A NURBS interpolation algorithm with continuous feedrate

The high-speed precision machining of a part requires minimal feedrate fluctuation and contour error, and parametric spline interpolations have proven to be superior over linear and circular interpolations. However, parametric spline interpolations may result in large feedrate fluctuation due to an inaccurate mapping between the spline parameter u and the displacement S. This paper presents a non-uniform rational B-spline interpolation algorithm with compensatory parameter to minimize feedrate fluctuation and contour error. Since the cubic or quintic polynomials expressing the u-S mapping are acquired, they can be calculated by two consecutive interpolation points with the continuity condition. Thus, the parameter u can be calculated quickly and accurately by substituting the desired displacement S into the cubic or quintic polynomials. Simulation shows that the feedrate fluctuation of the proposed algorithm is much smaller than that of Taylor interpolation algorithms and Feed correction algorithm.     

Parameter u and arc S modeling of B-spline for NC machining with CL points preprocessing algorithm

This paper proposes a novel B-spline interpolation based on CL points preprocessing algorithm and on u-S modeling, aiming to overcome the shortages of linear and circular interpolations. A B-spline toolpath trajectory is generated by fitting a given set of CL points. CL points are preprocessed by chord distance to reduce computation load, thus using fewer feature CL points to generate a B-spline toolpath trajectory. As for disadvantages due to parameter updating for B-spline interpolation, a fifth order polynomial based on u-S modeling is constructed to map the desired curve length S to the corresponding spline parameter u, cutting the real-time computation load. Simulation results are provided to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed interpolation algorithm.     

基于速度指令波动的NURBS曲线插补算法研究

由于NURBS曲线的弧长是曲线参数的非解析积分形式,因而曲线弧长的准确参数化是插补计算的关键。通常,基于泰勒展开或曲线弧长多项式拟合的近似求值方法被用于插补计算;然而,截断误差的引入最终会导致速度指令波动,影响数控加工精度。针对具有最小速度指令波动的NURBS曲线插补算法研究,首先提出了曲线参数-弧长的三阶拟合多项式方法;然后以该方法计算结果为初值,并提出了求取精确曲线参数的弦截速度校正方法;最后进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,所提出的方法计算量小,提高了曲线参数的计算精度,相比于现有的方法,速度指令波动有很大减小。     

数控加工圆弧拟合的优化方法

提出了一种数控加工圆弧拟合的优化方法。针对目前CNC加工的圆弧拟合中出现的拟合节点多、圆弧段数多、误差控制困难等问题,采用一种优化的双圆弧拟合方法和误差控制方法,使拟合数据点、计算工作量及圆弧段数均大大减少,插补误差得到有效的控制,从而提高了加工效率与加工质量。本方法计算在雕塑曲面的CNCA加工中具有实用意义。     

A local smoothing interpolation method for short line segments to realize continuous motion of tool axis acceleration

In traditional processing, a large number of G01 blocks are adopted to discretize free surface or curve for NC machining. But, the continuity of G01 line segments is only C⁰, which may lead to discontinuity of axis acceleration, resulting in the frequent fluctuation of tool motion at the junctions in high-speed machining, deteriorating the quality of work piece, and reducing processing efficiency. To solve this problem, a local smoothing interpolation method is proposed in this paper. At first, the analytic relationship between the continuity of the trajectory and the continuity of the axes motion is first systematically described by formula. Based on this relationship, a local smoothing algorithm and a feed-rate scheduling method are proposed to generate a C² continuous tool path motion with axis-acceleration continuity. The local smoothing algorithm smoothes the corners of G01 blocks by the cubic B-spline according to the cornering error tolerance specified by the user. After the feed rate at critical points of smoothed tool path was determined by a modified bidirectional scanning algorithm by considering constrains of chord error and kinematic property, an iterative S-shape feed rate scheduling is employed to minimize residual distance caused by round of time while ensuring the continuity of feed rate and acceleration. Then, a look-ahead interpolation strategy combined with smoothing algorithm and feed-rate scheduling as mentioned is proposed for real-time interpolation of short line segments. At last, simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Compared with the traditional G01 interpolation, it can significantly improve the processing efficiency and shorten the processing time within error tolerance.     

智能车超车双圆弧优化算法

提出了一种运用于智能车超车的双圆弧优化算法.分析了双圆弧逼近的误差分布理论,并根据这个误差分布调整车辆的超车位置端点、圆弧的半径和车辆的行驶切线方向,使得采集到的数据点的误差分布均匀,圆弧的段数尽可能少,由此来得到应用于智能车超车的优化圆弧算法.通过Matlab仿真测试,该算法使控制器很好地调节了智能车在超车区域的行驶轨迹,实现了快速稳定的超车任务.     

Research on error averaging effect of hydrostatic guideways

Hydrostatic guideways can obtain high motion accuracy due to their error averaging ability. In order to optimize the structural and accuracy design of hydrostatic guideways, the mechanism and affecting factors of the error averaging effect are investigated in detail in this paper. A new method is proposed to quantitatively analyze the motion errors of a typical closed hydrostatic guideway with four pads, and the restrictor is also taken into consideration. A hydrostatic guideway in an ultra-precision grinding machine LGF750 is analyzed with the method. The results show that the wavelength of each profile error component is a main affecting factor on the error averaging effect. Fluid films usually show obvious error averaging effect on each profile error component when the wavelength λ is shorter than twice of the pad length 2l_u. However, for each component with the wavelength λ over 2l_u, the error averaging effect becomes obvious only when the ratio of the pad length to the evaluation length of motion straightness l_u/l_e is greater than 0.5. Furthermore, the instability of the oil supply system is taken into consideration, and possible influences on the error averaging effect due to the supply pressure fluctuation are investigated preliminarily.     

CNC系统中任意抛物线弧的插补方法及分析

从抛物线的参数化矢量方程出发,对任意抛物线弧的插补算法、偏差以及进给速度等方面进行了研究,给出了具体的插补方法。分析表明,按此方法变速插补抛物线时运算简便,实时性好,加工偏差容易控制。同时结合几何方法分析并计算了进给速度的变化范围。     

三次参数样条插补精度的主要影响因素分析

分析了采用等弦长方法插补三次参数样条曲线时,进给速度因素和曲率半径因素对插补精度的影响,利用曲线拟合方法分别得出了插补轮廓误差E与进给速度F、曲率半径R之间的函数关系式E—E（F）和E—E（R）。在E（F）中F^2的贡献最大;但当曲率半径较小时,随尺的减小,一次、常数的影响明显增加,在高精度加工中不可忽略;在E（R）中R^-1项贡献最大;曲率半径尺不变时,R叫项的贡献率随进给速度的增加而扩大。采用该算法,根据给定的误差要求,可精确计算出满足精度要求的最大进给速度Fmax和最小曲率半径Rmin。     

数控机床NURBS曲线插补运动误差分析与仿真

介绍了NURBS曲线插补算法,并指出实现NURBS曲线插补的关键是,在插补周期内由进给步长求得曲线参数的增量.分析了数字伺服运动误差产生的原因,建立了伺服系统差分方程.在不同的进给速率和曲率半径条件下,对工件轮廓误差进行了仿真.仿真结果显示,数控机床NURBS插补的轮廓误差与进给速度及给定曲线的曲率半径有关.在大的进给速率或小的曲率半径条件下,伺服滞后所引起的轮廓误差是不可忽视的因素.     

基于机床混合模型的参数曲线高速插补速度极值分析

参数曲线高速数控插补时,进给速度规划需要综合考虑机床动力学特性和曲线几何特征的限制。通过建立机床进给系统的机电混合模型,给出了参数曲线高速插补进给速度的机床动力学约束条件。以此条件为基础,采用“速度－加速度”相平面分析法导出了速度极值曲线解析表达式。与实时插补弦高误差约束下的速度极值曲线表达式相比,二者具有一致性。通过机床动力学约束下的速度极值曲线最大实时插补弦高误差估计,可简化插补进给速度规划约束条件。研究结果表明,给出进给速度极值解析曲线是有效的,可为参数曲线高速插补进给速度优化规划提供理论分析依据。     

基于Steffensen迭代法的NURBS曲线插补算法

为了解决NURBS曲线参数插补及其实时性的问题,提出一种新的基于Steffensen迭代法的NURBS曲线参数快速求解方法。算法首先采用线性多步法进行精确的参数值预估,然后结合弓高误差、进给速度等加工条件进行自适应速度规划,再根据规划步长进行参数值迭代校正。算法不需求导,计算快速精确,满足加工精度和数控系统实时性要求。     

一种基于插值拟合的复杂刀具轨迹在线平滑压缩算法

提出了一种基于插值拟合的在线复杂刀具轨迹平滑压缩算法,该算法依据主导点的选取策略,对原始数据点进行离线预处理,然后进行主导点的在线插值拟合以及非主导点的误差检测,进而生成一条满足拟合精度要求的B样条曲线。主导点依据离散数据点的曲率阈值、曲率极大值、曲线拐点,以及分段Bezier曲线逼近拟合后的误差最大值点进行选取。在具有C2连续性的分段Bezier曲线逼近拟合前,需要利用长度均分策略,提取长度突变点作为新增的主导点,以保证拟合的准确性。对主导点进行B样条插值拟合后,利用轮廓误差跟随法对非主导点到拟合曲线的误差进行检测。该方法与牛顿迭代法相比,其计算速度更快且能提高算法效率。仿真结果表明,提出的算法可对复杂刀具轨迹进行平滑压缩,且误差检测的精度能够满足要求。     

Cutting temperature,tool wear,and tool life in heat-pipe-assisted end-milling operations

In this paper, using the specifications of nodal points on a nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curve of three degrees with respect to NURBS curve parameter and defining the coefficients for the velocity and acceleration vectors on these points, a new method is presented to design a tool path via C² PH spline curves. Values of the velocity/acceleration vector coefficients corresponding to the nodal points on the original NURBS curve are computed by pattern search algorithm. To this end, the normal distance between the constructed C² PH spline curve and its corresponding original NURBS curve is considered as the objective function. Using combination of the time-dependent feed rate interpolation in the acceleration/deceleration phase of the motion and the constant feed rate interpolation in the middle region of the motion, the position commands of the designed NURBS-based C² PH spline curve are generated. Several improved NURBS-based C² PH spline curve following tasks were implemented with pseudo-derivative feedback feed forward (PDFF) controller. The experimental and simulation results confirm that the devised interpolator with designed PDFF controller is not only feasible for machining the complicated tool path represented in the improved NURBS-based C² PH spline form but also yields satisfactory contouring performance under variable feed rate.     

Precision NURBS interpolator based on recursive characteristics of NURBS

In NURBS interpolation, real-time parameter update is an indispensable step which affects not only feedrate fluctuation but also contour error. Using Taylor approximation interpolation method to find the next interpolation point causes a large feedrate fluctuation due to the accumulation and truncation errors. This paper presents a new, simple, and precise NURBS interpolator for CNC systems. The proposed interpolation algorithm does not use Taylor’s expansion, but the recursive equation of the NURBS formula. A simulation study is conducted to demonstrate the advantages of this proposed interpolator compared with those using Taylor’s equation. It is readily seen that this interpolator using the new concept of interpolation for modern CNC systems is simple and precise. The proposed method can be used for interpolating a continuous NURBS curve.     

Approximate tool posture collision-free area generation for five-axis CNC finishing process using admissible area interpolation

This paper proposes an efficient algorithm to generate tool posture collision-free area for the whole free-form surface during five-axis CNC finishing period. The algorithm is consisted of two phases: sampling and interpolation. In the first phase, a few points are picked on the surface and the admissible area of tool posture is calculated at each point. The admissible area is a two-dimensional figure on the plane. Base on the assumption that the admissible area of adjacent surface points should transform continuously, so in the second phase, the admissible area of the sampling points are interpolated with cubic B-surface interpolation technique, forming an expression as ?(u, v), through which when the parameters u and v are assigned, the global collision-free area for the corresponding surface point can be easily calculated. The proposed algorithm is efficient because only a few surface points are needed to get the expression. The proposed algorithm is programmed and tested. Results show that the algorithm is relatively precise and efficient while considering the whole surface.     

An adaptive feedrate scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator for precision five-axis CNC machining

Non-uniform rational b-spline (NURBS) tool path is becoming more and more important due to the increasing requirement for machining geometrically complex parts. However, NURBS interpolators, particularly related to five-axis machining, are quite limited and still keep challenging. In this paper, an adaptive feedrate scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator with geometric and kinematic constraints is proposed for precision five-axis machining. A surface expressed by dual NURBS curves, which can continuously and accurately describe cutter tip position and cutter axis orientation, is first used to define five-axis tool path. For the given machine configuration, the calculation formulas of angular feedrate and geometric error aroused by interpolation are given, and then, the adaptive feedrate along the tool path is scheduled with confined nonlinear geometric error and angular feedrate. Combined with the analytical relations of feed acceleration with respect to the arc length parameter and feedrate, the feed profiles of linear and angular feed acceleration sensitive regions are readjusted with corresponding formulas and bi-directional scan algorithm, respectively. Simulations are performed to validate the feasibility of the proposed feed scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator. It shows that the proposed method is able to ensure the geometric accuracy and good machining performances in five-axis machining especially in flank machining.     

用于加工弧面凸轮轮廓曲面的NURBS插补方法

在分析弧面凸轮轮廓曲面上加工刀痕产生的原因,以及对分度机构性能影响的基础上,提出了用NURBS样条插补凸轮从动件运动规律曲线的思想方法.通过对NURBS样条插补改进算法的深入分析,得出了进一步校正满足加工步长条件的NURBS样条参数增量的算式.同时对插补前弧面凸轮从动件运动规律曲线的修正、NURBS插补误差和插补过程的实现进行了计算与分析.结果表明,采用文中给出的方法,能显著提高弧面凸轮轮廓面的加工精度.     

新型并联机床数控系统插补算法的研究

提出一种用于新型并联机床的粗、精插补策略和算法 ,粗插补采用直接对加工曲面进行插补的方法。以NURBS曲线为例 ,运用合理计算方法推导出粗插补计算公式 ,并对粗、精插补进行了误差分析。插补实例结果表明 ,该插补算法具有恒速进给、加工表面轮廓误差易于控制等特点