Structure of a methylamine sorption complex of fully dehydrated Cd-exchanged zeolite X, Cd46(CH3NH2)16[Si100Al92O384]-FAU

The structure of a methylamine sorption complex of fully dehydrated, fully Cd²⁺-exchanged zeolite X, Cd₄₆(CH₃NH₂)₁₆[Si₁₀₀Al₉₂O₃₈₄]-FAU (a = 24.863(4) Å), has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group at 21(1) °C. An aqueous exchange solution 0.05 M in Cd²⁺ was allowed to flow past the crystal for 5 days. The crystal was then dehydrated at 480 °C and 2 × 10⁻⁶ Torr for 2 days (colorless), and exposed to 160 Torr of methylamine gas at 21(1) °C for 2 h (yellow). Diffraction data were then gathered in this atmosphere and were refined using all data to the final error indices (based upon the 524 reflections for which F_o > 4σ(F_o)) of R₁ = 0.069 and wR₂ = 0.200. In this structure, Cd²⁺ ions occupy three crystallographic sites. The octahedral sites I at the centers of the hexagonal prisms are filled with 16 Cd²⁺ ions per unit cell (Cd–O = 2.369(8) Å). The remaining 30 Cd²⁺ ions are located at two non-equivalent sites II with occupancies of 14 and 16. The 16 methylamine molecules per unit cell lie in the supercage where each interacts with one of the latter 16 site-II Cd²⁺ ions: N–Cd = 2.11(8) Å. The imprecisely determined N–C bond length, 1.49(22) Å, agrees with that in gaseous methylamine, 1.474 Å. The positions of the hydrogen atoms were calculated. It appears that one of the amino hydrogen atoms hydrogen bonds to a 6-ring oxygen, and that the other forms a bifurcated hydrogen bond to this and another 6-ring oxygen. The methyl group is not involved in hydrogen bonding.     

The dependence of Co2+-exchange into zeolite FAU on its Si/Al ratio

Three single crystals of fully dehydrated, largely Co²⁺-exchanged zeolites X and Y were prepared by the exchange of Na₈₀-X (|Na₈₀|[Si₁₁₂Al₈₀O₃₈₄]-FAU, Si/Al = 1.40), Na₇₅-Y (|Na₇₅|[Si₁₁₇Al₇₅O₃₈₄]-FAU, Si/Al = 1.56), and Na₇₁-Y (|Na₇₁|[Si₁₂₁Al₇₁O₃₈₄]-FAU, Si/Al = 1.70) with aqueous streams 0.05 M in Co(NO₃)₂, pH = 5.1, at 294 K for 3 days. This was followed by vacuum dehydration at 673 K. Their crystal structures were determined by synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd \(\overline{3}\) m at 100(1) K. In all three crystals Co²⁺ ions occupy the 6-ring sites I, I’, and II; Na⁺ ions occupy sites II’ and II. The number of Co²⁺ ions exchanging into the zeolite was about 30 per unit cell for all three crystals. The number of residual Na⁺ ions, however, decreased sharply as Si/Al ratio increased, and the number of H⁺ ions co-exchanging into the zeolite decreased nearly to zero. Some dealumination of the zeolite framework was seen in the first crystal (initial Si/Al = 1.40).     

Crystallographic studies on the site selectivity of Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript>, K<Superscript>+</Superscript>, and Rb<Superscript>+</Superscript> ions within zeolite Y (Si/Al = 1.56)

The single-crystals of Ca²⁺, K⁺-exchanged zeolite Y, and Ca²⁺, Rb⁺-exchanged zeolite Y were prepared by using flow method with mixed ion-exchange solution, whose Ca(NO₃)₂:KNO₃ mole ratios were 1:1 (crystal 1) and 1:100 (crystal 2), and Ca(NO₃)₂:RbNO₃ mole ratios were 1:1 (crystal 3) and 1:100 (crystal 4), respectively, with a total concentration of 0.05 M. They were fully dehydrated by vacuum dehydration at 723 K and 1 × 10^?6 Torr for 2 days. Their crystals were determined by single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group \(Fd \overline{3}\) m, respectively, and were refined to the final error indices R ₁/wR ₂ = 0.057/0.196, 0.073/0.223, 0.055/0.188, and 0.049/0.175 for crystals 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. In the structure of crystal 1 (|Ca₂₃K₂₉|[Si₁₁₇Al₇₅O₃₈₄]-FAU), 23 Ca²⁺ ions per unit cell occupy sites I, II′, and II; 29 K⁺ ions per unit cell are at sites II′, II, and III′. In the structure of crystal 2 (|Ca_18.5K₃₈|[Si₁₁₇Al₇₅O₃₈₄]-FAU), 18.5 Ca²⁺ ions per unit cell occupy sites I, I′, and II; 38 K⁺ ions are at sites I′, II, and III′. In the structure of crystal 3 (|Ca₂₇Rb₂₁|[Si₁₁₇Al₇₅O₃₈₄]-FAU), 27 Ca²⁺ ions per unit cell occupy sites I, II′, and II; 21 Rb⁺ ions per unit cell are at sites II′, II, and III. In the structure of crystal 4 (|Ca₁₈Rb₃₉|[Si₁₁₇Al₇₅O₃₈₄]-FAU), 18 Ca²⁺ ions per unit cell occupy sites I and II; 39 Rb⁺ ions per unit cell are at sites I′, II′, II, III, and III′. In the four crystals, the Ca²⁺ ion which has much smaller size and higher charge than other cations such as K⁺ and Rb⁺ energetically preferred at site I and so the first to be filled on it. Unlike Ca²⁺ ion, no K⁺ and Rb⁺ ions are found at site I, which are clearly less favorable for K⁺ and Rb⁺ ions.     

Structure of a cyclopropane sorption complex of dehydrated fully Mn-exchanged zeolite X

The structure of a cyclopropane sorption complex of dehydrated fully Mn²⁺-exchanged zeolite X, Mn₄₆Si₁₀₀Al₉₂O₃₈₄ · 30C₃H₆ (a=24.690(4) Å), has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group at 21(1)°C. The crystal was prepared by ion exchange in a flowing stream of 0.05 M aqueous Mn(NO₃)₂ for three days, followed by dehydration at 460°C and 2×10⁻⁶ Torr for two days, and exposure to 100 Torr of cyclopropane gas at 21(1)°C. The structure was determined in this atmosphere and was refined to the final error indices R₁=0.065 and R₂=0.071 with 509 reflections for which I>3σ (I). In this structure, Mn²⁺ ions are located at two crystallographic sites. Sixteen Mn²⁺ ions fill the octahedral site I at the centers of the hexagonal prisms (Mn–O=2.290(9) Å). The remaining 30 Mn²⁺ ions are at site II; each extends 0.41 Å into the supercage (an increase of 0.27 Å upon C₃H₆ sorption as compared to fully dehydrated Mn₄₆Si₁₀₀Al₉₂O₃₈₄) where it coordinates to three trigonally arranged framework oxygens at 2.148(8) Å and complexes weakly and facially to a cyclopropane molecule by a primarily quadrupolar interaction. The carbon atoms of each cyclopropane molecule are equivalent and equidistant from its Mn²⁺ ion (Mn–C=2.95(9) Å). Because of high thermal motion, the C–C bond length is inaccurately determined; the value found, 1.21(8) Å, is too small.     

La(1−x)SrxCo1−yFeyO3 perovskites prepared by sol–gel method: Characterization and relationships with catalytic properties for total oxidation of toluene

La_(1−x)Sr_xCo_(1−y)Fe_yO₃ samples have been prepared by sol–gel method using EDTA and citric acid as complexing agents. For the first time, Raman mappings were achieved on this type of samples especially to look for traces of Co₃O₄ that can be present as additional phase and not detect by XRD. The prepared samples were pure perovskites with good structural homogeneity. All these perovskites were very active for total oxidation of toluene above 200 °C. The ageing procedure used indicated good thermal stability of the samples. A strong improvement of catalytic properties was obtained substituting 30% of La³⁺ by Sr²⁺ cations and a slight additional improvement was observed substituting 20% of cobalt by iron. Hence, the optimized composition was La_0.7Sr_0.3Co_0.8Fe_0.2O₃. The samples were also characterized by BET measurements, SEM and XRD techniques. Iron oxidation states were determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Cobalt oxidation states and the amount of O⁻ electrophilic species were analyzed from XPS achieved after treatment without re-exposition to ambient air. Textural characterization revealed a strong increase in the specific surface area and a complete change of the shape of primary particles substituting La³⁺ by Sr²⁺. The strong lowering of the temperature at conversion 20% for the La_0.7Sr_0.3Co_(1−y)Fe_yO₃ samples can be explained by these changes. X photoelectron spectra obtained with our procedure evidenced very high amount of O⁻ electrophilic species for the La_0.7Sr_0.3Co_(1−y)Fe_yO₃ samples. These species able to activate hydrocarbons could be the active sites. The partial substitution of cobalt by iron has only a limited effect on the textural properties and the amount of O⁻ species. However, Raman spectroscopy revealed a strong dynamic structural distortion by Jahn–Teller effect and Mössbauer spectroscopy evidenced the presence of Fe⁴⁺ cations in the iron containing samples. These structural modifications could improve the reactivity of the active sites explaining the better specific activity rate of the La_0.7Sr_0.3Co_0.8Fe_0.2O₃ sample. Finally, an additional improvement of catalytic properties was obtained by the addition of 5% of cobalt cations in the solution of preparation. As evidenced by Raman mappings and TEM images, this method of preparation allowed to well-dispersed small Co₃O₄ particles that are very efficient for total oxidation of toluene with good thermal stability contrary to bulk Co₃O₄.     

Sorption of nitrogen,oxygen, and argon in Cd (II) exchanged zeolite X: volumetric equilibrium adsorption and grand canonical Monte Carlo study

The adsorption of nitrogen, oxygen and argon has been studied in cadmium (II) cations exchanged zeolite X at 288.2 and 303.2 K. Experimentally measured adsorption isotherms are compared with theoretically calculated data using grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation. Nitrogen showed higher adsorption capacity and selectivity than oxygen and argon in these zeolite samples. The cadmium exchanged zeolite X was showed that increased adsorption capacity for nitrogen, oxygen, and argon with increase in Cd (II)-exchange levels, indicating as charge density increases adsorption capacity also increase. Isosteric heat of adsorption data showed stronger interactions of nitrogen molecules with cadmium cations in zeolite samples. These observations have been explained in terms of higher electrostatic interaction of nitrogen with extra framework zeolite cations. The selectivity of oxygen over argon is explained in terms of its higher interaction with Cd (II)-exchanged zeolites than argon molecules. The selectivity of N₂/O₂ of cadmium-exchanged zeolite X is better than only sodium containing zeolite-X. Heats of adsorption and adsorption isotherms were also calculated using GCMC simulation algorithm. Simulation studies expectedly show the proximity of nitrogen molecules to the locations of extra framework sodium and cadmium cations.     

Behavior of cesium cation in zeolite Y (FAU,Si/Al = 1.56) and their single-crystal structures, |Cs<Subscript>75−x</Subscript>Na<Subscript>x</Subscript>|[Si<Subscript>117</Subscript>Al<Subscript>75</Subscript>O<Subscript>384</Subscript>]-FAU (x = 35 and 54)

To study the tendency of Cs⁺ exchange into zeolite Y (Si/Al = 1.56) dependence on Cs⁺ and Na⁺ concentration of aqueous solution during exchange, two single-crystals of fully dehydrated, Cs⁺-and Na⁺-exchanged zeolites Y were prepared by the flow method using a mixed ion-exchange solution whose CsNO₃:NaNO₃ mol ratios were 1:1 (crystal 1) and 1:100 (crystal 2), respectively, with a total concentration of 0.1 M, followed by vacuum dehydration at 723 K. Their crystals were determined by single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd \(\overline{ 3}\) m, respectively, and were refined to the final error indices R ₁/wR ₂ = 0.084/0.248 and 0.088/0.274 for crystals 1 and 2, respectively. In the structure of |Cs₄₀Na₃₅|[Si₁₁₇Al₇₅O₃₈₄]-FAU (crystal 1), 40 Cs⁺ ions per unit cell occupy five different equipoints; 3, 3, 14, 9, and 11 are at sites I, II′, II, IIIa and IIIb, respectively, whereas, the remaining 35 Na⁺ ions occupy three different sites: 9, 11, and 15 are at sites I, I′, and II, respectively. In the structure of |Cs₂₁Na₅₄|[Si₁₁₇Al₇₅O₃₈₄]-FAU (crystal 2), 21 Cs ⁺ ions per unit cell occupy three equipoints; 4, 6, and 11 are at sites II, IIIa, and IIIb, respectively. The residual 54 Na⁺ ions per unit cell are found at three different sites; 6, 20 and 28 are at sites I, I′, and II, respectively. The degrees of ion exchange are 53 and 28 % for crystals 1and 2, respectively. This result shows that the degree of Cs⁺ exchange decreased sharply by decreasing the initial Cs⁺ concentration and increasing the initial Na⁺ concentration in given ion-exchange solution.     

Molecular Engineering of Supported Vanadium Oxide Catalysts Through Support Modification

Highly dispersed, multilayered surface metal oxide catalysts (V₂O₅/MO _x /SiO₂, M = Ti(IV), Zr(IV) or Al(III)) were successfully synthesized by taking into account various factors that govern the maximum dispersion of metal oxide species on silica. The characterization results revealed that the molecular structures of the surface vanadium oxide species on the modified supports are a strong function of environmental conditions. The surface vanadium oxide species under dehydrated conditions are predominantly isolated VO₄ units, similar to the dehydrated V₂O₅/SiO₂ catalysts. Upon hydration, the surface vanadium oxide species on the modified supports consist of polymerized VO₅/VO₆ units and/or less polymerized (VO₃) _n species, which depend on the vanadia content and the specific second metal oxide loading. The surface V cations are found to preferentially interact with the surface metal (Ti, Zr or Al) oxide species on silica. The V(V) cations in the dehydrated state appear to possess both oxygenated ligands of Si(IV)–O^– and M–O^–. Consequently, the reducibility and catalytic properties of the surface vanadium oxide species are significantly altered. The turnover frequencies of the surface VO₄ species on these modified supports for methanol oxidation to redox products (predominantly formaldehyde) increase by more than an order of magnitude relative to the unmodified V₂O₅/SiO₂ catalysts. These reactivity enhancements are associated with the substitution of Si(IV)–O^– oxygenated ligands by less electronegative M–O^– ligands in the O=V(–O–support)₃ structure, which strongly suggests that the bridging V–O–support bonds play a key role in determining the reactivity of the surface vanadium oxide species on oxide supports.     

Crystal structures of fully dehydrated fully Sr-exchanged zeolite X and of its ammonia sorption complex

The crystal structures of fully dehydrated Sr₄₆–X [Sr₄₆Si₁₀₀Al₉₂O₃₈₄; a=25.214(7) Å] and of its ammonia sorption complex, Sr₄₆–X·102NH₃ [Sr₄₆Si₁₀₀Al₉₂O₃₈₄·102NH₃; a=25.127(7) Å], have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd at 21(1)°C. The Sr₄₆–X crystal was prepared by ion exchange in a flowing stream of aqueous 0.05 M Sr(ClO₄)₂ for 5 days followed by dehydration at 360°C and 2×10⁻⁶ Torr for 2 days. To prepare the ammonia sorption complex, another dehydrated Sr₄₆–X crystal was exposed to 230 Torr of zeolitically dried ammonia gas for 1 h followed by evacuation for 12 h at 21(1)°C and 5×10⁻⁴ Torr. The structures were refined to the final error indices, R₁=0.043 and R_w=0.039 with 466 reflections, and R₁=0.049 and R_w=0.044 with 382 reflections, for which I>3σ(I). In dehydrated Sr₄₆–X, all Sr²⁺ ions are located at two crystallographic sites. 16 Sr²⁺ ions are at the centers of the double six-rings, filling that site (site I, Sr–O=2.592(6) Å). The remaining 30 Sr²⁺ ions are in the supercage (site II); each extends 0.56 Å into the supercage from the plane of its three nearest oxygen atoms (Sr–O=2.469(6) Å). In the structure of Sr₄₆–X·102NH₃, the Sr²⁺ ions are located at three crystallographic sites: 12 are found at site I [Sr–O=2.652(10) Å]; four in the sodalite units (site I′) each coordinated to three framework oxygen atoms at 2.654(9) Å and also to three ammonia molecules at 2.76(8) Å. The remaining 30 Sr²⁺ ions lie at site II. Each extends 1.12 Å into the supercage where it coordinates to three framework oxygen atoms at 2.584(7) Å and also to three ammonia molecules at 2.774(24) Å.     

Thin-film CoB catalyst templates for the hydrolysis of NaBH4 solution for hydrogen generation

Thin-film CoB alloy catalysts were prepared on Ni-foam substrates using electroless as well as electroplating techniques. Electroless plating was carried out using cobalt (II) sulfate as the source of Co²⁺, sodium succinate as the complexing agent, and dimethyamine borane as the source of boron as well as the reducing agent. Electroplating was carried out using cobalt (II) sulfate and cobalt (II) chloride as the sources of cobalt, and boric acid as the source of boron. The thin-film CoB/Ni-foam templates were characterized using ICP, XRD and SEM techniques. The normalized B content was in the range of 1.0–1.30 and 0.20–0.60 wt.% for electroless and electroplated templates, respectively. The B content is less than that required for stoichiometric alloy formation, which indicates the simultaneous deposition of the Co metal along with CoB alloy. An optimum condition of 0.100 M L⁻¹ each of cobalt (II) sulfate heptahydrate Co(SO₄)·7H₂O, sodium succinate (Na₂C₄H₄O₄) and dimethylamine borane (CH₃)₂NHBH₃, at 60 °C with the pH value of 4–5 and a plating time of 1 h was identified for the preparation of the catalyst templates by electroless plating. Where as, 0.125 M L⁻¹ each of cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate (CoCl₂·6H₂O), Co(SO₄)·7H₂O, 0.125 M L⁻¹ of boric acid at the current density range of 160–320 mA cm⁻² and a temperature of 60 °C was identified as the optimum condition for the electroplating method. Maximum H₂ generation rates of 1.64 and 0.30 L min⁻¹ g⁻¹ of catalyst were obtained with electroless and electroplated thin-film CoB/Ni-foam templates, respectively. The suitability of the electroless plated CoB/Ni-foam catalyst template for extended duration of hydrogen generation from NaBH₄ was studied up to 60 h. Activation energies of 44.47 and 54.89 kJ mol⁻¹ were calculated for electroless and electroplated CoB/Ni-foam catalyst templates, respectively.     

Siting of Co2+ Ions in Cobalt-Modified High-Silica Zeolites Probed by Low-Temperature Molecular Hydrogen Adsorption

Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy was used to characterize the effects of introducing cobalt into the zeolites ZSM-5 and mordenite. Aqueous impregnation of the hydrogen form of the zeolite and subsequent in vacuo treatment at temperatures up to 920 K results in partial exchange of protons in bridging hydroxyl groups by Co²⁺ cations. These changes are evidenced by a decrease in intensity of the bands at 3606-3609 cm^-1 characteristic of Brønsted acid sites. DRIFT spectra of hydrogen adsorbed at 77 K also confirm the exchange of protons for Co²⁺ cations, as evidenced by a decrease in the intensity of the band at 4106 cm^-1 for H₂ adsorbed on protons. By contrast, the bands at 3905, 3965, and 4010 cm^-1 for H₂ adsorbed on the Co²⁺ cations increase in intensity. With increasing Si/Al ratio at a constant Co loading of 1 wt% the intensity of the band at 3905 cm^-1 for H-ZSM-5 strongly increases in intensity relative to the other bands. This feature is attributed to Co²⁺ cations interacting with two adjacent cation-exchange sites located in a 10-membered ring. It is hypothesized that the Lewis acidity of Co²⁺ cations in such environments is higher than that of Co²⁺ cations associated with oxygen atoms in individual five- or six-membered rings containing two Al atoms, because the Co²⁺ cation can interact with only two of the four basic oxygen anions located in the ring. It is proposed that Co²⁺ cations in the latter type of sites are identified by the bands at 3965 cm^-1 and 4010 cm^-1 for adsorbed H₂.     

Well defined CuI(NO), CuI(NO)2 and CuII(NO)X (X = O− and/or NO 2 − ) complexes in CuI-ZSMS prepared by interaction of H-ZSM5 with gaseous CuCl

In this note an exchange procedure of the acidic protons of H-ZSM5 by Cu^I ions through reaction with CuCl in the gas phase is described. In the so obtained Cu^I-ZSM5 exchanged zeolite the Cu^I ions are in well defined configuration and form with NO mono and di-nitrosyl complexes of high structural and spectroscopic quality. The Cu^I(NO)₂ species are transformed at RT into Cu^II(NO)X (X=O^– and/or NO ₂ ^– ) species which could represent an intermediate in NO decomposition.     

A peculiar heterotrimetallic Mn–Co–Ni complex: Synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic properties

The first complex [Mn(H₂O)₆][NiCo(TTHA)(H₂O)₂] · 4H₂O 1 (TTHA⁶⁻ = triethylenetetraminehexaacetate) containing Mn^II–Co^II–Ni^II three different 3d metal ions is synthesized and magnetic measurement suggests that ferromagnetic interactions occur between Ni²⁺ ions and rarely found low-spin Co²⁺ ions.     

Infrared study of nitrogen monoxide adsorption on palladium ion-exchanged ZSM-5 catalysts

The adsorption of NO at room temperature on a H-ZSM-5 catalyst exchanged with Pd(NH₃) ₄ ²⁺ complex and activated in oxygen at 773 K has been examined by FTIR spectroscopy. After the oxidizing treatment, the Pd tetrammine complex decomposed into Pd(II) ions and/or Pd(II) hydroxyl complexes dispersed in the zeolite channels. The subsequent adsorption of NO at room temperature led to the reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(I) entities, resulting in the formation and adsorption of NO₂ on H-ZSM-5. The Pd(I) entities were shown to adsorb NO and form mononitrosyl complexes dispersed in the zeolite porosity and characterized by a single infrared absorption band at 1881 cm^–1. The Pd(I) mononitrosyl complex was shown to reversibly coordinate water and NO₂ molecules. The resulting nitrosyl complex was characterized by a single NO vibration band at 1836 cm^–1.     

Synthesis and single-crystal structures of fully dehydrated fully Sr2+-exchanged zeolite Y (FAU) and its benzene sorption complex, |Sr37.5|[Si117Al75O384]-FAU and |Sr37.5(C6H6)33(H2O)15|[Si117Al75O384]-FAU

Single crystals of zeolite Y, |Na₇₅|[Si₁₁₇Al₇₅O₃₈₄]-FAU, were Sr²⁺ ion exchanged and fully dehydrated to generate |Sr_37.5|[Si₁₁₇Al₇₅O₃₈₄]-FAU (crystal 1) and next, benzene adsorbed to generate |Sr_37.5(C₆H₆)₃₃(H₂O)₁₅|[Si₁₁₇Al₇₅O₃₈₄]-FAU (crystal 2, partially dehydrated). Crystal 1 was prepared by ion exchange in a flowing stream of aqueous 0.05 M Sr(ClO₄)₂ for 3 days followed by dehydration at 673 K and 1 × 10^?6 Torr for 2 days. To prepare the benzene sorption complex (crystal 2), another dehydrated |Sr_37.5|[Si₁₁₇Al₇₅O₃₈₄]-FAU crystal was exposed to 50 Torr of benzene for 3 days at 294 K followed by evacuation for 30 min. at this temperature and 5 × 10^?5 Torr. Their structures were determined crystallographically at 100(1) K using synchrotron X-radiation in the cubic space group Fd $ \bar{3} $ m. They were refined to the final error indices R ₁/wR ₂ = 0.051/0.125 and 0.057/0.154 using 598 and 590 reflections with F _o > 4??(F _o) for crystals 1 and 2, respectively. In crystal 1, about 37.5 Sr²⁺ ions per unit cell are found at an unusually large number of crystallographically distinct positions, six. Eight Sr²⁺ ions per unit cell are at the centers of the double 6-rings (D6Rs, site I). Five additional Sr²⁺ ions are near site I. The site-I?? positions (in the sodalite cavities opposite D6Rs) are occupied by 2.5 Sr²⁺ ions per unit cell. Two Sr²⁺ ions are located at site II?? in the sodalite cavity. The remaining twenty Sr²⁺ ions are found at two nonequivalent sites II (in the supercages) with occupancies of 9 and 11 ions per unit cell, respectively. Each of these Sr²⁺ ions coordinates to three framework oxygens. In this crystal, all sites are only sparsely occupied. In crystal 2, all Sr²⁺ ions are located at four crystallographic sites and 33 benzene molecules are found at two distinct sites within the supercages. One Sr²⁺ ion is at the center of the D6R. Fifteen Sr²⁺ ions are located at site I??. The remaining 21.5 Sr²⁺ ions are found at two nonequivalent sites II with occupancies of 19 and 2.5 ions per unit cell. Nineteen benzenes lie on threefold axes in the supercages, where they interact facially with the latter 19 site-II Sr²⁺ ions; occupancy = 19 molecules/32 sites. The remaining fourteen benzene molecules are found in 12-ring planes; occupancy = 14 molecules/16 sites. Each hydrogen of these 14 benzenes is ca. 2.9 Å from six 12-ring oxygens.     

Synthesis and characterization of hollow zeolite microspheres with a mesoporous shell by O/W/O emulsion and vapor-phase transport method

Hollow microspheres of ZSM-5 with a mesoporous shell have been synthesized through formation of amorphous hollow SiO₂/Al₂O₃ microspheres by sol–gel process in multiple oil–water–oil emulsions and transformation of the amorphous species into zeolite by water–organic vapor-phase transport treatment at 160 °C for 8 days. The morphology of the amorphous and zeolite spheres observed by scanning electron microscopy shows no significant change whereas the molar ratio of Si/Al increases from 6 to 20 during the transformation. The structural feature of zeolite was characterized by X-ray diffraction and ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. Transmission electron microscopy and N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms indicate that uniform mesopores in the shell of zeolite spheres arise from the interstices among zeolite crystallites.     

Extensive intrazeolitic hydrolysis of Zn(II): partial structures of partially and fully hydrated Zn(II)-exchanged zeolite X

Complete Zn²⁺ exchange of two single crystals of zeolite X (Na₉₂Si₁₀₀Al₉₂O₃₈₄) was attempted at 80°C from aqueous Zn(NO₃)₂ (pH=5.5 at 23°C). The structures of crystal 1 (partially dehydrated by evacuation at 23°C and 10⁻³ Torr for two days) and crystal 2 (fully hydrated) were determined by X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd at 23°C (a_o=24.750(5) and 24.872(6) Å, respectively). They were refined using all intensities to the final error indices R₁=0.126 and 0.116 based on the 428 and 348 reflections, respectively, for which F_o>4σ(F_o). Each crystal has about 54 Zn²⁺ ions per unit cell, indicating the uptake of eight excess Zn(OH)₂ molecules. In both crystals, further extensive hydrolysis of Zn²⁺ is seen. Many non-framework oxygens were not found. In crystal 1, 34 Zn²⁺ ions per unit cell occupy conventional cationic sites: 10 are at site I^′, 12 at site II, and 12 at site III^′. Three Zn²⁺ ions each coordinate to a framework oxygen at a non-conventional site in the supercages. Three Zn²⁺ ions at the centers of sodalite cavities each coordinate tetrahedrally to four non-framework oxygens to give (likely) Zn(OH)₂(H₂O)₂ which hydrogen bonds multiply to the zeolite framework. At three supercage positions, about 14 Zn²⁺ ions that do not coordinate to the zeolite framework are found. Per unit cell, 37 H₃O⁺ ions are found: 20 at site I^′ and 17 at site II. It is presumed, considering the number of H₃O⁺ ions, that the latter 14 Zn²⁺ ions are hydrolyzed Zn²⁺ ions, likely hydrated Zn(OH)₂ molecules, some likely bridging. In crystal 2, 33 Zn²⁺ ions per unit cell are found at conventional cationic sites: two at site I, 14 at two different sites I^′, seven at site II, and 10 at site III^′. As in crystal 1, three Zn²⁺ ions each coordinate to a framework oxygen at a non-conventional site in the supercage. At three supercage positions, about 18 Zn²⁺ ions that do not coordinate to the zeolite framework are found. Per unit cell, 40 H₃O⁺ ions are found: 18 at site II^′ and 22 at site II. Only about 16 non-framework oxygens were found per unit cell: eight water molecules in the supercages and, in the sodalite cages, eight hydroxide ions which participate in the formation of two nearly cubic Zn₄(OH)₄⁴⁺ clusters.     

The metal-chain complexes (X)[Os(CO)3(CNBu)]3Mn(CO)5 (X=Cl, Br, I)

In what is a new metal-chain forming reaction, (X)[Os(CO)₃(CNBu^t)]₃Mn(CO)₅ (X=Cl, Br, I) complexes have been prepared by the successive addition of Os(CO)₄(CNBu^t) to Mn(CO)₅(X) in hexane. The crystal structure of the iodo derivative reveals it to contain an approximately linear Os₃ Mn chain of metal atoms.     

Dopant Site Occupancy and Chemical Expansion in Rare Earth‐Doped Barium Zirconate

Rare earth‐doped BaZrO₃ is a very attractive material in electrochemical applications due to its proton conductive property. In this work, powder X‐ray diffraction patterns of BaZr_0.8M_0.2O_3?δ (M = Sc, Eu, Sm, Dy) were collected using synchrotron radiation, and also using characteristic X‐ray of CuKα in dry and wet atmospheres at high temperature. Then, a combined interpretation of the diffraction patterns was established by using Rietveld refinement. The results revealed that an obvious lattice expansion was observed for BaZr_0.8M_0.2O_3?δ (M = Sc, Eu, Sm, Dy) in wet O₂ compared with the case in dry condition, indicating a chemical expansion effect on lattice volume by incorporating water into lattice. Eu, Sm, and Dy cations occupied both A‐ and B‐sites of BaZrO₃ crystalline lattice, whereas Sc cations were determined to occupy B‐site only. These results indicate clearly an increasing tendency toward A‐site occupation for the rare earth cations in BaZrO₃ with an increasing radius.     

Study of the changes in the structure and optical properties of MgxCo1-xCr2-yAlyO4 spinel caused by A/B site ion substitution

In this work, nanosubmicron blue-green pigment powder based on the composition of Mg_xCo_1-xCr_2-yAl_yO₄（0 = x ≤ 1, 0 = y ≤ 2）was prepared by a gel casting method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Rietveld refinement with GSAS (General Structure Analysis System), and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy were used to study the phase composition, grain size, morphology, cation distribution in the crystal structure and spectral absorption of the samples. Colour parameters were also studied by using a colour measurement spectrophotometer. The studies demonstrate that the distribution of cations in the crystal structure is disordered and that divalent and trivalent cations are mixed to occupy tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Furthermore, the substitution of ions at the A/B site leads to a change in the cation distribution ratio at the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. With increasing Mg²⁺ doping concentration, the inversion parameter of the spinel increases, while with increasing Al³⁺ doping concentration, the inversion parameter of the spinel decreases. In addition, changes in the calcining atmosphere lead to a change in the oxygen vacancy content in the structure. Under the condition of a reductive atmosphere, the oxygen vacancy content significantly increases, and the inversion parameter also increases. The colour difference for the synthesized Mg_xCo_1-xCr_2-yAl_yO₄ spinel powder is related to the proportion of chromophore ions occupying tetrahedral and octahedral sites and the number of oxygen vacancies.