碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸带铺放应力场及制品微观结构的模拟与实验

碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸带复合材料在铺放成型时,由于树脂基体与碳纤维之间的热膨胀系数存在差异以及成型时热-力参数作用下由于纤维的变形而导致纤维与基体接触处产生应力集中等原因,在制品材料中会产生热残余应力。针对碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸带复合材料的实际结构特点,利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立含有界面的碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸带复合材料的细观代表性体积单元(Representative volume element, RVE)有限元模型,采用实验研究和有限元仿真分析的方法,研究在温度-压力参数作用下预浸带铺放制品残余应力的分布规律及影响机理。首先,建立预浸带铺放时的温度和压力模型,研究不同温度和压力参数条件下碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸带铺放制品残余应力的分布情况。其次,采用耦合降温法模拟碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸带残余应力随纤维体积含量、铺放压力以及铺放温度的变化规律,并采用扫描电镜对不同工艺参数条件下预浸带铺放制品的微观结构进行分析。通过对模拟结果进行分析比较得到各因素对制品残余应力的基本影响规律;最后进行不同温度和压力等铺放参数对预浸带铺放成型时残余应力影响的实验测试研究。      

复合材料带缠绕成型工艺参数耦合机制及优化

基于复合材料缠绕成型工艺过程研究,分别对成型过程中紧密接触与自粘接过程进行理论分析,提出影响复合材料缠绕制品质量的关键工艺参数:缠绕温度、缠绕压力和缠绕张力;以层间剪切强度(ILSS)为优化目标,根据响应面法Box-Behnken Design(BBD)原理设计实验,建立工艺参数耦合对剪切强度的回归模型,通过对残差、方差(ANVOA)、预测值与实际值对比等检验分析,验证回归模型的可靠性及有效性,进而获得缠绕成型最优工艺参数。结果表明:在最优工艺参数作用下,层间剪切强度达到22.9 MPa,缠绕制品结合强度最高。     

纤维铺放压紧力及预浸带加热温度对复合材料力学性能的影响

采用三因素四水平正交实验与单因素实验相结合, 通过力学性能测试及SEM和光学显微镜微观形貌观察研究了复合材料铺放过程中压紧力、 预浸带加热温度及芯模温度对复合材料力学性能的影响。实验结果表明: 压紧力与加热温度对层间剪切强度(ILSS)影响很大, 而芯模温度影响较小; 当压紧力为600 N、 预浸带加热温度为30℃、 芯模温度为18℃时, 复合材料综合力学性能达到最佳。微观形貌观察结果表明: 随着压紧力和预浸带加热温度升高, 纤维与树脂接触充分, 树脂与纤维分布均匀性较好, 层间富树脂区的厚度较小, ILSS逐渐增加; 但当预浸温度上升到40℃以后, 压紧力作用导致树脂与纤维的分布均匀性变差, 层间富树脂区的厚度较大, 从而导致ILSS下降。     

基于机器人的复合材料缠绕策略优化

基于机器人的复合材料缠绕不同缠绕策略会对缠绕工艺及机器人运动稳定性产生影响, 为获得使机器人运动稳定性更优的缠绕策略, 研究了6自由度工业机器人的复合材料缠绕工作站, 单独分析了包络形式、悬纱长度以及测地线/非测地线缠绕等参数对缠绕工艺及机器人运动稳定性的变化参数的影响, 采用MATLAB进行不同缠绕策略的机器人缠绕轨迹计算, 确定规划后的缠绕轨迹, 基于ADAMS和MATLAB进行机器人缠绕动力学联合仿真, 获取机器人各关节力矩曲线, 分析规划后的缠绕轨迹对机器人运动稳定性的影响。进行了复合材料制品干纤维缠绕实验, 缠绕实验表明:采用优化后的缠绕策略进行复合材料制品缠绕时缠绕线型稳定, 缠绕过程无滑纱、交叠、架空等现象, 缠绕精度完全满足设计要求。      

热塑性预浸带缠绕工艺参数及加热方式对成型质量及内应力的影响

采用热塑性预浸料带APC-2/AS4 进行了热芯和火焰两种方法的缠绕研究, 分析了两种方法成型时预浸料带的温度2时间过程和两种方法下工艺参数对成型质量及内应力的影响。结果显示: 热芯缠绕时制件的厚度受芯模温度限制, 而火焰缠绕则不受限制。热芯缠绕时, 缠绕张力和预浸料带的树脂含量是影响制件质量的主要因素。      

自动铺放工艺制备罐外固化复合材料的力学行为

针对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料IM7/CYCOM5230-1罐外固化预浸料,研究了自动铺放（AFP）罐外固化（OOA）预浸料的制备过程并优化了铺放工艺参数,采用热分析手段研究了CYCOM5230-1树脂固化动力学及黏度特性,在此基础上开发了一种短时固化工艺,并评价了基于此工艺制备的OOA复合材料力学性能。结果表明,AFP铺放过程中预浸料间缝隙会影响OOA复合材料的成型质量,采用铺放压力为180 N、加热温度为50℃、铺放速率为0.20 m/s的铺放参数,可获得表面平整、成型质量优异的复合材料样件。热分析结果表明,罐外固化CYCOM5230-1树脂室温黏度大,满足OOA工艺中真空压实排气需求。短时固化工艺可达到与典型固化工艺相同水平固化度,提升了固化效率,且制备的复合材料可以达到59%的纤维体积分数及低于0.5%的孔隙率,其力学性能与典型固化工艺制备的复合材料相当,并且能够达到热压罐复合材料的水平。     

纤维缠绕复合材料固化过程残余应力/应变的三维数值模拟

采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,对具有金属内衬的纤维缠绕复合材料圆筒在固化过程中残余应力及应变的变化规律进行了模拟计算。采用FORTRAN语言编制了用以分析固化过程中残余应力的子程序,该子程序考虑了固化过程中复合材料力学性质的变化和由于树脂固化收缩产生的化学收缩应变。算例结果表明：复合材料和金属内衬的残余应力在初始阶段均接近于零,当固化到一定阶段,残余应力迅速增加并且很快达到最大值,在降温阶段释放了部分的残余应力;在整个固化过程中,金属内衬受到压应力,而纤维缠绕层受到拉应力。本文中的三维有限元模型可以得到任意时刻复合材料的温度及固化度分布,通过数值模拟可以有效地优化复合材料固化工艺参数,提高制件的质量。     

连续预浸带的制备工艺研究

本文介绍了用预浸带铺制机湿法制备单向碳纤维预浸带的工艺方法,讨论了影响预浸带树脂含量、外观及挥发分含量的有关因素,优化了工艺条件,确定了制备单向预浸带的最佳工艺参数.制备的预浸带最大宽度为300毫米,连续长度可达200米.可以批量稳定地进行生产.      

自动铺放过程双马树脂预浸料温度与黏度

通过对自动铺放成型工艺的分析,探索了自动铺带成型过程中预浸料温度对复合材料黏性的影响规律。对影响预浸料温度的热风温度和铺放速度两个因素进行了研究,从理论上建立了热风加热温度和铺放速度与预浸料温度之间的关系,提出了控制预浸料温度的具体实施方案,指导自动铺带成型过程。根据双马树脂预浸料黏度和温度曲线,分别在不同的热风温度和铺放速度条件下进行实验,得到在热风温度为90℃、铺放速度为10~20m/min时,预浸料黏度满足铺覆性要求,验证了预浸料热风温度和铺放速度对复合材料制品质量的影响,为自动铺带工艺提供参考。     

透镜式缠绕肋压扁缠绕过程数值模拟及参数研究

利用ABAQUS首先建立了透镜式复合材料缠绕肋整体压扁缠绕有限元模型，实现了压扁缠绕非线性数值模拟分析，并得到应力特征。进而对复合材料缠绕肋不同材料参数（铺设角度、层数、厚度）和不同几何参数（卷轴直径、肋圆弧直径、扁平率）下整体缠绕过程进行了数值模拟分析，并比较分析各种情况下的应力特征，得到各种情况下缠绕肋缠绕过程应力...     

Optimization of Parameter Ranges for Composite Tape Winding Process Based on Sensitivity Analysis

This study is focus on the parameters sensitivity of winding process for composite prepreg tape. The methods of multi-parameter relative sensitivity analysis and single-parameter sensitivity analysis are proposed. The polynomial empirical model of interlaminar shear strength is established by response surface experimental method. Using this model, the relative sensitivity of key process parameters including temperature, tension, pressure and velocity is calculated, while the single-parameter sensitivity curves are obtained. According to the analysis of sensitivity curves, the stability and instability range of each parameter are recognized. Finally, the optimization method of winding process parameters is developed. The analysis results show that the optimized ranges of the process parameters for interlaminar shear strength are: temperature within [100 °C, 150 °C], tension within [275 N, 387 N], pressure within [800 N, 1500 N], and velocity within [0.2 m/s, 0.4 m/s], respectively.     

Low-energy electron beam cured tape placement for out-of-autoclave fabrication of advanced polymer composites

The autoclave curing process for advanced polymer composites is labor and capital intensive, with the curing cost increasing dramatically by the growth in part size. In order to develop an out-of-autoclave (OOA) fabrication process for advanced polymer composites, a new process integrating automated tape placement with low-energy electron beam radiation curing was explored, by which in situ layer-wise curing of advanced composites can be achieved with the tape placement process. The irradiation process was optimized to get a homogenous curing, by tuning the electron beam dose-depth distribution in the prepreg material. Besides, the curing characteristics of the prepreg material by the low-energy electron beam irradiation was investigated and effect of exposure dose and post curing on curing degree, glass transition temperature (Tg) and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) were characterized experimentally.     

Influence of filament winding parameters on composite vessel quality and strength

An experimental design investigation of manufacturing and design variables that affect composite vessel quality, strength, and stiffness was conducted. Eight 20-in. cylinders (with one additional cylinder as a replicate) were manufactured and tested for hoop strength, hoop stiffness, fiber and void volume fraction distribution through thickness, residual stress, and interlaminar shear strength. Material and processing variables were divided into five categories: (a) resin, (b) fiber, (c) fabrication process, (d) design, and (e) equipment. Five variables were selected (from a list of 12) for study using a 1/4 fractional factorial design of experiment setup. The five variables were: (a) winding tension, (b) stacking sequence, (c) winding-tension gradient, (d) winding time, and (e) cut-versus-uncut helicals.

Statistical analysis of the data shows that the composite vessel strength was affected by the manufacturing and design variables. In general, it was found that composite strength was significantly affected by the laminate stacking sequence, winding tension, winding-tension gradient, winding time, and the interaction between winding-tension gradient and winding time. The mechanism that increased composite strength was related to the strong correlation between fiber volume in the composite and vessel strength. Cylinders with high fiber volume in the hoop layers tended to deliver high fiber strength.     

On-line consolidation of thermoplastic composites using laser scanning

A novel technique to process thermoplastic composites by laser-assisted tape winding has been developed and evaluated. Previous investigations were limited to a stationary beam and consolidation of narrow prepreg tapes. The technology was extended to process wider prepreg tapes using a galvanometer-based scanning system. The energy distribution along the consolidation line is affected by the triggering signal used to position the scanning mirror. This distribution is predicted using a geometrical model and the results are confirmed experimentally with imprints of the scanned beam in Plexiglas. It was found that the most homogenous heating of the surface is achieved if a triangular triggering signal is used. Density and short beam shear tests are used to evaluate the bond quality that can be achieved using the beam scanning system in comparison to parts fabricated with a stationary beam. Tests have been performed on parts processed with different laser power settings and scanning frequencies. The shear strength increases with increasing laser power to an optimum value after which it decreases due to the degradation of the thermoplastic matrix. The scanning frequency in contrast had no influence on the shear strength. The possibility to process wider tapes using the scanning system was demonstrated by consolidating a one-inch wide PPS/Carbon prepreg tape.     

烧蚀防热复合材料用压力辅助RTM工艺

针对目前模压、缠绕等工艺成型烧蚀防热复合材料易造成层间结合差、脱粘、抗烧蚀性能差、易剥蚀等问题,提出了一种新型压力辅助RTM工艺,并对其进行了树脂充模流动模拟,制备了烧蚀防热复合材料,测试了材料的孔隙率、力学性能、烧蚀性能。结果表明:压力辅助RTM工艺具有可行性与优越性,复合材料孔隙率4.64%,层间剪切强度39.3 MPa,线烧蚀率0.017 mm/s,质量烧蚀率0.053 8 g/s。说明压力辅助RTM工艺适合成型烧蚀防热复合材料。      

Effect of substrate thickness on interfacial adhesive strength and thermal residual stress of second-generation high-temperature superconducting tape using peel test modeling

Second-generation high-temperature superconducting (2G HTS) tape is used in magnets and cables because of its outstanding electromagnetic characteristics. However, with the development of winding technology, thinner tapes are required in the construction of magnets. The effect of using thinner substrates on the resulting mechanical and electrical properties of 2G HTS tapes must thus be urgently understood. The interfacial adhesive strength is an important index used to characterize the mechanical strength of 2G HTS tape. Previous experimental studies have shown that thermal stress is one of the major factors in the delamination of the component tape used for magnet winding or cable assembly. In this study, the effect of substrate thickness on the interfacial adhesive strength of 2G HTS tape was investigated using peel test modeling. The thermal residual stresses accumulated during tape synthesis and caused by altered temperature during tape preparation and application at 77 K were also considered. To address the geometrical, physical, and boundary nonlinear problem, the finite element method was used. The simulation results indicate that interfacial stress caused by thermal shrinkage may separate the tape near the superconductor layer at the outer edge; however, no significant effect was observed for the central part. When the thermal residual stress was considered, the peel strength was reduced by approximately 20%. The substrate thickness also played an important role in the magnitude of thermal residual stress, which resulted in an increase of the peel strength with decreasing substrate thickness.     

Optimization of Process Parameters to Improve Form and Orientation Tolerances in EDM of MoSi2-SiC Composites

In this research, an investigation and experimental work were carried out on electric discharge machining (EDM) of intermetallic base MoSi₂-SiC ceramic composite with copper electrode. It is extremely difficult to machine MoSi₂-SiC composite using conventional machining techniques. However, it can be easily machined by executing spark EDM parameters to induce the correct optimum result. These composites find their application in high-temperature environments, viz. fuel turbo pump rotors, inlet nozzles, combustion chambers, injectors, nozzle throats, and nozzle extensions. The sparking parameters, namely current (I), pulse on time (T_on), pulse off time (T_off), spark gap (SG), and dielectric pressure (DP), were investigated by L₁₈ orthogonal array. The optimal process parameters were determined by the grey relational grade (GRG) obtained through the grey relational analysis (GRA) for multiple performance characteristics, viz. material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear rate (EWR), circularity (CIR), cylindricity (CYL), and perpendicularity (PER). The significant process parameters were obtained by analysis of variance (ANOVA) based on GRG, which showed current, pulse on time, and DP. The results were finally established using a confirmatory experiment, which showed the spark eroding process could effectively be improved.     

热塑性复合材料自动铺放过程中红外加热技术研究

为保证热塑性预浸料树脂基体在自动铺放(automated fiber placement, AFP)过程中充分熔融,实现热塑性复合材料(thermoplastic composites,TPC)逐层"原位固结"成型,自动铺放成型过程中需精确控制预浸料的加热温度。针对自动铺放过程中铺放速率会在较大范围内变动的特点,本工作提出一种高速率响应的红外线辐射加热技术。通过对红外热源与铺层间能量传输过程的分析,提出红外加热过程中动态恒温控制方程,建立热源辐射强度与铺放速率之间的匹配关系。基于热塑性复合材料自动铺放实验平台,构建红外加热恒温控制系统,该系统采用前馈控制方式,根据动态恒温控制方程,制定相应控制策略,实现对预浸料加热过程中温度的精确控制。实验结果表明自动铺放过程中使用红外加热恒温控制系统满足变速工况下恒温加热要求,且铺放成型实验件的压缩强度及层间剪切强度均接近模压成型实验件。     

Improving the interlaminar properties of polymer composites using a situ accumulation method to construct the multi-scale reinforcement of carbon nanofibers/carbon fibers

A novel method was developed to realize the situ accumulation of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in the carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) to construct the multi-scale reinforcement for improving the interlaminar properties. In this method, the prepreg was sealed by the nanomicroporous nylon membrane, and the excess resin was extracted from the prepreg by the vacuum-assisted method. It was found that the use of nylon membrane resulted in effective CNFs accumulation, especially in the interlayer by scanning electron microscopy. Short-beam strength tests and the end-notched flexure tests were conducted respectively to evaluate the interlaminar properties of CFRPs under shear loading. The results indicated that the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and the Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (G_IIC) of CFRPs made by the filtering membrane-assisted method remarkably increased compared with those prepared without using filtering membrane.