制备无硫可膨胀石墨的研究

用硝酸（65％）和乙酸酐混合液、高锰酸钾和天然鳞片石墨反应制备无硫可膨胀石墨,最佳反应条件是：石墨、乙酸酐、硝酸、高锰酸钾的重量比为1：0．8：0．5：0．07,反应时间为40min,反应温度为30℃,可膨胀石墨的膨胀容积为280mL／g;不含硫,含氮量为1．27％,其终端产品柔性石墨不含氮．迄今为止,未见文献报道．     

HClO4-GIC的制备及其柔性石墨的性能

以天然鳞片石墨、高氯酸、硝酸为原料，采用化学法经插层、水洗、干燥、膨化等工艺过程制备膨胀石墨；以石墨蠕虫的膨胀体积为判据，采用正交实验方法确定工艺参数对石墨蠕虫膨胀体积的影响大小：探讨了反应温度、时间、膨化温度，GIC的挥发分对膨胀体积的影响；利用XRD表征了天然鳞片石墨、酸化石墨、柔性石墨的微观结构；利用EDS确定了插入物为HClO4；并对制备的柔性石墨的力学、电／热性能进行了测试。结果表明：工艺参数影响大小依次为反应温度、高氯酸／硝酸间的配比及反应时间、鳞片石墨／高氯酸间的配比。在较宽的温度范围内（室温～100℃），可容易地制备出GIC，且能在低温200℃下膨化。以最佳工艺条件：鳞片石墨：高氯酸：硝酸=1：4：0．15（质量比）制备的GIC，在200℃下膨化，可以制备出膨胀体积达360mL/g的膨胀石墨；在高温900℃下膨化，可以制备出膨胀体积达540mL/g的高倍膨胀石墨。石墨蠕虫经压制成型制备的柔性石墨的抗拉强度、电阻率同其表观体积密度存在密切的相关性，密度增加，抗拉强度增加，电阻率下降；其电阻率与导热率间也存在密切的相关性，电阻率下降，导热率提高，且其导热率高于同电阻率的人造炭／石墨材料的导热率。     

高倍率膨胀石墨的制备及性能表征

以鳞片石墨(0.300mm)为原料,高锰酸钾为氧化剂,采用化学氧化和分步插层的制备工艺,乙酸辅助插层,高温膨胀制备具有低硫高倍率膨胀石墨(EG),探讨其最佳工艺条件并对其性能进行了表征。结果表明:石墨(g)∶硫酸(ml)∶高锰酸钾(g)=1.0∶6.0∶0.2,反应温度40℃,反应时间为90min;乙酸辅助插层时间为120min,抽滤洗涤至pH值为5~7,60℃干燥烘干可膨胀石墨,900℃下高温膨胀30s,即可得高倍率膨胀石墨;膨胀石墨的性能表征对研究其吸附行为和机理有重要意义。     

利用硝酸-27S制备高倍可膨胀石墨

以报废液体推进剂硝酸-27S、鳞片石墨、高锰酸钾、硫酸和冰醋酸为原料,采用化学氧化法制备高倍可膨胀石墨.考察了高锰酸钾、硝酸-27S(水吸收液)、冰醋酸用量等因素对可膨胀石墨膨胀容积的影响;通过正交实验确定最佳工艺;采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对可膨胀石墨进行表征.结果表明:最佳工艺为鳞片石墨(g):高锰酸钾(g):硝酸-27S(水吸收液)(mL):硫酸(mL):冰醋酸(mL)=1∶1∶1.25∶1.25∶2,于40℃下反应90 min,所获可膨胀石墨的最大膨胀容积为320 mL·g-1;对膨胀容积影响最大的因素为KMnO4用量;SEM和XRD证实了石墨层间化合物的存在.     

不同粒径膨胀石墨的制备及其微观结构

对化学法制备膨胀石墨的工艺条件的选择进行了分析,以硝酸与磷酸的混酸为插层剂、高锰酸钾为氧化剂制备出了不同粒径的膨胀石墨,利用正交实验和平行实验确定了最佳工艺条件;研究了石墨粒度效应对氧化剂用量的影响;并对不同粒径膨胀石墨的微观结构进行了研究。研究结果表明,制备大鳞片膨胀石墨的最佳工艺为：石墨与混酸的质量体积比为1：4,...     

影响膨胀石墨膨胀容积因素的研究

以硫酸（98％）为插层剂、过氧化氢（30％）为氧化剂，用化学法制备膨胀石墨。通过正交实验确定最佳制备备件。结果表明：当石墨与硫酸重量比为1：3，硫酸与过氧化氢体积比为1：0．1，反应时间90min，反应温度50℃，膨化温度1000％，膨化时间20s时，膨胀石墨的膨胀容积可达250ml／g。     

用柔性石墨制备低密度膨胀石墨块

通过在浓硫酸或浓硝酸中浸泡柔性石墨纸（板），然后在200℃～750℃膨化制备了低密度膨胀石墨块。研究了插层剂、插层时间和膨化温度对膨胀石墨块体积密度和外形完整程度的影响。结果表明：膨化温度越高，制得的膨胀石墨块密度越低，越难获得完整的外形。以浓硫酸或浓硝酸插层时，适宜的膨化温度分别约为550℃和650℃，插层时间应为3h以上。发现膨胀石墨块主要存在两种外观，一种为均匀膨胀，另一种为非均匀膨胀。     

混酸法制备无硫可膨胀石墨的研究

首次用浓硝酸、乙酸、高锰酸钾和天然鳞片石墨反应制备无硫可膨胀石墨. 筛选出制备的最佳条件, 采用质谱法对该种无硫可膨胀石墨进行了分析.     

低碳细鳞片石墨制备可膨胀石墨的研究

用酸浸泡提纯+H2SO4/H2O2/K2Cr2O7氧化插层体系分步氧化插层复合工艺,以88.22%碳含量、150目的低纯细鳞片石墨制备出可膨胀石墨。研究了浸泡酸、插层剂及分步氧化插层对膨胀体积EV的影响,结合膨胀石墨微观形貌对影响因素进行分析讨论。实验结果表明:用HF预处理2h,H2O2一次氧化1h的鳞片石墨以m(C)∶V(H2SO4)∶m(K2Cr2O7)=1∶4.0∶0.16在超声振荡条件下反应1h,可制备出膨胀体积EV为165mL/g的可膨胀石墨。     

低碳细鳞片石墨制备可膨胀石墨的研究

用酸浸泡提纯+H2SO4/H2O2/K2Cr2O7氧化插层体系分步氧化插层复合工艺,以88.22%碳含量、150目的低纯细鳞片石墨制备出可膨胀石墨。研究了浸泡酸、插层剂及分步氧化插层对膨胀体积EV的影响,结合膨胀石墨微观形貌对影响因素进行分析讨论。实验结果表明:用HF预处理2h,H2O2一次氧化1h的鳞片石墨以m(C)∶V(H2SO4)∶m(K2Cr2O7)=1∶4.0∶0.16在超声振荡条件下反应1h,可制备出膨胀体积EV为165mL/g的可膨胀石墨。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.