环境保护科技成果转化政策思考

环保产业是我国战略新兴产业,对我国环境保护和经济发展具有重要意义,环保科技成果转化问题已成为制约环保产业发展的主要问题之一,但我国现行环保科技政策与环保产业的战略地位不相匹配。本文对我国现行环保科技成果转化政策进行回顾,分析我国环保科技成果转化过程存在的主要问题,结合环保技术产业化的必备条件提出政策制定建议,主要包括引入环境技术验证制度,重视需求型和环境型政策工具的应用,为环保新产品提供良好的发展环境和稳定市场需求,为环保技术转化中介机构营造公平有序的市场环境,完善和拓宽科技成果转化的融资渠道,降低环保企业经营风险。     

中国环境保护事业60年

在总结建国初期及起步阶段环境问题及环保工作的基础上,本文分析了我国改革开放时期环境保护事业的发展与环境政策的形成:环境保护的战略地位不断提升,环境法律法规与管理制度不断完善,环境保护同环境破坏艰难博弈,环境外交与环境保护参与综合决策,落实科学发展观与建设生态文明。中国环境政策的特点是:充分运用命令-控制手段;努力筹集环境保护资金;明确保护环境的责任;鼓励"防治结合"和"综合利用";较早体现对外开放和国际合作。文章归纳了中国环境政策的演变过程,地位从基本国策到可持续发展战略,重点从偏重污染控制到污染控制与生态保护并重,方法从末端治理到源头控制,范围从点源治理到流域和区域的环境治理,手段从以行政命令为主导到以法律、经济手段为主导。指出发展低碳经济,建设生态文明是环境保护的出路和目标。     

中国环保产业投融资问题与机制创新

当前日益严峻的环境问题迫切需要我国环保产业发挥更大作用,生态文明建设的提出为我国环保产业发展带来巨大的机遇,但资金投入不足成为制约环保产业发展的现实关键问题。尽管环保产业多元化、社会化投融资方式正逐步形成,但仍存在总量不足、结构不合理、渠道单一、效益低下、机制不活等问题,最为关键的是机制不活,其他问题是由机制不活产生的。一方面,我国对环境污染的治理存在巨大需求,需要大量的资金投入;另一方面,我国又存在大量的社会资金,需要寻找投资出路。因此,解决环保产业投融资问题的根本出路需要设计一个良好的机制,吸引社会资金的大量进入,并提高资金的使用效率。本文认为,创新我国环保产业投融资机制,目标是形成一个多元、绿色、市场化的投融资机制,从而为绿色投资提供足够的市场激励,为环保产业发展提供足够的资金支持。环保产业投融资机制创新是"推力"和"引力"两种力量作用下形成的,其中,"推力"包括社会推力和政府推力,"引力"包括政府引力和市场引力。创新环保产业投融资机制的核心是处理好政府和市场的关系,主要任务包括投融资模式创新和绿色金融创新两大方面。文章最后提出了对策建议,包括转变政府职能,营造促进环保产业发展的政策环境;加大政府环保投入力度,提高政府投入资金引导能力;大力发展环保市场,推行环境污染第三方治理;大力推行PPP投融资模式,提高模式适配性;不断推进绿色金融创新,丰富环保产业投融资工具。     

抓住机遇 迎接挑战 协同发展 "天人合一"

论述了中国入世对长江流域可持续发展所带来的影响、机遇和挑战，讨论了可持续发展思想的内涵及影响长江流域可持续发展的重要问题。认为可持续发展思想应包含：当代人要重视发展和持续性，不断提高人群生活质量和资源环境的承载能力，满足当代人的需求又不损害后代人的需求，满足一个地区、国家的需求又不损害别的地区、国家的需求，并努力补救上代人所留下的资源、环境创伤。我们应认识七种要素：人口、资源、环境、经济、社会、知识和文化之间的内在关系，必须协同处理。自然资源是发展的基础。中国开展环境保护工作已有20多年，特别是改革开放以来取得很多进展，目前需对严重环境问题采取更有力的措施。讨论了中国入世后面临的企业、农业、人才资源、高新技术产业、政府管理体制的创新和法制建设等问题，并着重研究了可持续发展文明观、加强绿色管理和绿色产品开发、知识经济和环保产业等关键问题。     

绿色产业与绿色产业法

环境保护产业化是环保工作发展的主要趋势之一。在理论研究和实际工作中。环保产业、环境产业、绿色产业等概念的研究与应用日趋增多。就环境法学而言，界定一个适应环保产业发展的相关概念，并研究其相关法制的构建与发展是十分必要的。绿色产业与绿色产业法研究正是这一思路的具体落实。     

产业集聚能否改善中国环境污染

本文借鉴Copeland-Taylor模型,构建一个产业集聚影响环境污染的理论模型,在此基础上,利用2004-2011年我国30个省市(自治区)的面板数据,采用门槛面板回归方法,实证分析产业集聚与环境污染之间的关系。实证结果表明,产业集聚与环境污染之间关系并非简单的线性关系,产业集聚对环境污染的影响具有显著的门槛特征,在产业集聚水平低于门槛值时,产业集聚将加剧环境污染;而在产业集聚水平高于门槛值时,产业集聚将有利于改善环境污染。此外,外商直接投资和科技创新在一定程度上改善我国环境污染,"污染天堂假说"在我国并不成立,而环境规制并没有改善我国环境污染,且能源消费不是环境污染加剧的主要因素。因此,应客观看待产业集聚在环境污染中的作用,动态处理产业集聚与环境污染的关系,在产业集聚水平发展过程中,应针对不同地区制定差异化的政策。对于产业集聚水平较低的地区,应在采取有效措施提高产业集聚水平的同时,选择引进外商直接投资和更加严厉的环境规制等政策组合,以改善环境污染,避免"先污染再治理";在产业集聚水平较高的地区,积极鼓励产业科技创新,优化产业集聚方向,引导向高端研发与设计等高附加值产业集聚发展;同时,在积极引资过程中,引导外资向清洁产业转移,注重引进具有环保技术优势的外资企业,运用国外先进技术和环保标准,实现引资与环保的双重目标。     

基于演化博弈的京津冀雾霾治理环境规制政策研究

经济发展与生态环境博弈是当前中国转型发展的必然表现,政府作为环境保护主体行为的博弈性是现阶段中国式分权的必然结果。本文以京津冀及周边地区工业源雾霾治理为研究对象,提出中国式分权中央政府与地方政府委托代理框架下雾霾治理的基本假设,尝试从环境规制执行视角对中央指导、地方响应和企业执行的理想化"合作"博弈提出解决方案。以此构建了中央政府、地方政府与污染企业三方非合作演化博弈模型,借助数值模拟技术对中央政府调控地方政府和污染企业实现理想演化博弈均衡的政策工具进行实证分析。研究发现,中央环保督查行政管制、"奖优罚劣"的专项转移支付、环保履责不力的政治处罚和环境保护税收留地,这些环境规制政策工具能够解决地方政府和污染企业在雾霾治理集体行动中存在的目标不一致性问题。具体来看,中央环保督查强化了地方政府和污染企业在专项转移支付和环境税收收入"奖优罚劣"的规制刚性。三种政策工具的组合使用使得污染企业走向执行减排的演化稳定策略,而地方政府的演化稳定策略是不监管。将环保履责不力的政治损失纳入地方政府效用函数,震慑于中央政府政治处罚,监管成为地方政府的演化稳定策略,而环境保护税收收入全部留存能够在一定程度上摊薄地方政府政治损失。进一步研究表明,对于治理成本的预期是地方政府和污染企业以利益最大化原则作出治理决策的重要依据。因此,为了实现雾霾治理理想演化稳定均衡的帕累托改进,中央政府需要增强中央环境管理集权,避免地方环境规制失灵;扩大中央环保支出范围,建立地方减排补偿机制;强化地方政府环保履责,提高环境税征收标准;支持企业环境技术创新,引导公众第三方监管。     

森林生态旅游业发展的利益协调机制

我国森林生态旅游业的发展对自然生态系统的扰动越来越明显。如何实现森林生态旅游业的可持续发展,正成为社会各界普遍关注的问题。本文首先指出,目前我国森林生态旅游业利益相关者的环保意识都不强,环保组织的能量远未达到足以制衡其他各方的程度,因此我国不存在所谓旅游开发与环境保护之间的博弈制衡局面。这就需要建立森林生态旅游产业发展的利益协调机制,以求能把相关各方的经济利益诉求与环境保护的大义切实有效地协调统一起来。进而本文论证:环境保护与获取经济效益并非绝对对立。只要树立起长远发展、永续享用的理念,旅游企业和游客也能成为环保的践行者。保护生态环境与旅游企业获取长远经济利益高度正相关,于是所谓森林生态旅游业的发展应兼顾经济效益与社会公益等价于森林旅游业者短期经济效益与长期经济利益。所谓森林生态旅游产业的可持续发展,也就是要求确保产业在每一个时点上的发展对自然生态的损害都不会减少旅游产业在未来的实际收入。亦即使得产业永续收益流的总现值达到最大。基于这种理念,本文采用动态博弈分析方法,论证了政府在促成森林生态旅游业可持续发展方面的决定性作用。认为必须由政府出面建立森林生态旅游业可持续发展的利益协调联盟。由该联盟确定行业发展的规模或速度,凝聚并强化利益相关各方注重行业发展长远利益的共识,健全监管制度,设置"一报还一报"式的奖罚制度,建立行业经营信息系统,达成完全信息、完美信息无限重复动态博弈的局面。最后本文建议由我国各地陆续组建起来的森林生态旅游协会具体承担起行业发展利益协调联盟的角色。     

论可持续发展的环保产业化

本文拟以中国现代环保产业为研究对象 ,采用可持续发展理论、环境经济学、产业经济学等研究方法 ,以可持续发展—环保产业—环保产业化为主线 ,对理论界有关的论点加以综合分析和归纳 ,界定“环保产业化”的概念内涵 ,并论证其运行机制。     

区域生态创新协同度及其影响因素研究

科技创新和低碳环保成为当今时代的主题,如何有效推动区域生态创新对于我国生态文明建设具有重要意义。本文基于低碳环保创新视角构建科技创新与生态环境复合系统协同度模型,在此基础上,选用2005-2013年中国三大城市群的面板数据对中国区域生态创新协同度进行测评,并运用计量经济模型从政府、市场、区域三个层面对生态创新协同度影响因素进行实证分析。协同度测度结果表明三大城市群生态创新协同度在[-0.05,0.3]之间震荡,协同度水平较低,区域科技创新与生态环境协同机制尚未建立。协同度增长速度存在空间差异,长三角增长速度最快,珠三角次之,京津冀增长最慢,原因在于河北省的生态创新协同度较低,京津冀区域存在内部发展不平衡问题。由于宏观经济环境和政府政策的影响,三大城市群协同度变化在时间上具有一致趋势。协同度影响因素分析表明政府环境规制、科技创新支持以及市场竞争程度对区域生态创新协同具有积极的推动作用,这说明政府增加环境规制强度和科技创新支持力度可以有效促进区域生态创新协同,市场竞争程度的提高也有利于提高区域生态创新协同水平。基于上述实证分析,本文认为政府应积极推动创新驱动战略和区域协同发展战略,加强环境规制和科技创新支持力度,建立生态创新产业链,鼓励绿色创新产业的发展,以科技创新拉动生态效益的改善,同时规范市场竞争秩序,完善技术交易市场,为绿色创新技术成果转化消除障碍,促进城市群形成生态创新协同机制并对全国各省市形成良好示范效应。     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

循环经济与节能减排解析

目前我国经济增长模式是粗放的、不循环的经济增长模式，经济发展过程中存在着高增长、高能耗、高环境问题，作者通过一系列的数据对比和分析，指出当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排是我国经济发展过程中面临的第一要务。胡锦涛同志在党的十七大报告中提出一定要“落实节能减排工作责任制”，更表明了我国当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排的决心。本文首先提出循环经济与节能减排的相关概念及含义；再以重点行业中的电力、钢铁行业如何搞好能源资源节约和“三废”综合利用为例对我国发展循环经济、促进节能减排进行了实证分析；最后提出要通过加快资源价格机制的改革、促进技术创新、完善政策法规体系、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到发展循环经济、促进节能减排的目标。     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and 137Cs on reference minerals, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings

The adsorption properties of reference minerals may be considerably modified by the presence of the inorganic and organic coatings that are ubiquitous in soils. It is therefore important to assess the effect of such coatings to evaluate the relevance of adsorption studies on pure minerals. The adsorption of trace amounts of (85)Sr and (137)Cs has been studied in dilute suspensions for various minerals that are common components of soils: quartz, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. We studied the effect of coatings with either Fe or Al oxide with varying additions of soil-extracted humic or fulvic acid. Both adsorption and desorption were measured and data presented as distribution coefficients, Kd. No adsorption was detected on quartz and it was not possible to coat this surface. Adsorption on calcium carbonate was small and not influenced by coatings. Adsorption of Sr on the three clay minerals was very similar, enhanced by the Al-coating, but not affected by Fe and organic coatings. The presence of organic coatings decreased Cs adsorption on illite. Similar but smaller effects were seen on montmorillonite and kaolinite. Aluminum coating enhanced Cs adsorption on illite, whereas both inorganic coatings caused decreases in adsorption on montmorillonite, and there was no effect on kaolinite. Effects were not additive with mixed, organic-inorganic coatings. Adsorption of both Cs and Sr on all minerals was strongly irreversible, with Kd (desorption) being up to four-times greater than adsorption Kd. The ratio of desorption and adsorption Cs Kd values (an assessment of irreversibility) was inversely related to adsorption Kd. This is consistent with a decreasing contribution of high-affinity adsorption as adsorption increases, but may also reflect the partial loss of organic coatings during desorption.     

Omics and biotechnology of arsenic stress and detoxification in plants: Current updates and prospective

Arsenic (As), a naturally occurring metallic element, is a dreadful health hazard to millions of people across the globe. Arsenic is present in low amount in the environment and originates from anthropogenic impact and geogenic sources. The presence of As in groundwater used for irrigation is a worldwide problem as it affects crop productivity, accumulates to different tissues and contaminates food chain. The consumption of As contaminated water or food products leads to several diseases and even death. Recently, studies have been carried out to explore the biochemical and molecular mechanisms which contribute to As toxicity, accumulation, detoxification and tolerance acquisition in plants. This information has led to the development of the biotechnological tools for developing plants with modulated As tolerance and detoxification to safeguard cellular and genetic integrity as well as to minimize food chain contamination. This review aims to provide current updates about the biochemical and molecular networks involved in As uptake by plants and the recent developments in the area of functional genomics in terms of developing As tolerant and low As accumulating plants.     

中国的节能减排困境和财税政策选择

节能减排不仅是推进我国国民经济又好又快发展的核心要义,也是应对全球气候变化的迫切需要.在我国,要实现到2020年单位国内生产总值的二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%-45%的约束性目标,需要进行艰难的产业结构调整、能源消费结构调整和经济发展阶段跨越,并应采取体制、政策、技术和管理等综合推进措施.包括政府投资、税收、政府采购和财政贴息在内的财税政策措施对于推进我国节能减排至关重要.本文认为,政府投资政策应重在支持高新技术产业研发应用,经由产业结构调整促进节能减排;税收政策应立足于综合采取增设环境污染税、低技术污染税以及税收优惠和减免等激励和惩罚并重措施;政府采购应通过扩大高效节能减排产品市场需求,引导企业生产行为;财政贴息则应侧重于解决企业节能减排投资以及技术改造过程中的资金约束.