One-year outcomes of panretinal photocoagulation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical features and complications of diabetic retinopathy, visual acuity, and number of repeat treatments after panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in a tertiary care center. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted with data collection from medical records of patients undergoing panretinal photocoagulation between 1985 and 1995 at the Scheie Eye Institute; 297 eyes of 186 patients were eligible for study. RESULTS: The presence of neovascularization of the disk at baseline, an earlier onset of diabetes, and a shorter duration of disease before panretinal photocoagulation were the strongest risk factors for needing an additional panretinal photocoagulation treatment. Sixty-two percent of eyes with poor visual acuity (< or =20/200) at baseline still had poor visual acuity at 1 year, and 76% with good visual acuity (> or =20/40) at baseline maintained good visual acuity at 1 year. Poor vision at baseline was the only risk factor for having poor vision at 1 year. Vitreous hemorrhage was present in 44% of eyes at baseline. New vitreous hemorrhage developed in 37% of eyes during the first year after panretinal photocoagulation. A traction retinal detachment was present in 4% of eyes at baseline and newly developed in 6% of eyes during follow-up. A repeat panretinal photocoagulation treatment was performed in 39% of eyes after initial treatment. A vitrectomy was performed in 10% of eyes from baseline through the 1-year follow-up visit. CONCLUSIONS: The data from this study are useful for counseling patients with respect to likely visual outcome, possibility of major complications from proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and the chance of undergoing additional laser treatment after panretinal photocoagulation.     

增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体切割术后视力不良的相关因素研究

目的 调查增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体切割术后视力低于0.1的发生频率及相关因素.方法 回顾性分析95例120只眼增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变行玻璃体切割手术治疗患者的临床资料,在术后视力低于0.1和大于等于0.1两群间,对可能影响术后视力的相关因素进行比较.结果 37只眼(31%)术后视力低于0.1.根据单变量分析,术后视力不良与术前黄斑脱离、眼内填充物填充、术后高眼压及术前未进行全视网膜光凝治疗具有较高的相关性.根据多变量分析,术后视力不良与术前黄斑脱离及术后高眼压的关系更为密切.结论 增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体切割术后视力低于0.1与术前黄斑脱离及术后高眼压密切相关.     

The prognostic value of post-treatment retinopathy after panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes

PURPOSE: To study the prognostic value of post-treatment retinopathy after panretinal laser photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is treated with panretinal photocoagulation, which significantly reduces the risk of visual loss from this complication. However, no parameters are presently known that can be used to define an optimal control interval after the initial panretinal photocoagulation treatment that ensures enhancement of the treatment in cases where this is needed. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 85 eyes from 56 type 1 diabetic patients were identified who had been subjected to panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy before 1990. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 had four or fewer microaneurysms only at the first post-treatment examination whereas Group 2 had more retinopathy. RESULTS: At the first photographic examination after treatment the eyes in Group 1 had a significantly lower visual acuity (VA) (mean =0.23, range: 0.01-1.00) than the patients in Group 2 (mean=0.48, range: 0.01-1.6). During the follow-up period the VA was further reduced in Group 2 but not in Group 1. Three eyes out of six in Group 1 had improvement of VA from below to above 0.1, whereas 6 eyes out of 12 in Group 2 experienced progression of retinopathy with a consequent worsening of VA to below 0.1 after a mean of 10.8 years (range: 6.8-15.9) after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of post-treatment retinopathy can be used to assess the need for enhancing photocoagulation of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. The interval between post-treatment examinations can be increased to several years when the initial treatment has reduced retinopathy to a minimal level.     

氩激光视网膜光凝治疗糖尿病性视网膜病变

目的观察糖尿病性视网膜病变的光凝治疗效果。方法对136例(261只眼)糖尿病性视网膜病变患者,根据病变的程度行氩激光视网膜光凝治疗,并随访1年,观察光凝治疗变后患者的视力、眼底及荧光血管造影的变化,并进行分析和比较。结果在136例(261只眼)糖尿病性视网膜病变中,有效226只眼,总有效率 86．5％,其中增生前期糖尿病视网膜病变64只眼,有效60只眼,有效率93．7％;增生期糖尿病视网膜病变197只眼,有效眼166,有效率84．2％％。经统计学检验P<0．01,两者有显著差异。讨论对早期糖尿病性视网膜病变患者,如有光凝指征,应尽早行氩激光视网膜光凝治疗,这对于控制或延缓糖尿病性视网膜病变的进展,稳定患者视力有重要意义。     

Long-term stability and visual outcome after favorable initial response of proliferative diabetic retinopathy to panretinal photocoagulation

The authors assessed the relationship between early objective response to panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) and the subsequent long-term visual outcome in 59 eyes of 59 consecutive patients who developed proliferative diabetic retinopathy while under the care of a retinal specialist. Thirty five eyes (59%) had regression of high-risk retinopathy characteristics within 3 months of treatment. Eighteen of these eyes (52%) had a final visual acuity of 20/20 or better with a mean follow-up of more than 4 years. Only 2 of the 24 nonresponder eyes (8%) had visual acuity of 20/20 or better. Thirteen of the responder eyes (37%) sustained a delayed vitreous hemorrhage, which was usually self-limited. Three responders underwent vitrectomy with excellent visual results. The authors conclude that the beneficial effect of PRP on visual outcome is directly related to the regression of retinopathy risk factors and that the long-term visual prognosis in high-risk eyes manifesting a favorable initial response to PRP is excellent.     

Retinopathy risk factor regression after laser panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Fifty eyes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were followed at frequent intervals to determine the rapidity and stability of retinopathy risk factor regression after argon laser panretinal photocoagulation. Retinopathy risk factors regress rapidly after laser photocoagulation. The incidence of eyes at high risk for severe visual loss (eyes with 3 or more retinopathy risk factors) decreased from 100% prior to treatment to 28% three weeks after treatment. The early response to treatment was a good prognostic indicator of longer term results. Seventy-two percent of eyes which improved from a high- to a low-risk category by three weeks continued to remain at low risk at six months. Sixty-four percent of eyes which failed to improve to a low-risk category by three weeks continued to remain at high risk at six months. The early response to laser panretinal ablation may be used to predict longer-term results.     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者PRP术后预后的相关影响因素

目的：探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者全视网膜激光光凝术(PRP)术后预后相关影响因素。

方法：收集2015-09/2017-09来我院就诊的DR患者182例301眼,根据病变分期给予患者不同的治疗方式,增殖前期患者进行次全视网膜光凝治疗,DR增殖早期患者进行标准全视网膜光凝治疗,高危患者进行超全视网膜光凝治疗。对患者随访6mo,记录患者的预后情况,筛选对视力变化有影响的相关因素。

结果：对单因素有意义的因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析可以得出,年龄、初诊视力、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、糖化血红蛋白、黄斑水肿严重程度、血压与预后具有相关性(P<0.05)。

结论：高血压、年龄大、高血脂、初诊视力差、糖化血红蛋白水平高、黄斑水肿严重对DR患者激光光凝术后的预后造成一定影响。     

合并全身病的糖尿病视网膜病变患者的激光治疗

目的探讨合并全身病的糖尿病视网膜病变（DRP）患者进行激光治疗的适应证和安全性分析。方法对108例（216只眼）合并全身病的重度非增生性DRP患者进行激光治疗的情况进行统计分析，随访观察半年～1年，对激光的安全性和适应证进行讨论。结果91例（182只眼）激光前后均无不良反应和严重并发症；17例（34只眼）激光后出现视网膜出血，其中26只眼需再次补充光凝，2只眼因玻璃体出血而需行玻璃体切割术。术后视力提高2行以上有48例（96只眼），保持不变56例（112只眼），视力下降4例（8只眼）。结论只要严格掌握适应证，合并全身病的DRP患者进行激光治疗是安全的。其适应证有：①血压控制在140／90mmHg以下；②血糖控制在10mmol／l以下；③用药物能控制的心律失常和心功能不全；④近期无心绞痛和心肌梗塞发作史；⑤长期服用抗凝药者应酌情短期减量或停药，使出凝血时间正常或接近正常；⑥因尿毒症需做血液透析者，应选择在透析前1d进行激光，且以无肝素透析为宜。     

Visual prognosis after panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

INTRODUCTION: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is treated with panretinal photocoagulation, which improves the visual prognosis in this complication considerably. The visual acuity (VA) and grade of retinopathy before treatment are known indicators of the visual prognosis after treatment, but the prognostic value of other clinical background and treatment parameters is unknown. METHODS: The study reports predictors for visual outcome identified among retrospective clinical background data and treatment parameters from 4422 panretinal photocoagulation sessions for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in 1013 eyes of 601 patients performed at the Department of Ophthalmology, Arhus University Hospital between 1985 and 2002. RESULTS: High pretreatment VA and low age were strong positive predictors of post-treatment VA (p < 0.0001). However, diabetes type, diabetes duration and calendar year of treatment showed no influence on post-treatment VA (p = 0.7829, 0.1782, and 0.3747, respectively). The visual prognosis was inversely related to the number of treatment sessions (p = 0.0259) and the number of vitrectomies (OR = 2.66 [1.24; 5.69], p = 0.0117, for more than two operations). However, the visual prognosis was unrelated to any of the other parameters studied. CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment VA, age and the number of panretinal photocoagulation treatment sessions and vitrectomies necessary to halt the disease are indicators of the visual prognosis after panretinal laser photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy.     

Combined modified grid and panretinal photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of combined macular modified grid and peripheral panretinal photocoagulation in diabetic eyes with both macular edema and proliferative retinopathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated 52 eyes with diffuse diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Treatment was performed in two sessions consisting of initial modified grid to the macula and panretinal photocoagulation to the inferior half of the peripheral retina, followed 2 to 4 weeks later by panretinal photocoagulation to the superior half. RESULTS: At one year, visual acuity was improved in 8%, stable in 79%, and worse in 13%. At two years, visual acuity was improved in 4%, stable in 72%, and worse in 24%. Macular edema resolved in 43 of 46 eyes (93%), and proliferative retinopathy was reduced in 25 of 29 eyes (86%) at last examination. CONCLUSION: Combined macular modified grid and peripheral panretinal photocoagulation is an effective treatment approach in diabetic eyes with both macular edema and proliferative retinopathy. Laser photocoagulation in those diabetic eyes with diffuse diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy can be completed in less number of treatment sessions with this method, compared to conventional treatment techniques.     

Visual loss following panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

We reviewed the preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up examinations, fundus photographs, and fluorescein angiograms of 175 eyes of 134 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy treated with panretinal photocoagulation. Forty-four (25%) of these eyes lost two or more lines of vision by the time of the last follow-up examination. Follow-ups ranged from 3 to 48 months, with a median follow-up of 15 months. The most common cause of decreased visual acuity was chronic macular edema that had developed following laser treatment, occurring in 14 (8%) eyes. The causes of visual loss following panretinal photocoagulation are discussed.     

Single versus multiple treatment sessions of argon laser panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A prospective, randomized study was performed to demonstrate whether there was a difference in the beneficial or adverse effects of argon laser photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy depending on whether treatment was administered in a single session as compared with multiple sessions spaced over time. Results show no major differences between groups in the effect of treatment on visual acuity, visual field scores, or retinopathy risk factors. Exudative retinal detachment, choroidal detachment, and angle closure occurred more commonly in single session treatment group eyes, but these effects were transient, and no long-term difference between treatment groups was found.     

严重PDR玻璃体切除术和全视网膜光凝的视力对比

目的：观察严重增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变（proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR）患者玻璃体手术和全视网膜光凝的视力对比。方法：将我院93例严重PDR患者随机分为两组,一组接受玻璃体切除＋剥膜＋全视网膜光凝＋黄斑光凝;另一组接受全视网膜光凝＋黄斑光凝,随访1a。结果：术后1a,第一组,视力提高12眼（27.9%）,不变11眼（25.6%）,下降20眼（46.5%）。第二组,提高14眼（28.0%）,不变24眼（48.0%）,下降12眼（24.0%）。两组间视力提高比例无差异。但不变和下降比例差异有显著意义。结论：对于严重的PDR患者,玻璃体切除术可能会带来更高视力下降的风险。     

Photocoagulation treatment of radiation retinopathy

We studied the visual and anatomic effects of focal photocoagulation for clinically significant radiation macular edema in five eyes of four patients and panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative radiation retinopathy in six eyes of three patients. Focal and limited scatter photocoagulation was successful in preventing further vision loss in all five eyes treated for macular edema. Three eyes treated with panretinal photocoagulation had regression of neovascularization. The other three eyes treated for proliferative retinopathy subsequently had dense vitreous hemorrhages that required vitrectomy for restoration of useful vision.     

氩激光治疗视网膜静脉阻塞57例

目的:分析57例氩激光光凝治疗视网膜静脉阻塞(retinal vein occlusion, RVO)的临床疗效。方法:随访我院57例被确诊为视网膜静脉阻塞并经氩激光光凝治疗后的患者,观察患者的视力、眼底改变以及并发症情况并评价氩激光光凝治疗视网膜静脉阻塞的临床价值。激光治疗方法分为黄斑区格栅样光凝,局灶性视网膜光凝及全视网膜光凝。结果:经氩绿激光光凝治疗57例后3～6mo给予复查:末次随访视力提高23眼,视力无明显变化25眼,视力下降9眼;激光治疗后复查荧光素眼底血管造影 (观察视网膜毛细血管无灌注区面积变化及新生血管消退情况),治疗有效54眼, 3眼发展为新生血管性青光眼(NVG)。而激光光凝对于黄斑部晚期并发症无明显效果。结论:激光光凝治疗可提高中心视力,可促进视网膜水肿、出血、渗出的吸收,同时减少视网膜静脉阻塞引起的新生血管,对于预防并延缓增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变和继发性新生血管性青光眼的发生有明显效果。     

Macular edema and pregnancy in insulin-dependent diabetes

Seven women with insulin-dependent diabetes (mean age, 26 years; mean duration of diabetes, 15.4 years) had minimal or no retinopathy before becoming pregnant but developed severe macular edema associated with preproliferative or proliferative retinopathy during the course of their pregnancies. The edema was associated with significant macular capillary nonperfusion, and often with significant proteinuria and mild hypertension. Although proliferation was controlled with panretinal photocoagulation, the macular edema continued to worsen until delivery in all cases and was often aggravated by the photocoagulation. Macular edema and retinopathy both regressed after delivery in some patients but persisted in others, causing significant visual loss. Pregnant women with retinopathy, nephropathy, or hypertension should undergo ophthalmoscopy at least once a month. If proliferative retinopathy develops, panretinal photocoagulation should be applied even if the macular edema is aggravated.     

Contrast sensitivity and visual recovery time in diabetic patients treated with panretinal photocoagulation

PURPOSE: To study patients treated with panretinal photocoagulation regarding contrast sensitivity and visual recovery time after exposure to glare. METHODS: To compare contrast sensitivity and visual recovery-time after exposure to glare in eyes (n=20) from 20 type 1 diabetic patients treated with panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative retinopathy with eyes (n= 19) from 19 un-treated type 1 diabetic patients. Contrast sensitivity was tested with a low contrast acuity chart, before and during exposure to either a uniform background illumination or a spotlight. Visual recovery time was defined as the time required to regain baseline visual acuity during light exposure. RESULTS: Contrast thresholds values were higher in eyes treated with panretinal photocoagulation compared to un-treated eyes before illumination 4.2 +/- 1.2% vs. 3.1 +/- 1.7% (p=0.006), during background illumination 5.8 +/- 5.1% vs. 3.9 +/- 4.8% (p=0.001), and during spotlight exposure 5.6 +/- 2.2% vs. 3.2 +/- 1.8% (p<0.001). Furthermore, recovery time was longer both during background illumination, 20; 5-50 sec vs. 2; 2-80 sec. (md;range), (p<0.001) and during spotlight illumination 27; 5-70 sec vs. 2;1-60 sec. (md;range) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Eyes treated with panretinal photocoagulation had higher contrast threshold levels at baseline and during glare, as well as a prolonged visual recovery time compared to un-treated eyes with mild background retinopathy.     

Results of laser photocoagulation in patients with diabetic retinopathy developed as a complication of diabetes type 2

PURPOSE: Laser photocoagulation is a widely used method of treatment of diabetic retinopathy. The purpose of the work was to analyze the results of laser photocoagulation of the retina in patients with diabetic retinopathy, as a result of diabetes type 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The examined group consisted of 129 patients with diabetes type 2, treated in the Regional Centre of Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases in Lód?, who underwent laser photocoagulations as a treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Patients age were 30 to 82 years old (mean age 61), had been treated for diabetes from 1 year to 47 years (mean 17 years). Laser photocoagulations were performed in 258 eyes. The evaluation of results was based on 6 months follow-up examinations after laser treatment and comprised functional results and condition of the eye fundus. RESULTS: In the examined groups simple non proliferative diabetic retinopathy was recognized in 36 eyes (13.95%), preproliferative retinopathy in 158 eyes (61.24%) and proliferative retinopathy in 64 eyes (24.8%). Focal photocoagulations were performed in 103 eyes. Improvement in visual acuity was noted in 82 eyes (79.61%) and stabilization or improvement in the state of the eye fundus in 92 eyes (89.32%). "Grid" photocoagulation was carried out in 73 eyes, improvement in visual acuity was noted in 53 eyes (72.60%) and stabilization or improvement in the state of the eye fundus in 58 eyes (79.45%). Panretinal photocoagulation was performed in 82 eyes. Improvement or stabilization of visual acuity was observed in 46 eyes (46.10%) and stabilization of state of the eye fundus in 54 eyes (65.85%). In cases of patients with non proliferative diabetic retinopathy stabilization of visual acuity was observed in 86.11% of eyes and stabilization of the eye fundus in 94.44% of eyes. In patients with preproliferative diabetic retinopathy stabilization of visual acuity was found in 71.52% of eyes and stabilization of state of the eye fundus in 80.38% of eyes. In cases of patients with proliferative retinopathy the percentages amounted to 57.81% and 67.19%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The best functional results of laser photocoagulations, as well as stabilization of state of the eye fundus were achieved in patients with non proliferative retinopathy and after focal laser photocoagulations. The least favourable results were achieved in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and in patients after panretinal photocoagulations. It probably results from the intensity of retinal lesions, which were an indication for these types of photocoagulations. The achieved improvement was greater regarding anatomical results, when compared to functional results. In order, to prevent the development of diabetic lesions in the eye fundus, it is necessary to carry out regular ophthalmologic check-ups, to qualify patients for laser photocoagulations, as early as possible.     

基层医院激光治疗糖尿病视网膜病变临床观察

目的：探讨基层医院全视网膜光凝治疗糖尿病视网膜病变的疗效。

方法：对55例92眼分别为增殖前期糖尿病视网膜病变(PPDR)、增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)患者进行全视网膜光凝术,术后3, 6, 12mo行眼底荧光血管造影(FFA)及彩色眼底像, 新生血管未消退者和无灌注区尚存者追加光凝, 随访3～12mo。

结果：全视网膜光凝术后PPDR视力提高和视力不变者23眼(77%),视力下降者7眼(23%); PDR视力提高和视力不变者44眼(71%),视力下降者18眼(29%)。经过一次全视网膜光凝后,3mo复查FFA,新生血管未退、无灌注区未消失者追加光凝,PPDR有效率为29 眼(97%),PDR有效率为50 眼(81%); 13眼(14%)出现玻璃体出血转上级医院行玻璃体切割术。

结论：基层医院全视网膜光凝治疗糖尿病视网膜病变疗效良好。