳上地幔的构造分块和垂直分层结构有比较密切的联系.在鄂尔多斯和阿拉善等稳定地块中,岩石圈地幔到160 km深度都保持比较一致的显著各向异性;而在发生过岩石圈减薄的华北克拉通东部,大约80~150 km深度范围内基本没有探测到方位各向异性,可能说明岩石圈减薄过程抹去了原有的各向异性印迹而且没有显著的水平构造运动造成新的方位各向异性.地球介质的各向异性具有明显的分层特征,面波的反演结果是如此,而S波分裂测量所表现的离散性,也可能是由各向异性的分层差异和倾斜的各向异性对称轴等因素引起.采用多层的各向异性模型,在多数情况下可以定性地解释面波反演和S波分裂结果之间的差异.进一步的工作要求增大面波的探测深度和改善分辨能力,获取更多的S波分裂测量资料,从而建立定量或半定量的三维各向异性模型.     

Framework and evolution of the middle Paleozoic orogenic belt between Siberian and North China Plates in northern Inner Mongolia

A middle Paleozoic subduction-collision orogenic belt between the Siberian and North China Plates has been recognized in Xilinhot-the south of Sonid Left Banner-Erdaojing area, northern Inner Mongolia, China. It comprises five subunits: mélange belt, foreland deformation belt, molasse and littoral basin, are diorite series and syncollision granitoid series. Evolution history of the orogenic belt can be divided into subduction stage (500-400 Ma) and collision stage (400-320 Ma). The formation of the orogenic belt caused the convergence between the Siberian and North China Plates during the late Devonian. Suture zone corresponding to the mélange belt extends from Erdaojing, Qagan Ura to Honggor. Project supported by Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation in Hong Kong.     

Numerical simulation of the crustal stress field by using data of deep geophysical exploration in the northern part of North China

ＮｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｃｒｕｓｔａｌｓｔｒｅｓｆｉｅｌｄｂｙｕｓｉｎｇｄａｔａｏｆｄｅｐｇｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｐａｒｔｏｆＮｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａＣＨＡＮＧＱＵＡＮＬＩＵ（刘...     

江南古陆中元古代地层的划分与对比

江南古陆是扬子板块与华夏板块长期活动拼贴而成,构造极为复杂,地层的划分与对比也是众说纷纭。通过对江南古陆的变质岩的研究,认为江南古陆大地构造可划分三个Ⅰ级构造地层区：扬子地层区、江南古陆地层区及华夏地层区。江南古陆地层区又可进一步划分Ⅱ级构造地层区5个（宜丰-景德镇-歙县构造地层分区、万年构造地层分区、赣东北构造地层分区、怀玉构造地层分区及丰城-鹰潭-龙游构造地层分区）;各构造地层分区之间以构造（蛇绿）混杂岩亚带或韧性剪切带相拼接。双桥山群及周潭岩群仅分别分布在扬子地层区修水-祁门分区及华夏地层区北武夷地层分区内,而且是一套史密斯地层。而江南古陆内则发育非史密斯地层。     

华北新构造分区与潜在震源划分问题

归纳了华北地区的新构造特征,划分了4个基本新构造类型和16个次级类型.给出了在新构造类型划分基础上进行新构造分区的5条原则和华北新构造分区的两级划分方案,共划分11个一级区和37个二级区.从潜在震源的新构造背景、分区边界、分区步骤等方面讨论了潜在震源与新构造区的关系.提出了在新构造区的基础上直接划分潜在震源的可行性与合理性.     

Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of present stress field in the northern area of North China

From focal mechanism solutions of the earthquakes in the northern part of North China during the period of 2002～2006,the directions of principal stress axes in 4 stress sub-districts are analyzed using a grid test method.The characteristic of present crustal stress directions is discussed.Based on this result and on the focal mechanism solutions calculated for some events in the period of 1977～1998,in combination with some other study results,the temporal variation of present crustal stress directions in the northern part of North China is investigated.The re-sults confirm that the direction of crustal principal stress in some regions had somewhat rotated after the 1976 Tangshan M7.8 earthquake.The mean P axes of the focal mechanism solutions rotated clockwise not only in Tangshan sub-district,but also in Beijing and Xingtai sub-districts after the Tangshan earthquake.In Beijing and Xingtai sub-districts the orientations of principal stress axes in the period of 2002～2006 are consistent with that before the Tangshan earthquake,implying that the stress orientations has rotated back to the state before the Tang-shan earthquake in these two sub-districts.The directions of the mean P axes are nearly E-W in Tangshan sub-dis-trict since the M7.8 earthquake.The present stress field in the sub-district northwest to Beijing,or in the western part of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone,is relatively stable during the time period concerned in this study.Because of the limitation of data,this paper only states a possible variation of stress field in the northern part of North China in the recent decades.     

华北北部地区现今应力场时空变化特征研究.

依据2002——2006年的中小地震资料,利用格点尝试法分析计算了华北北部4个应力小区的平均主应力轴,讨论了华北北部地区的现今应力场特征.在此基础上,对1977——1998年研究区内的单个地震震源机制解进行了进一步的分析计算,并结合以往的研究结果,研究了华北北部地区现今应力场随时间的变化特征,结果印证了唐山地震前后,唐山震源区及其邻近地区应力场主应力方向出现的转动和变化的现象:1976年唐山发生7.8级地震后,唐山震源区及其邻近的北京地区和邢台地区震源机制解的平均P轴可能顺时针转动了约15deg;——30deg;。北京地区和邢台地区近期（2002——2006年）的平均主应力轴与唐山地震前的综合断层面解较为一致,这两个地区应力场似乎转回到唐山地震前的状态. 而唐山区震源机制解的平均P轴在地震后则一直稳定在EW向上。位于张家口——渤海断裂带西段的京西北地区,其现今应力场则相对比较稳定,唐山地震前后主应力方向没有太大变动。鉴于数据资料等方面的原因,本文的研究结果仅仅是初步给出了华北北部地区应力场近几十年来一种可能的调整变化图象。      

3-D Velocity Structure of the Middle and Upper Crust in the Yunnan Region,China

Using short-period (1–18 s) surface wave data recorded by 23 stations of the Yunnan Digital Seismic Network of China we determined phase velocities of the fundamental Rayleigh wave along 209 paths by the two-station narrowband filtering and cross-correlation method, followed by an inversion for phase velocity distributions at various periods using the Ditmar-Yanovskaya method. We then obtained a 3-D S-wave velocity structure of the middle and upper crust in the Yunnan region using the genetic algorithm. The results show strong lateral variation of phase velocity in the region. The short-period phase velocity variation is closely related to thickness variation of sedimentary layer in the shallow crust. Within the depth range of 26–30 km, the S-wave velocity in the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block is lower than in the surrounding areas. Most large earthquakes of M > 6.0 in Yunnan occurred in the transition zones between low and high velocities.     

华北地区地壳上地幔三维P波速度结构

利用华北地震科学台阵和首都圈地震台网记录的4511次近震和625次远震的P 波到时数据,采用纬度和经度方向分别为0.5deg;times;0.5deg;的网格划分,反演得到了华北北部地区（111deg;E——120deg;E,37deg;N——42deg;N）深至400km 的地壳上地幔三维P 波速度结构.层析成像结果表明,研究区的速度存在明显的横向不均匀性,随着深度增加横向不均匀性总体呈现减弱趋势.燕山隆起带在60——120km 深度内存在明显的高速异常,这与较大的岩石圈厚度有关;山西裂陷盆地、华北平原下方60km 深度存在明显低速异常,与软流圈的出现有关.燕山隆起带岩石圈厚度在120km 以上,明显比太行山隆起的岩石圈厚度大,与稳定大陆地区的岩石圈厚度一致.太行山山前断裂已切穿莫霍面,贯入岩石圈.研究区上地幔顶部大范围的低速异常反映了软流圈上隆的特点.在华北平原及燕山隆起下方200——300km 存在高速异常可能与太古代大陆板块岩石圈的残留体有关.     

Mean and eddy motion in the Skagerrak/northern North Sea: insight from a numerical model

Insight regarding the mean and eddy motion in the Skagerrak/northern North Sea area is gained through an analysis of model-simulated currents, hydrography, kinetic energy and relative vorticity for the 2 years 2000 and 2001. In this a -coordinate ocean model is used. Since the tidal currents are generally strong in the area, care is exercised to distinguish the mesoscale (eddy) motion from higher-frequency motion such as tides, before computing the mean and eddy kinetic energy. The model-simulated response is first compared with available knowledge of the circulation in the area, and when available, also with sea-surface temperature obtained from satellite imagery. It is concluded that the model appears to faithfully reproduce most of what is known, in particularly the upper mixed layer circulation. An analysis of the mean and eddy kinetic energy reveals that many of the mesoscale structures found in the area are recurrent. This is particularly true for the structures off the southern tip of Norway. Also in general, areas of strong mean and eddy kinetic energy are co-located. The exception is the area off the southern tip of Norway, where the eddy kinetic energy is much larger than its mean counterpart. An analysis of the relative vorticity reveals that the variability found is due to the occurrence of recurrent anticyclonic eddies. It is hypothesized that these eddies are generated due to an offshore veering of the Norwegian coastal current (NCC) as it reaches the eastern end of the Norwegian Trench plateau. Here it becomes a free jet, which is then vulnerable to either barotropic instability caused by the horizontal shear in the jet-like structure of the NCC at this point, or a baroclinic (frontal) instability. The latter may come into play when the NCC veers offshore and its relatively fresh water meets the inflowing saline water of Atlantic origin, a frontogenesis that may become strong enough for cyclogenesis to take place. Due to the depth-independent nature of the model-generated eddies, the barotropic instability is the most likely candidate. It remains to resolve the reason for the offshore veering of the NCC. The most likely candidate mechanisms are vortex squeezing or simply that the coastline curvature is large enough for the NCC to separate from the coast in a hydraulic sense.Responsible Editor: Phil Dyke     

华北及邻区地壳上地幔三维速度结构的地震走时层析成像

利用华北及邻区475个地震台站的区域地震走时资料,反演了该地区的地壳上地幔三维P波和S波速度结构。地震走时的计算用近似弯曲射线追踪方法,三维速度模型的反演用LSQR算法。用检测板方法对走时数据进行成像分辨率分析,结果表明反演模型在水平方向上以0.5°×0.5°的节点分布,垂直方向上以1km、10km、25km、42km、60km为节点作网格划分是合理的。研究区域内,秦岭—大别造山带两侧的华北块体与扬子块体有不同的速度异常特征：华北块体地壳速度结构复杂,而扬子块体则相对简单。华北块体地壳内存在较明显的低速异常,而扬子块体则正常或高速异常。自中新生代以来华北块体地壳经历挤压到伸展的强烈变形,而扬子块体相对稳定。华北块体的构造活动依然强烈,表现为频繁的地震活动。华北地块地壳速度结构的主要特征是：①主要构造带（如燕山构造带、太行山山前构造带、汾渭构造带、郯庐断裂带以及秦岭-大别构造带）位于地壳上地幔的低速或高低速过渡区内;②在唐山及附近地区25 km、42 km和60 km深处连续的低速异常,可能意味着上地幔热的物质上涌,到达上地壳的下部后停止上升过程。     

On the development mechanism of the lacustrine high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks of Chang 91 member in Ordos Basin

As revealed from recent drilling and organic geochemical testing and research, a series of lacustrine high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks was discovered in the upper section of the Chang 9 oil reservoir member of upper Triassic in Ordos Basin. The hydrocarbon source rocks show average TOC content as high as 5.03%, average bitumen "A" content as high as 0.8603%, and good quality organic precursors, which are of the sapropelic type mainly derived from lower aquatic plants and have reached the thermal evolution stage featured by oil-producing climax. Generally the lacustrine high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks were developed in local depressions of a lake basin, and the Chang 91 member was particularly formed in a depositional environment characterized by fresh water to weakly saline water, weakly oxidizing to weakly reducing setting and semi-deep lake facies, as was demonstrated by a variety of organic to inorganic geochemical parameters. As a result, high productivity constitutes the principal controlling force for generation of this series of high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks. Deposition of thinly-bedded and laminated tuffs as well as positive Eu anomaly corroborate the possible occurrence of anoxic geological event closely related to contemporaneous volcanic eruption, which would play a key part in development of the Chang 91 member of high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks.     

东北地区至华北北缘地壳结构的区域差异: 地壳厚度与波速比的联合约束

本文通过对分布相对均匀的127个固定台站下方接收函数的H-κ叠加分析,并结合前人对97个线性密集流动台站的研究结果,获得了东北地区和华北克拉通北缘地壳厚度(H)与平均波速比(κ).结果表明研究区域地壳总体较薄,波速比变化复杂,地壳密度横向变化大,暗示着地壳在中—新生代经历了显著的不均匀破坏与改造.东北和华北北缘都存在明显的东西向差异.东北地区西侧兴蒙造山带地壳大致随着海拔增高逐渐增厚,H和κ分别主要在31~39 km和1.71~1.83之间变化,平均值分别为~35 km和~1.77;东侧吉黑褶皱带地壳厚度与海拔不成镜像关系,H和κ集中在28~37 km和1.72~1.89范围, 平均值分别为~33 km和~1.79.华北北缘西侧燕山带地壳由东往西逐渐增厚,H和κ主要在28~40 km和1.70~1.91范围内变化, 平均值分别为~34 km和~1.79.东侧辽东台隆地壳表现为中间厚四周薄,H和κ集中在29~35 km和1.71~1.83范围, 平均值分别为~32 km和~1.77.东北地区吉黑褶皱带相对薄的H和变化范围大的κ表明,该区域可能由于其自身的地壳结构复杂性和紧邻太平洋板块前缘从而在中新生代遭受到了与太平洋板块俯冲相关的更为强烈的地壳减薄与改造.华北北缘燕山带H和κ复杂的变化特征表明,该地区可能受到中亚造山带增生和太平洋板块俯冲的共同影响,从而发生了更为复杂的地壳改造变形.     

The temporal-spatial evolutionary features of the seismic phases in the North China block and the greater North China

This paper has made a study of the relationship between the phases of seismic activities from 1966 to 1976 in the region of the North China Block and the temporal and spatial evolution of temperature anomalies from February 1960 to January 1979 of the greater North China. The main conclusions are: (1) The temperature variation from February 1960 (rise) to January 1977 (drop) and the temperature rises of September 1975 and February 1976 are connected with the beginning and conclusion of phases of seismic activity. (2) The relation between the time-duration and the extent of temperature anomaly and that between these two parameters and the energy released by an earthquake have high credibility. (3) If the time period of 16.5 years between February 1960 and July 28, 1976, the occurrence time of the the great Tangshan earthquake, is divided into 18 time intervals according to 0.618^N, the earthquakes in this phase of seismic activity and temperature rises fall just into the same intervals. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 76–82, 1993.     

Tectonic setting of the Helong Block: Implications for the northern boundary of the eastern North China Craton

The Helong block, located in southeastern Jilin Province, was thought to be an Archean geological unit in the most northeast part of the North China Craton (NCC)[1,2]. Previous geological survey sug-gested that this block is mainly composed of two parts: Jinchengdong Archean metamorphic supracrustal rocks intruded by Archean TTG complex[3―5], and the Bailiping granite[6,7] distributed in the Shiliping-Bai- liping-Guangping area. Both of them were thought as the Jinchengdong (or Helong…     

TOC changes in the process of thermal evolution of source rock and its controls

Through geological observation, simulation in laboratory and numerical modeling, the factors that control the changes in total organic content (TOC) of source rock have been studied. When the formula DTOC=(TOC0-TOC)/TOC0 (original organic carbon content in the rock) is used to measure the TOC (total organic carbon content) changes in the source rock through geological time, the degrees and directions of such changes are determined by losses and relative amounts both of organic and inorganic matter in the source rock. The DTOC equation, which is used to calculate the loss rate in the process of maturation for the source rock, is therefore obtained by analyzing the mass balance relations. For a certain type of source rock with a certain maturation history, the changes of its TOC respond only to the rates of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. In actual cases of geological entities, DTOC generally ranges from -0.05 to 0.2, while the calculated reconversion coefficient (k) for organic carbon content remains between 0.90 and 1.25. Only in an ideal situation where there are extremely high rates of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion can the DTOC value experience significant changes, with k reaching up to 2.5. It is concluded, therefore, that the criterion for carbonates source rock assessment, based on reconverting the TOC to the value of its original state, may have overestimated the course of the "carbon-reduction", which is likely in many cases to make a poor source rock sound better.