双孔连续出流气直接接触泡聚并行为数值模拟

气泡作为气液流体行为和传递特性的最基本元素,其聚并的运动特性对于化工、石油等工业具有重要作用。本文基于VOF对双孔连续出流气泡直接接触式聚并行为进行数值研究,揭示了聚并演变机理,考察了孔间距、进气速度、液面高度对聚并行为的影响。结果表明:气泡初始纵横比随进气时间增加而减小,聚并时突然增大,气泡开始聚并时刻与进气速度负相关;气泡脱离时间与孔间距、进气速度均负相关,液面高度对入口气泡聚并行为影响不大。     

非牛顿流体中的气泡行为

非牛顿流体广泛存在于各学科领域（如化工、食品和生物医学等），也与许多工业过程及人类的生命过程密切相关。非牛顿流体中的气泡行为直接影响流体传质、传热及化学过程的快慢。因此，了解和研究非牛顿流体中的气泡行为具有重要意义。本文分别从气泡生成、聚并和破裂3个方面对非牛顿流体中气泡行为的研究进展进行评述。     

幂律流体中平行上升双气泡间相互作用研究

采用流体体积(VOF)法对非牛顿幂律流体中平行上升双气泡间相互作用进行了模拟研究.结果表明:剪切变稀效应及气泡周围流场结构对气泡间相互作用的贡献分别随着气泡间距增大而减小,气泡间相互作用主要受气泡间流体涡旋结构控制.当初始间距很小时,气泡平行聚并发生;随着初始间距增大,双气泡行为转变为相互影响的平行上升;当初始间距增大...     

固/液界面纳米气泡形成及稳定性研究进展

固/液界面上形成界面纳米气泡（SNBs）,广泛存在于电催化、流体输送、矿物浮选等领域中,并影响各个过程的效率,因此明确其形成及稳定机理对过程调控具有重要意义。首先从实验观察和模拟计算两个角度,对纳米气泡的研究方法进行探讨,综述了不同气体类型、固体界面性质、液相添加剂下纳米气泡的形成规律。由于目前纳米气泡形成后的稳定性尚不十分明确,主要总结了现阶段广为接受的接触线钉扎稳定机制,并分析了该领域的研究现状。此外,考虑到离子液体作为重要的化工溶剂,概述了该体系中微纳气泡的相关研究。最后简要对未来工作进行了展望,以期为离子液体体系中纳米气泡的研究提供新思路。     

双气泡间的聚并时间测量及其影响因素

聚并时间是研究气泡聚并行为过程中的一个重要参数。在消除气泡生长速度对聚并时间影响的条件下，利用自行开发的光学测试技术对双气泡间的聚并时间进行了精确的测量。考察了气泡尺寸、靠近速度、有机溶质的扩散、电解质和表面活性剂的加入对气泡聚并行为的影响。实验结果表明，双气泡间的聚并时间随着气泡直径的增加、气泡老化时间的延长、靠近速度的减小和有机溶质浓度的增大而增加。     

射流场中单个气泡破裂的CFD模拟与PIV实验研究

气泡的破裂行为能够直接改变相界面积与流场分布,进而对于多相反应器中的传递与反应过程产生重要影响。由于在湍流与气泡破裂机理以及数值模拟方法上仍存在诸多不足,目前针对湍流环境中自由运动的气泡破裂过程研究仍非常欠缺。作者分别在二维与三维数值模拟条件下,利用VOF模型研究了单气泡在典型射流场中的运动、形变与破裂过程,并通过高速摄像与PIV方法同步开展了实验研究。该研究对气泡破裂过程特别是破裂前后的形态、周围流场以及与气泡间的相互作用进行了分析。结果表明,该流场条件下液相的剪切作用是气泡破裂的主要影响因素;由于二维模拟可以使用精度更高的网格,对于气泡形变与破裂过程中的界面变化模拟相对精确,而三维模拟对于流场整体结构的模拟更接近PIV实验结果,而在气泡的扭曲变形还原方面误差相对较大。该研究对于实际破裂过程具有较好的参考价值,有助于加深多相流体力学认识,为相关多相反应器的设计与优化提供理论支撑。     

微孔发泡的气泡成核理论研究现状

对经典成核理论进行了探讨,分析了其在描述流场中气泡成核时的局限性;详细讨论了国内外关于剪切流场中气泡成核的理论模型,并指出了气泡成核研究的未来发展方向。     

液相中气泡上升行为与界面传质:实验研究与数值计算

在工业生产过程中，气泡在液相中的上升行为及气液界面的传质行为极为常见。本文针对不同条件下气泡上升过程的实验研究方法以及数值计算方法进行了总结。从实验与数值计算的角度，综述了单气泡上升过程的影响因素、多气泡上升过程聚并与破裂的现象和机理以及工业装置中气液两相流型和气泡特性，并对传质模型进行了归纳，主要关注了气侧-界面传质模型的研究现状。综述结果表明：当前对于单气泡上升行为的研究较为充分，而对于多气泡的行为机理的研究尚需深入。此外，受到研究手段的限制，进行气侧-界面传质模型研究具有一定挑战性。针对当前的相关研究进展和存在的问题，对今后气泡上升行为和传质行为的研究提出以下建议，即开展气泡聚并与破裂可控性研究，强化对气侧-界面传质过程的研究，包括泡内流体行为可视化研究和相关传质模型的建立。     

剪切流场中微孔发泡的气泡成核理论研究现状

分析了经典成核理论对于动态聚合物熔体中气泡成核的局限性；概括了剪切流场中气泡成核的研究进展，并对剪切流场中泡核拉伸模型、空穴成核模型进行了详细的分析和讨论，指出了其对气泡成核过程解释的不足；介绍了最新的气泡成核中的剪切能成核理论，该理论较完善地解释了剪切流场中气泡成核过程；最后指出了气泡成核研究的发展方向。     

基于相群平衡模型的浮选气泡聚并模拟

气泡尺寸分布直接影响气浮分离效率,而聚并是导致气浮池内气泡尺寸变化的主要因素。首先用实验方法测量气浮接触区气泡尺寸分布,然后用计算流体力学方法对气泡/水两相流动及气泡聚并进行模拟,最后通过对实验和数值模拟结果进行对比建立基于相群平衡模型的浮选气泡聚并行为的模拟方法,分别运用Luo、Free molecular和Turbulent聚并模型对气浮接触区气泡聚并行为进行模拟。结果表明:Turbulent聚并模型计算所得气泡尺寸分布与实验值最接近,适合模拟接触区气泡聚并;气泡平均直径随高度升高先变大后保持不变,气泡聚并主要发生在接触区中下部;气泡的加入增强了接触区流动混乱程度,上部产生对称涡流,中下部呈由边壁向中心的水平流动。     

Wavelet transform analysis of pressure fluctuation signals in a three-phase fluidized bed

The wavelet transform based on localized wavelet functions is applicable to analysis of pressure fluctuation signals from different flow regimes of a three-phase fluidized bed, which usually is nonlinear or nonstationary. The pressure fluctuation has been analyzed by resorting to the discrete wavelet transform such as wavelet coefficients, wavelet energy, and time-scale plane. The dominant scale of wavelet coefficients and the highest wavelet energy in the bubble-disintegrating regime are finer than ones in the bubble-coalescence regime. The cells corresponding to fine scale of time-scale plane in bubble-disintegrating regime are more shaded and energetic, while the cells corresponding to coarse scale in bubble-coalescence regime are more energetic. Therefore, the wavelet transform enables us to obtain the frequency content of objects in a three-phase fluidized bed locally in time.     

Some basic principles for the layout of tower bioreactors

Depending on the bubble-coalescence property of the fermentation medium different aerator types should be used in tower bioreactors. When bubble coalescence is suppressed the use of concentrated gas-dispersion at the tower bottom and for a coalescence-promoting medium distributed gas-dispersion along the tower are recommended. The latter can be realised in multistage towers with stage-separating trays. The aerator efficiency depends on the structure of the turbulence which is produced by the aeration. The smaller the turbulence scale the higher the efficiency of the aerator. By using a loop the bubble-coalescence rate is reduced and the cells are uniformly distributed along the column, but mixing time is increased and volumetric mass-transfer is reduced.     

湿法脱硫系统动态过程建模与仿真

针对石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫建立脱硫塔的化学机理模型，对塔内烟气脱硫的化学过程进行动态模拟与仿真。基于脱硫塔内物料平衡和化学平衡，将模型描述为微分方程，并通过计算软件求解。基于某电厂脱硫系统实际运行数据，预测一定时间内脱硫系统各项指标的变化，如pH、脱硫率等，以及一些重要化学物质的轴向空间分布情况，如H⁺、SO₂。根据计算结果，分析pH对脱硫率的影响规律，探究和寻找运行参数的边界条件。研究结果对实际脱硫塔的设计和运行提出了优化建议，比如在烟气入口处加强防腐措施，控制浆液pH在4.2~5.3。     

A study of the electrochemical behavior of hematoxylin as an important bioactive flavonoid

The electrochemical oxidation of hematoxylin, as an important biological molecule, was studied using cyclic voltammetry. In this study, the effect of different parameters such as pH, hematoxylin concentration, and time window of the chosen electrochemical method has been used for understanding the oxidation mechanism of hematoxylin. The results show that the oxidation mechanism of hematoxylin is an E_rC_iE_r mechanism. Also, the experimental data indicate that, in acidic and basic pHs, the rate of the subsequent chemical reaction is less than neutral pH. It is supposed that the subsequent chemical reaction of dimerization is more likely for the oxidation form of hematoxylin and hydroxylation, and intramolecular reactions cannot be considered as coupled chemical reactions. Finally, it is concluded that, in the dimerization process, hematoxylin reacts as a nucleophile with the o-quinone ring formed through the electrooxidation of hematoxylin and produces a dimer compound.     

Volatilisation and catalytic effects of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during the pyrolysis and gasification of Victorian brown coal. Part II. Effects of chemical form and valence

Alkali and alkaline earth metallic (AAEM) species (Na, Mg and Ca) exist in Victorian brown coal mainly as carboxylates forming a part of the coal organic matter or as dissolved salt (NaCl) in the coal moisture. The experimental results in this paper show that the chemical and/or physical form of sodium in the brown coal is an important factor influencing the volatilisation of sodium during pyrolysis. Significant amounts of light species containing carboxyl or carboxylate groups such as formate, acetate and oxalate were found in the volatiles from the pyrolysis of the brown coal. It is believed that the release of AAEM carboxylates is an important mechanism for the volatilisation of AAEM species, particularly at low temperatures (<600°C). The carrier gas flow rate passing through the coal bed can greatly affect the volatilisation of AAEM species through this mechanism. Another mechanism for the volatilisation of AAEM species is the breakage of bonds between AAEM species and char matrix at high temperatures. Under our experimental conditions, the sodium in the form of NaCl in the coal substrate seems to volatilise more easily than the sodium in the form of carboxylate in the coal substrate. The monovalent species (Na) is volatilised much more easily that the divalent species (Mg and Ca) during pyrolysis.     

超重力旋转床功耗研究

超重力旋转床是一种高效的气液接触设备,功率消耗是超重力旋转床设计、选型时需要考虑的一项重要指标。本文针对逆流式旋转填料床、错流式旋转填料床和折流式旋转床,综述了各旋转床功率消耗的研究方法并进行了分析。     

Chemical-nutritional characterization of the moss Spagnum magellanicum

The goal of the present study was to know the chemical characteristics of the moss Sphagnum magellanicum (S.M.) growing in the southern part of Chile, spreading approximately. in a geographic area of 500.000 Has. Very few antecedents are reported in the literature concerning the functional properties of this resource, with the exception of the water absorption and holding capacity. Many of the industrial or agricultural uses of this moss are strongly related with this characteristic. Looking for other alternatives of utilization, it has been planned its incorporation to staple foods as a source of dietary fiber. But first it is necessary to know its chemical characteristics Representative samples of this material were submitted to different chemical analysis such as proximal analysis, fractional fiber analysis and anti nutrient factors.. Results of those analysis show the high amount of dietary fiber founded in this resource (77%), higher than reported data for other traditional fiber sources such as lupin bran, rice hull, barley hull, oat bran, etc. Finally it is important emphasize the absence of antinutrient factor in this moss, that could make feasible its use for human nutrition.     

Influence of residual solvent on physical and chemical properties of amorphous glassy polymer films

One of the most important areas of current research is the study of the influence of the prehistory of samples of amorphous glassy polymers on their physical and chemical properties. The study of structural changes by high temperature IR spectroscopy compared with of quantum chemical calculations allows for an understanding of the mechanism and nature of such processes. The changes in the structure of the polymer chain depending on the type of solvent used in the formation of the films are demonstrated using the examples of several different classes of polymers. In turn, the impact of such changes in the structure on the physical and chemical properties of the polymer films is demonstrated. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of corrosion inhibitors performance using real-time monitoring methods

The implementation of real-time corrosion-monitoring techniques can provide a reliable mechanism for detecting the overall effectiveness of chemical treatment programs and contribute to the selection and implementation of an adequate corrosion inhibitor system. Inadequate corrosion monitoring can result in an increase of both uniform and localized (pitting) corrosion activities which can lead to premature material failures. The present research was undertaken to ascertain whether linear polarization resistance (LPR), harmonic analysis (HA), and electrochemical noise (EN) in combination are suitable for the study of performance of corrosion inhibitors under a wide variety of conditions; for example, in the absence and the presence of hydrocarbons with or without the addition of corrosion inhibitors. The findings showed questionable results regarding the usefulness of the pitting factor derived from EN and HA data. In addition, statistical parameters were obtained, such as skew and kurtosis, and these results were compared with the pitting factor.     

First identification of primary nanoparticles in the aggregation of HMF

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural [HMF] is an important intermediate compound for fine chemicals. It is often obtained via hydrothermal treatment of biomass-derived carbohydrates, such as fructose, glucose and sucrose. This study investigates the formation of carbonaceous spheres from HMF created by dehydration of fructose under hydrothermal conditions. The carbonaceous spheres, ranging between 0.4 and 10 μm in diameter, have granulated morphologies both on the surface and in the interior. The residual solution is found to contain a massive number of primary nanoparticles. The chemical structure of the carbonaceous spheres was characterised by means of FTIR and NMR spectroscopies. Based on these observations, a mechanism involving the formation and aggregation of the nanoparticles is proposed. This mechanism differs considerably from the conventional understanding in the open literature.