重熔摆动激光焊修复TC4钛合金焊接接头组织和性能

采用摆动激光焊对TC4钛合金焊接接头进行重熔，研究摆动频率对TC4钛合金焊接接头气孔、组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明，重熔摆动激光焊可有效消除TC4钛合金焊接接头中存在的气孔缺陷；随着摆动频率的增加，气孔的消除效果增强，且大气孔的消除效果变得更加明显。重熔摆动激光焊接头的焊缝组织为针状的α’马氏体和部分α相，热影响区组织由初生α相、针状α’马氏体及β相组成。随着摆动频率的增加，激光对熔池的搅拌作用增强，焊缝晶粒破碎逐渐细化，而热影响区晶粒生长变得更加有利，导致晶粒逐渐粗大。摆动频率的增加使焊接接头组织发生变化，进而导致焊接接头性能发生变化。随着摆动频率的增大，TC4重熔焊接接头的焊缝硬度上升，热影响区硬度逐渐下降，且焊接接头的拉伸性能呈现下降趋势。当摆动频率增加到120 Hz和150 Hz时，断裂区域由母材转变为热影响区。     

激光摆动焊接工艺参数对高强钢气孔率和焊缝成形的影响

以10Ni5CrMoV高强钢钢板为研究对象,开展了激光摆动焊接过程中摆动轨迹、摆动幅度、摆动频率对焊缝成形和气孔率影响的研究。结果表明,几种激光摆动焊接焊缝的气孔率低于激光不摆动焊接,其中,垂直轨迹抑制气孔产生的效果最为显著。在垂直摆动轨迹下,30～90 Hz范围内,随着频率的增加,焊缝熔宽基本不变,焊缝熔深略有增加。当摆动频率在90～150 Hz范围内,随着摆动频率的增加,焊缝熔宽减小,熔深增加。在摆幅为2mm时,摆动频率在30～60 Hz的低频区间内,焊缝气孔率相对较低,气孔率低于0. 15%。     

铝合金中厚板高功率激光搅拌焊气孔缺陷工艺调控

高功率激光焊接为铝合金中厚板高质高效焊接提供了有效手段,然而面临焊缝气孔多发的问题. 文中开展了铝合金中厚板高功率激光搅拌焊接气孔缺陷的工艺调控研究,阐明了搅拌振幅和搅拌频率对接头气孔率的影响,并提出了工艺参数优化方法. 结果表明,搅拌振幅主要影响光束运动轨迹横向分布和小孔开口面积;搅拌频率主要影响激光光束运动速度和对后方熔池的搅拌次数;搅拌振幅和频率越大,气孔抑制效果越明显,但焊缝熔深难以满足应用要求;通过控制光束运动轨迹和能量密度,可以实现工艺参数的设计,获得大熔深、少气孔的最佳工艺区间,最终得到熔深高达6.4 mm的少气孔焊接接头.     

圆形摆动激光对5A06铝合金激光焊接熔池流动行为的影响分析

摆动激光焊接方法中,激光束对于熔池的搅拌作用将导致熔池流动行为有异于传统激光焊接,因此为了从理论上阐述摆动激光焊接过程中熔池流动行为,构建了5A06铝合金摆动激光焊接过程热—流耦合模型.系统分析了圆摆激光焊接过程中,摆动幅度和摆动频率对熔池热流场的影响规律.结果表明,增加摆动幅度会降低熔池深宽比,从而提高焊接稳定性,同时熔池流动行为更加复杂,增大了熔池内部物质交换范围.摆动频率的增加会抑制熔池流动,使其更加规律,有利于气泡的排出从而降低气孔率.     

光束摆动对Ti60合金激光焊能量分布及焊缝成形的影响

对2.0 mm厚Ti60合金进行激光摆动焊接,研究光束圆形摆动时摆动频率和摆动幅值对焊缝成形及能量分布的影响.结果表明:相较常规激光焊接,激光摆动焊接可以明显改善Ti60合金焊接接头焊缝成形;光束摆动参数对焊缝成形的影响与激光能量分布密切相关,可通过调整能量分布控制焊缝成形.当摆动频率为100～150 Hz,摆动幅值为0.5～1.0 mm时,激光能量分布相对均匀,可获得焊缝成形良好的Ti60合金激光焊接接头.与常规激光焊缝相比,摆动焊缝熔宽增加约30%,整体飞溅数量减少30%以上,为对接焊缝提供了更大的间隙适应性并有效改善了焊接质量.在光束摆动参数中,摆动幅值对焊缝成形特征及能量分布的影响更明显.     

激光扫描焊接工艺对铝合金焊接气孔率的影响

以6061铝合金为研究对象,研究了激光扫描焊接过程中光束的扫描轨迹、扫描幅度与扫描频率对6061铝合金气孔产生的影响规律.结果表明,与激光非扫描焊接相比,采用光束垂直于焊缝、平行于焊缝和圆形运动3种不同轨迹的扫描方式均有利于抑制铝合金激光焊接气孔的产生,且以光束为圆形轨迹的扫描方式为最佳.光束的扫描幅度及扫描频率对气孔的产生也有重要的影响.采用光束为圆形轨迹的扫描方式,当扫描幅度大于0.65 mm、扫描频率在100~220 Hz范围内时,气孔率可控制在0.5%以内.气孔的产生与焊缝形状有关,减少焊缝深宽比有利于气孔的抑制.     

TC4钛合金光纤激光摆动焊抑制小孔型气孔的原因分析

采用光纤激光器对8 mm厚TC4钛合金板进行振镜摆动焊接,采用光谱仪和高速摄像机采集等离子体的光谱、图像及小孔的图像,分析摆动焊接抑制小孔型气孔的原因.结果表明,摆动光束对抑制钛合金小孔型焊接气孔具有显著作用;光束未摆动焊接时,焊缝中的气孔率达9.8%;光束摆动后焊缝中的气孔率均降低,其中焊接参数为5 kW、2 m/min,摆动参数为80 Hz、0.5 mm时,小孔形气孔被完全抑制.与光束未摆动相比,光束摆动焊接的小孔稳定性显著增加,其原因是光束摆动提高了光束与熔池液面的接触面积,金属蒸发增强,驱动小孔张开的径向力和轴向力得以增加.     

双光束激光填丝焊工艺对铝合金焊接气孔率的影响

以LF6铝合金为材料,CO2激光为热源,开展了双光束激光填丝焊气孔特性分析.与单光束激光填丝焊及双光束自熔焊相比,双光束激光填丝焊能够抑制气孔的产生,尤其是并行双光束激光焊抑制气孔效果更明显.在此基础上进一步分析了保护气体成分和激光能量对焊接气孔率的影响.结果表明,采用氦气保护时,等离子体对激光的屏蔽作用小,能够稳定焊接过程;激光功率过大或者过小都会导致匙孔的不稳定,造成焊缝气孔率增加.     

1.5mm镀锌板激光摆动填丝焊接工艺研究

以1.5mm镀锌板为研究对象,为解决镀锌板激光焊接间隙大（0.3mm～1.0mm）和飞溅产生气孔问题,采用摆动填丝进行焊接,通过改变激光功率、送丝速度、摆动速度、摆动直径等影响因素进行激光填丝焊接试验,探究出最优镀锌板激光摆动填丝焊接工艺参数。结果表明,与传统的接焊相比,激光摆动填丝焊有利于减少焊缝中气孔的生成,解决了激光焊接对镀锌板苛刻的间隙要求。     

不同焊接方法对E690海工钢气孔规律的影响

E690海工钢采用激光锻造电弧复合焊进行焊接修复。通过显微硬度、残余应力检测评价电弧焊、单光束激光锻造电弧复合焊和双光束激光锻造电弧复合焊3种焊接方法的力学性能和焊缝形貌。采用电弧焊,焊缝产生较多气孔和未熔合;单光束激光锻造电弧复合焊试验表明,经过热力耦合作用,焊接电流、电弧电压分别为108 A和40 V,可以焊接坡口宽度4 mm、坡口深度5 mm的焊缝,进一步增加了焊缝的熔深和熔宽,并且减少了气孔的大小和数量;使用双光束激光锻造电弧复合焊可以在焊接电流、电弧电压平均值分别为70.25 A和33.58 V的情况下有效抑制气孔和裂纹的产生。同时研究了激光波长对焊缝成形的影响,当两束激光波长均为532 nm,激光能量500 mJ,频率为10 Hz,焊道表面及截面形貌的力学性能最佳。     

Suppression of porosity in beam weaving laser welding

Abstract

The present paper describes a beam weaving laser welding technique to suppress argon or nitrogen porosity, which may appear during laser welding of low carbon steel. Bead on plate welding was performed using a 3 kW CO₂ laser. The weaving frequency was varied within 0–30 Hz and the weaving amplitude within 0–2 mm during welding. The experimental results show that under 2.4 kW laser power and 1.0 m min^-1 welding speed, the nitrogen porosity decreases remarkably with increasing frequency, and it can be eliminated for a weaving frequency of 22 Hz with 0.5 mm weaving amplitude. Under 2.4 kW laser power and 1.5 m min^-1 welding speed, beam weaving laser welding can also effectively reduce argon porosity at a weaving frequency of 22 Hz and amplitude of 1.0–1.5 mm.     

Effects of weaving laser on scanning laser-MAG hybrid welding characteristics of high-strength steel

Scanning laser-MAG hybrid welding with weaving laser was developed for the bead-on-plate welding of high-strength steel. Weaving laser exerted little effect on the droplet transfer behaviour during the scanning laser-MAG hybrid welding process. In order to achieve the keyhole mode of laser welding, the weaving amplitude should be no more than 2?mm. The weld penetration decreased with the increasing weaving frequency. Compared to laser-MAG hybrid weld, the ratio of arc zone width to laser zone width decreased significantly. Scanning laser-MAG hybrid welding could suppress the porosity defects of weld efficiently. The optimal weaving frequency for the porosity defects suppression was 20?Hz. However, the porosity defects increased sharply with the weaving frequency of laser over 40?Hz. The impact-absorbed energy value of specimen fabricated by scanning laser-MAG hybrid welding was about 46?J, increased by about 31.4% compared to about 35?J of laser-MAG hybrid welding.     

铝合金厚板激光扫描填丝焊接气孔抑制

为减少大厚板5A06铝合金激光焊接缺陷,提高焊接过程稳定性,采用激光光束以一定方式运动的扫描焊接的新焊接方法,研究了激光束不同的运动轨迹、幅度、频率对铝合金激光深熔焊接焊缝气孔率的影响,并在焊接坡口设计优化基础上应用窄间隙扫描激光填丝焊接技术进行130 mm厚5A06铝合金焊接试验. 结果表明,采用圆形扫描方式,当激光光束的扫描幅度大于1 mm,扫描频率选择最高频率附近时,能够大幅降低焊缝气孔率;采用窄间隙激光扫描填丝的焊接方法,获得了焊缝平均气孔率1%,无侧壁未熔合、层间未熔合、裂纹等焊接缺陷的130 mm厚5A06铝合金优质焊接接头.     

铝合金激光扫描焊接工艺特性

为减少6061铝合金激光焊接缺陷，提高焊接过程稳定性，采用大功率固体激光光束扫描焊接的方法进行焊接工艺开发. 结果表明，当工艺参数在扫描幅度为0.5 ~ 0.7 mm，扫描频率为100 ~ 200 Hz范围内时可以获得质量较高的焊缝. 激光扫描焊接可以明显抑制等离子体的生成，其尺寸相对于常规激光焊接的2/3，其面积变化标准差约为常规激光焊接的1/2. 相对于常规激光焊接技术，激光扫描焊接过程中熔池形状稳定保持圆状，匙孔在其中沿逆时针方向稳定运动，其面积约为常规激光焊接中匙孔面积的2倍.     

Solidification and solidification structure control of weld metals

Summary

The influence of the shielding gas and laser irradiation conditions on porosity formation in CO₂ laser welding of aluminium alloy were investigated. Bead-on-plate welding tests were performed on 7 mm thick Al-Mg alloy (A5182) plates. The weld beads were inspected by X-ray and the number of pores was counted as a function of the pore diameter. We found that the number of pores was minimised when the dew point of the shielding gas was kept at as low as ?50°C at the welding nozzle tip. At a dew point of ?50°C the number of pores decreased when the flow rate of the shielding gas (Ar) was reduced and the nozzle diameter was increased, presumably because of less air mixing in the welding region. We also found that porosity formation was reduced when He/Ar mixtures were used as the shielding gas instead of pure Ar or He shielding gas. But porosity also depended on the defocused distance of the laser beam at a given laser power. With Ar shielding gas, the number of pores increased when the beam was focused above the specimen surface/while with He shielding gas it increased when the beam was focused in the weld pool. These dependencies may be attributed to the unstable keyhole formation due to laser absorption through the intense plasma formed on the specimen surface and due to the strong boiling of the molten metal respectively. The results indicate that both the hydrogen and the unstable keyhole behaviour cause porosity formation in laser welding of aluminium alloys. Under the optimised conditions, however, the number of pores was significantly reduced.     

激光摆动焊接工艺参数对不锈钢焊缝成形与气孔率的影响

采用激光摆动焊接实现了5 mm厚1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的焊接,获得成形良好、低气孔率的接头.分析了焊接速度、摆动幅值、摆动频率、摆动形式对焊缝成形和气孔率的影响,从匙孔、熔池流动、气泡逸出的角度揭示了工艺参数影响气孔率的主要机理. 结果表明,对于5 mm厚不锈钢激光摆动焊接,适当提高焊接速度和摆动幅值,更利于减小气孔率;激光摆动频率在100 ~ 300 Hz可以兼顾较低气孔率和较好的焊缝成形;“8”形摆动激光可以获得相对较优的焊缝成形,焊缝气孔率最低,达到2.94%;而线性摆动激光获得焊缝成形最差,气孔率最高,达到19.13%.     

2219-T651铝合金激光摆动焊接接头微观组织和力学性能

采用激光摆动焊接技术对2219-T651铝合金进行了不同摆动幅度和频率下的焊接试验,研究了摆动工艺参数、焊缝气孔率和宏观成形、接头组织和性能之间的内在联系.结果表明,与无摆动焊接相比,激光摆动焊接可以降低焊缝气孔率,尤其随着摆动幅度的增加,当摆动幅度为2.5 mm时,气孔率降至1.66%.与母材相比,热影响区和熔化区发生软化.靠近焊缝的热影响区,由于沉淀强化作用的变弱,硬度逐渐降低,直至出现“平台”.而由α(Al)基体以及枝晶间和晶界α(Al)+θ(Al₂Cu)共晶相组成的熔化区,因铜的偏析导致固溶强化效果被削弱,表现出最低的硬度.此外,部分摆动参数下焊缝晶粒尺寸有所细化,这引起了其硬度的略微升高.当摆动频率为150 Hz和摆动幅度为2.5 mm时,接头的抗拉强度高达318 MPa,约为母材抗拉强度的69.4%,接头抗拉强度与断口孔洞面积占比呈线性负相关关系,焊缝气孔率是影响焊态接头抗拉强度的主要因素.