肾移植术后并发重症肺部感染的原因与处理

目的:探讨肾移植术后并发重症肺部感染的原因与处理措施。方法:回顾性分析29例肾移植术后并发重症肺部感染患者的临床资料。结果:29例重症肺部感染患者中17例(58.6%)救治成功,12例(41.4%)因合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征抢救无效死亡。结论:重症肺部感染是肾移植受者术后近期死亡的主要原因之一;果断减少或停用免疫抑制剂,早期联合用药抗感染治疗,尽可能早期明确病原学诊断,积极纠正低氧血症和低蛋白血症等,是成功救治的关键。     

肾移植后重症肺炎38例临床分析

目的 分析总结38例肾移植术后肺炎重症患者临床特点及救治措施.方法 选择38例2006年至2011年在郑州大学第一附属医院呼吸暨重症监护室收治的肾移植术后肺部感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 38例患者治愈30例,死亡8例.结论 肺炎肾移植患者应用免疫抑制剂的严重并发症,全面综合治疗是救治成功的关键.     

肾移植术后肺部严重感染的诊治体会

目的：探讨肾移植术后严重肺部感染的临床诊断与救治措施。方法：对28例肾移植术后肺部严重感染病例进行回顾性分析。结果：①28例中有26例检出病原体，引起重症肺部感染的病原菌按出现频度高低依次为细菌（26例次，主要为肺炎克雷白杆菌、结核杆菌、绿脓杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、阴沟杆菌等）、病毒（8例次，主要为巨细胞病毒）、真菌（6例次，主要为白色念珠菌、热带念珠菌、青霉菌），其中单纯感染12例，混合感染14例；②64.3%（18／28）的肾移植术后严重肺部感染患者发生于术后半年内；③经积极抢救治疗23例治愈，5例死亡。结论：对于肾移植后肺部严重感染患者应高度重视和积极救治，早期行病原学诊断，根据病原选择的效抗生素，及时调整免疫抑制方案，加强全身支持治疗，纠正低蛋白血症，适时应用呼吸机支持和改善通气，纠正低氧血症是救治成功的关键。     

肾移植患者术后重症肺部感染的诊治经验（附46例报告）

目的总结肾移植患者术后重症肺部感染的诊断和救治经验。方法回顾分析2008年1月至2010年12月期间诊治的46例肾移植术后并发重症肺部感染患者的临床资料。结果 38例肾移植术后重症肺部感染患者的发病时间为术后2～6个月,8例发生于术后6个月以上。46例的主要临床表现特点为不同程度的发热、咳嗽、胸闷、气促,其中并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征20例。胸部计算机断层摄影术检查结果均有明显间质性肺炎典型表现。检出病原体36例（78%）,未检出10例。细菌性肺炎7例,真菌性肺炎6例,混合感染23例,其中仅有3例为巨细胞病毒感染。治疗采用综合治疗方案,包括经验性降阶梯治疗方案治疗,停用或调整免疫抑制剂用量和组合方案,部分病例采用连续肾脏替代治疗,并予支持治疗、改善通气、纠正低氧血症、免疫替代治疗。46例患者中38例（83%）治愈,8例（17%）死亡。结论肾移植术后重症肺部感染多发生在术后6个月内,病原体呈多样性。及早确诊、积极采用综合治疗方案,包括给予经验性降阶梯治疗措施,及时调整免疫抑制方案,纠正低蛋白血症,加强全身支持治疗,适时应用呼吸机支持和改善通气,纠正低氧血症等是救治成功的关键。     

肾移植术后肺部感染患者免疫抑制剂的应用

目的:探讨肾移植术后肺部感染患者救治过程中免疫抑制剂的应用方案.方法:报告22例肺部感染的肾移植患者的临床资料.重症肺部感染13例,肺部感染早期或症状较轻的9例.前者立即停用所有免疫抑制剂,给予甲基泼尼松龙;后者减少或调整免疫移植剂用药方案等.13例检出病原菌,其中混合感染10例.结果:18例治愈,移植肾功能正常;死亡2例,放弃治疗2例.结论:对肾移植术后肺部感染及时停用或调整免疫抑制剂用量和组合方案,保护移植.肾的功能和及早确定病原菌等,均有利于提高其治愈率,减少死亡率.     

肾移植术后重症肺部感染患者死亡危险因素分析

目的探讨肾移植术后重症肺部感染患者死亡危险因素,为临床诊治提供对策。方法对2003年1月至2015年5月中南大学湘雅三医院器官移植中心收治的99例肾移植术后重症肺部感染患者进行回顾性研究,分析其死亡独立危险因素。将99例患者根据治疗结果分为治愈组和死亡组,比较两组供者类型、免疫抑制方案、术后重症肺部感染发生时间、是否合并败血症及休克、ARDS分型等指标。采用Logistic回归进行多因素分析,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 82例重症肺部感染发生在肾移植术后6个月内,17例发生在肾移植术后6个月后。58例患者治愈,41例死亡。99例患者共检出病原体167例次,感染病原体以细菌为主(126/167)。多因素分析可知供者类型、合并败血症、合并休克、免疫抑制方案、经济状况、ARDS分型是肾移植术后重症肺部感染患者死亡的独立危险因素(OR=12.041、0.225、0.074、0.143、0.093、0.124,P均0.05)。结论肾移植术后重症肺部感染患者的死亡与供者类型、是否合并败血症及休克、经济状况、免疫抑制方案及ARDS分型有关,针对以上因素采取预防措施,指导临床治疗,可降低肾移植术后重症肺部感染的病死率。     

肾移植术后重症肺部感染的观察及护理

肺部感染是肾移植后最主要的感染并发症，亦是造成肾移植受者死亡的主要原因。因此，预防肾移植术后肺部感染和加强对此类患者的护理尤为重要。我院于1999年1月。2001年12月共行肾移植术236例，其中27例并发肺部感染，感染率为11．4％，24例救治成功，现将护理体会报告如下。     

哌拉西林/他佐巴坦治疗肾移植患者中重度肺部感染(附35例报告)

目的评价哌拉西林/他佐巴坦治疗肾移植患者中重度肺部感染的疗效与安全性。方法 对35例肾移植患者应用哌拉西林/他佐巴坦治疗中重度肺部感染的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 34例存活，1例死亡。哌拉西林/他佐巴坦治疗的有效率是91.43％，细菌清除率为92.59％，不良反应发生率为8.57％，主要是血肌酐轻度升高，但1周后逆转正常。结论 对于肾移植后的中重度肺部感染应给予高度重视和积极救治，及时给予有效的抗生素和联合治疗措施，调整免疫抑制方案和纠正低蛋白血症是治疗成功的关键。     

免疫球蛋白在肾移植后肺部感染治疗中的辅助作用

目的　探讨静脉注射大剂量免疫球蛋白在肾移植后肺部感染治疗中的辅助作用。方法　肾移植后发生肺部感染的14例患者,在常规针对病原体治疗基础上辅以静脉注射免疫球蛋白,其中8例给予大剂量免疫球蛋白(A组)7~10 d,6 例接受小剂量免疫球蛋白组(B组)3~7 d;另有12例肾移植后发生肺部感染者仅接受针对病原体的治疗(C组)。观察各组重症肺部感染发生率,A、B组治疗前后血清IgG、IgA、IgM的浓度以及T淋巴细胞亚群的变化。结果　A、B、C组重症肺部感染发生率分别为0、66.7 %和66.7 %,死亡率为0、16.7 %和25.0 %;A组治疗后血清IgG浓度升高(P<0.01),并明显高于B组(P<0.01);A、B组治疗前后T淋巴细胞亚群的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论　早期联合静脉注射大剂量免疫球蛋白作为一种辅助治疗,能阻止肾移植后肺部感染的进一步发展,降低重症肺部感染的发生率和死亡率。     

肾移植后严重肺部感染的诊治难点和对策

感染是肾移植的重要并发症和死亡原因。Rubin统计报道肾移植术后1年约有70％的患者至少发生1次不同程度和类型的感染。肾移植术后严重肺部感染病情重，发展快，病死率高，Jha等报道救治成功率为59％。本文就肾移植术后严重肺部感染的诊治难点及对策综述如下。     

Strategies for prevention and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease in the department of kidney transplantation

To summarize measures for the prevention and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the department of kidney transplantation. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of outpatients and inpatients in the department of kidney transplantation from January 20 to March 1, 2020, and followed up the in-home kidney transplant recipients and those waiting for kidney transplantation through the Internet platform. Our department had formulated detailed prevention and control measures, mainly including kidney transplant outpatient management, kidney transplantation ward management, management of kidney transplant surgery, dialysis management of patients waiting for kidney transplantation, personal protection of medical staff, and follow-up management of discharged patients after kidney transplantation. During the epidemic period, there were no COVID-19 cases among 68 outpatient examined kidney transplant recipients, 32 hospitalized kidney transplant recipients, 19 patients waiting for kidney transplantation in hospital, and 30 medical staff. There were no COVID-19 cases among 160 follow-up recipients after kidney transplantation and 60 patients waiting for kidney transplantation. During the epidemic period, we implemented strict prevention and control measures and adjusted working methods and procedures to ensure safe and orderly work of the department.     

Complications of gallstone disease in kidney transplantation patients.

BACKGROUND: We studied the complications of gallstone disease in kidney transplantation patients and evaluated whether the screening and treatment of gallstones before acceptance to the kidney waiting list is relevant. METHODS: Complications of gallstone disease were evaluated in 1608 kidney transplantation patients on cyclosporine and long-term steroid treatment with median age 45.5 years, transplanted between 1990 and 2000. To evaluate the prevalence of cholecystolithiasis after kidney transplantation an abdominal ultrasound examination was cross-sectionally performed to a subgroup of 304 patients and the results were correlated to their serum lipid values, changes in BMI and use of statins. RESULTS: Pre-transplant cholecystectomy due to cholecystolithiasis (prerequisite for acceptance to kidney waiting list) had been performed on 71 (4%) of the patients. Thirty (15%) patients with diagnosed post-transplant gallstones and four without gallstones developed biliary complications. There were 25 cases of cholecystitis of which three resulted in gallbladder perforations. Seventeen patients (50%) with biliary complications required urgent surgery and one (3%) patient died of post-operative complications. In the subgroup of ultrasound examination patients (median 7 years post-transplant follow-up) 81% of the patients had no gallstones and 9% of the patients had gallstones had developed after transplantation. Patients with pre-transplant gallstones were older (P < 0.01) and patients with post-transplant gallstones gained the most weight during the follow-up. No differences in lipid values were found. CONCLUSION: In transplantation patients, the complications of gallstone disease may be severe. Screening and treatment of pre- and post-transplantation gallstone disease are recommended.     

Transplantation of kidneys from hepatitis C‐positive donors into hepatitis C virus‐infected recipients followed by early initiation of direct acting antiviral therapy: a single‐center retrospective study

The availability of direct acting antiviral agents (DAA) has transformed the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The current study is a case series that reports the outcomes from a cohort of twenty‐five HCV‐infected ESRD patients who received a kidney from an anti‐HCV‐positive deceased organ donor followed by treatment with DAAs in the early post‐transplant period. Time to transplantation and the efficacy of DAA therapy as measured by sustained viral response at 12 weeks were assessed. The median waiting time from original date of activation on the United Network Organ Sharing (UNOS) waiting list until transplantation was 427 days; however, the median time from entering the patient into UNet^sm for a HCV‐positive offer until transplantation was only 58 days. The 25 patients were started on antiviral treatment early post‐transplant (median 125 days) and 24 of 25 (96%) achieved a sustained virologic response at 12 weeks. Tacrolimus dose adjustments were required during antiviral treatment in 13 patients to maintain therapeutic levels. Accepting a kidney from an anti‐HCV‐positive deceased donor shortened the waiting time for HCV‐infected kidney transplant candidates. We recommend that kidneys from anti‐HCV‐positive donors should be considered for transplant into HCV‐infected recipients followed by early post‐transplant treatment with DAA agents.     

Dialysis,kidney transplantation,or pancreas transplantation for patients with diabetes mellitus and renal failure: a decision analysis of treatment options

Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease may remain on dialysis or undergo cadaveric kidney transplantation, living kidney transplantation, sequential pancreas after living kidney transplantation, or simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. It is unclear which of these options is most effective. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal treatment strategy for type 1 diabetic patients with renal failure using a decision analytic Markov model. Input data were obtained from the published medical literature, the United Network for Organ Sharing registry, and patient interviews. The outcome measures were life expectancy (in life-years [LY]) and quality-adjusted life expectancy (in quality-adjusted life-years [QALY]). Living kidney transplantation was associated with 18.30 LY and 10.29 QALY; pancreas after kidney transplantation, 17.21 LY and 10.00 QALY; simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation, 15.74 LY and 9.09 QALY; cadaveric kidney transplantation, 11.44 LY and 6.53 QALY; dialysis, 7.82 LY and 4.52 QALY. The results were sensitive to the value of several key variables. Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation had the greatest life expectancy and quality-adjusted life expectancy when living kidney transplantation was excluded from the analysis. These data indicate that living kidney transplantation is associated with the greatest life expectancy and quality-adjusted life expectancy for type 1 diabetic patients with renal failure. Treatment strategies involving pancreas transplantation should be considered for patients with frequent metabolic complications of diabetes and for those patients who favor kidney-pancreas transplantation over kidney transplantation alone. For patients without a living donor, simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation is associated with the greatest life expectancy.     

Patients' willingness to talk to others about living kidney donation

BACKGROUND: Living donor kidney transplantation has several advantages for patients with end-stage renal disease. However, many patients are reluctant to pursue this treatment option, preferring instead to wait for a deceased donor organ. OBJECTIVE: To examine predictors of patients' willingness to talk to others about living kidney donation. METHODS: One hundred thirty-two adult patients awaiting kidney transplantation who were enrolled in a randomized trial examining the effectiveness of education on rates of live donor kidney transplantation completed a baseline rating of their willingness to talk to others about living kidney donation. Also, patients completed measures of knowledge and concerns about living donation and a rating of perceived health. RESULTS: Slightly more than half the patients (56.1%) had low willingness to talk to others about living donation. The following variables were associated with higher willingness to talk to others: white race (odds ratio, 3.31; confidence interval, 1.7-7.4), college education (odds ratio, 3.43, confidence interval, 2.0-5.6), fewer concerns about living donor kidney transplantation (odds ratio, 0.31; confidence interval, 0.2-0.6), and less favorable perceptions of their current health status (odds ratio, 4.31; confidence interval, 2.6-7.6). CONCLUSION: White race, more education, less concern about living donor kidney transplantation, and poorer perceived health are associated with greater willingness to talk to others about living kidney donation. These findings have important implications for educating patients about living donor kidney transplantation.     

CD4+ CD25bright+ Regulatory T Cells Can Mediate Donor Nonreactivity in Long-Term Immunosuppressed Kidney Allograft Patients

CD4+ CD25bright+ FoxP3+ T cells are potent regulators of T-cell reactivity, but their possible involvement in donor-specific nonresponsiveness after clinical kidney transplantation remains to be elucidated. We assessed the proliferative donor-reactivity in 33 kidney allograft recipients who were maintained on a combination of proliferation inhibitors (mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or Azathioprine (Aza)) and prednisone, long (> 5 years) after transplantation. Of the 33 patients, 8 still exhibited donor-reactivity, whereas 25 were classified as donor nonreactive patients. Within these 25 donor nonreactive patients, we assessed the involvement of CD4+ CD25bright+ regulatory T cells both by depleting them from the responder population as well as by reconstituting them to the CD25(-/dim) effector population. The absence of proliferation in these 25 patients, was abolished in 7 (28%) recipients upon depletion of the CD4+ CD25bright+ T cells. Reconstitution of these cells suppressed the donor-reactivity in a dose-dependent manner. Adding-back CD4+ CD25bright+ T cells inhibited the anti-third party response in all recipients, indicating that functional CD4+ CD25bright+ T cells circulate despite more then 5 years of immunosuppressive treatment. Altogether, we conclude that in long-term immunosuppressed kidney allograft patients functional regulatory CD4+ CD25bright+ T cells circulate but that these cells mediate donor non reactivity only in a subset of patients.     

Reversibility of ''Secondary Hypercalcitoninemia'' After Kidney Transplantation

Whether the increase of calcitonin (CT) concentration in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is reversible or not after kidney transplantation is not known. We examined the effect of kidney transplantation on basal and pentagastrin-stimulated CT in CKD patients with elevated screening CT levels. Before transplantation, the median basal CT concentration of 17 patients was 31 pg/mL (13-76), and decreased to 8 pg/mL (4-28) at 23 months (2-34) after kidney transplantation (p < 0.00005). The maximum concentration of pentagastrin-stimulated CT was 63 pg/mL (25-110) before transplantation and decreased to 20 pg/mL (8-91) (p < 0.00005) thereafter. There was a linear association between CT and calcium as well as between phosphorus and parathyroid hormone at the time of screening. After transplantation, CT correlated with serum creatinine. Therefore, the increase of CT concentration in patients with impaired kidney function presumably reflects 'secondary hypercalcitoninemia' due to C-cell hyperactivity.