长江流域降水中氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源

利用全球降水同位素观测网(GNIP)所提供的数据,研究了位于长江流域的南京、武汉、成都、昆明4个站点大气降水δ~(18)O及其相关要素的时空分布特征。对长江流域4站点大气降水中的δ~(18)O与气温、降水量、在不同时间尺度下的相关关系进行了分析与研究,提出长江流域的大气降水线方程并与全球及我国大气降水线相比较。结果表明,4站点δ~(18)O与δD年平均值波动较小,而多年月平均值波动较大,其中昆明波动最大。季节尺度下,长江流域大气降水中δ~(18)O在干季具有显著的温度效应,在湿季具有降水量效应;年尺度下,长江流域具有降水量效应。与全球大气降水线相比,长江流域大气降水线的斜率与截距都要偏小,尤其是截距偏低很多。利用HYSPLIT模型对南京与昆明站点1991年夏季水汽路径进行聚类分析,其分析结果与大气降水线及氘盈余分析结果一致,即站点存在不同水汽来源。     

上海降水中氢氧同位素特征及与ENSO的关系

基于收集2014年8月至2015年8月上海70个降水样品,分析上海降水同位素特征与温度、降水量的相关关系,分析不同时间尺度下降水中δ~(18)O、氘盈余与ENSO事件的联系.结果表明上海地区大气降水中δD与δ~(18)O冬春较高,夏秋较低.上海大气降水线方程截距和斜率比全球降水线方程偏小,可能是因为降水过程中受到不平衡的二次蒸发.在不同的时间尺度下,上海地区降水中δ~(18)O与气温和降水量具有不同的相关关系,冬季存在着较弱的温度效应,而全年呈现出较显著的降水量效应,受大气环流过程影响明显.取样期间,降水中δ~(18)O与d值(过量氘)清晰记录了La Ni1a向El Ni1o之间的过渡,拉尼娜期间,降水中δ~(18)O与d值偏负;El Ni1o期间,δ~(18)O与d值偏正.     

滇南蒙自地区降水稳定同位素特征及其水汽来源

大气降水中δD、δ~(18)O值具有规律性变化特征,与诸多气象要素及水汽来源之间存在密切联系.根据2009年1月至2011年12月对滇南蒙自地区大气降水的连续性采样,结合欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)以及美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)的再分析资料,并利用HYSPLIT_4.8后向轨迹追踪模型,分析了天气尺度下蒙自地区大气降水中δD、δ~(18)O的变化特征,探究了降水稳定同位素与温度、降水量、风速及水汽来源之间的关系.结果表明,蒙自地区降水中δD、δ~(18)O值表现出明显的季节变化,即干季偏高,湿季偏低;降水中δ~(18)O与温度、降水量之间存在显著负相关,但与不同气压层(300、500、700、800 h Pa)风速之间呈现出显著正相关,表明风速也是影响降水中δ~(18)O变化的一个重要因素;随着降雨等级的增加,其大气水线的斜率与截距也增大,说明降水稳定同位素存在一定程度的云底二次蒸发效应;水汽输送轨迹显示,干季降水的水汽主要来自于西风带输送及局地再蒸发水汽,而湿季降水的水汽主要来源于远源海洋水汽的输送,并且在受台风影响期间,降水中δD、δ~(18)O值更加偏负.     

长江源区降水氢氧稳定同位素特征及水汽来源

基于长江源区冬克玛底流域2014年5～10月连续采集的73个降水同位素数据,结合相关气象资料,分析了降水中δD、δ~(18)O及氘盈余(d-excess)变化特征,讨论了δ~(18)O与气温、降水量的关系,利用HYSPLIT模型追踪流域降水的水汽来源并估算不同水汽来源对降水量的贡献比例.结果表明:研究区降水中δ~(18)O和δD变化范围分别为-26.5‰～1.9‰和-195.2‰～34.0‰,且δ~(18)O和δD值随时间变化波动较大,与不同来源水汽输送有直接的关系;区域降水线的斜率和截距均大于全球大气降水线,与青藏高原北侧地区的降水线相近;不同降水类型中的δ~(18)O和δD的关系差异显著,主要与水汽来源和形成降水时的气象条件有关;由于受局地蒸发水汽及水汽输送过程影响,流域大气降水d-excess值整体上相对偏大;研究区的降水同位素存在显著的降水量效应,但不存在温度效应,表明降水量对大气降水中稳定同位素含量的控制作用更强;水汽来源轨迹表明,研究区大气降水水汽来源主要有西南季风携带的海洋性水汽、局地蒸发水汽及西风输送水汽,对降水量的贡献比例分别为43%、36%和21%.该研究结果有助于进一步了解长江源头区冬克玛底流域的大气环流特征及水循环过程.     

ENSO事件对上海降水中氢氧同位素变化的影响

根据2012年1月至2017年2月上海206个降水样品实测数据,结合全球大气降水同位素网络(GNIP)提供的南京、武汉、福州、香港1961~2012年大气降水同位素数据分析不同强弱程度的ENSO事件对降水中同位素组成影响的差异性.研究时段内上海降水中δD与δ~(18)O夏秋为低值,冬春为高值.El Nino事件期间大气降水线的斜率与截距均大于非El Nino事件期间,La Nina事件期间反温度效应、降水量效应、水汽压效应较非La Nina事件期间显著.不同强弱程度的El Nino和La Nina事件影响下的上海降水中δ~(18)O、d值与海洋尼诺指数(ONI)、海表温度距平值(SSTA)、ONI极值、累积值ΣONI这4个指数具有明显的负相关关系,并且降水中δ~(18)O与ONI、SSTA两个指数相关性大小受ENSO事件的影响较大.     

降水稳定同位素比率时间变化的iAWBM模拟

进行降水中稳定同位素比率时间变化的i AWBM模拟和比较,有助于评估模式在不同区域的适用性,改善对水循环过程中水稳定同位素变化规律的认识.本文利用i AWBM的模拟数据,分析了GNIP代表站降水中δ18O的时间变化特征、降水中δ18O与温度和降水量之间的关系、区域大气水线,并将模拟结果与实测结果进行了比较.结果表明,9个GNIP代表站的降水同位素在不同季节的变化特点均能被模拟出;各代表站模拟与实测的降水同位素长时间序列之间的相关系数达到显著的信度(p0.001),均方根误差在一个合理的估计范围;i AWBM很好地再现了出现在维也纳、雅库茨克和渥太华站的显著温度效应,出现在香港、波哥大、昆明、哈拉雷和拉罗汤加岛站的降水量效应,以及出现在曼谷站的温度效应和降水量效应共存的特点;模拟的不同气候条件下的区域大气水线与实际大气水线相近.说明i AWBM具有模拟不同气候区降水中稳定同位素时间变化的能力.     

重庆地区大气场降水中氢氧同位素变化特征及与大气环流的关系

根据2015年4~10月重庆地区61场降水稳定同位素资料与相关气象资料,分析了不同时间尺度下重庆大气降水中氢氧同位素(δD、δ~(18)O)、过量氘(d)的变化特征以及它们与降水量、温度及厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜和南方涛动(ENSO)的关系.结果表明:1研究区大气降水线方程为:δD=8.28δ~(18)O+12.34(r=0.99,n=61),其斜率和截距与中国东部季风区的多处南方地区大气降水线方程的斜率和截距相似.2研究区大气降水中氢氧同位素和d均出现夏半年低、冬半年高的季节变化,影响重庆降水中氢氧同位素变化的主要原因为不同季节降水的水汽来源及气团性质的差异.3监测时段内研究区大气降水中δ~(18)O与温度、降水量相关性不显著(r=0.03;r=0.12),但却敏感响应了大气环流过程,表现出与ENSO正相关.大气降水中δ~(18)O和过量氘(d)清晰记录了2014~2015年LaNia和ElNio的转换过程.ElNio期间研究区域大气降水中δ~(18)O和d明显偏重;而在LaNia期间,δ~(18)O和d偏轻.     

我国东北地区大气降水稳定同位素特征及其水汽来源

依据全球大气降水同位素观测网络(GNIP)中我国东北地区的月大气降水氢氧稳定同位素资料,并结合相关气象资料,分析了该地区大气降水稳定同位素时空分布特征及其影响因子,并建立了局地大气水线方程.结果表明,东北地区大气降水中δ18O值总体上较低,在时间变化上,表现为冬低夏高;从空间分布来看,由南至北加权平均δ18O值呈减小趋势;降水δ18O与温度线性关系显著,而与降水量则不存在线性关系,利用降水δ18O与温度、降水量、高程、经度和纬度等气候因子建立的多元线性回归关系可以对降水δ18O进行定量估算;采用HYSPLIT 4.9模型对GNIP观测点水汽来源进行追踪,气团聚类轨迹表明,该区全年有两条水汽路径,分别为西风带输送的大西洋、极地北冰洋冷湿水汽和太平洋暖湿水汽.     

托来河流域不同海拔降水稳定同位素的环境意义

为了探讨祁连山中段托来河流域不同海拔降水稳定同位素的环境意义,依据该流域托勒站(3 367 m)和嘉峪关站(1 658 m)的降水样品和气象数据,分析了降水稳定同位素的时间变化、局地大气水线、海拔变化,讨论了降水稳定同位素与温度、降水量、平均水汽压和相对湿度的关系.结果表明,研究时段内托勒站和嘉峪关站降水稳定同位素具有一定的季节变化特征,托勒站表现为夏秋较高值,冬春季为较低值,与托勒不同的是,嘉峪关站春季较高,其他季节较低.嘉峪关站降水δ~(18)O和d-excess值展现出显著的反向变化趋势,托勒站则不显著,随海拔升高对应的相关系数呈下降趋势,反映了内陆河流域低海拔地区存在较强的云下蒸发,同时高海拔地区受局地水汽再循环的强烈影响;从嘉峪关到托勒站大气降水线的斜率和截距都明显升高,表现出从低海拔到高海拔的增加趋势;处于高海拔地区托勒站的温度效应比低海拔地区的嘉峪关站更显著,对于气温在10℃以上的降水事件而言,托勒站δ~(18)O与气温呈显著正相关,嘉峪关站则表现出相反的变化趋势,可能是嘉峪关站云下蒸发对高降水量事件稳定同位素的富集作用减弱,使得呈现降水量效应;从托勒站到嘉峪关站,δ~(18)O和dexcess与平均水汽压的正相关关系减弱,变化幅度也明显减小,原因可能是从高海拔到低海拔地区,水汽压升高,饱和水汽压升高,降水难以形成,降水量较小,降水稳定同位素受云下蒸发影响作用明显,δ~(18)O和δD偏正,高海拔地区受局地水汽再循环的作用明显,δ~(18)O和δD偏负;嘉峪关站降水δ~(18)O与平均相对湿度呈不显著正相关,托勒站则相反.研究结果为托来河流域同位素水文过程研究提供了理论依据.     

黄土高原大气降水δ18O的空间分布

大气降水δ¹⁸O值的空间分布可以为理解现代大气中的水分输送提供空间信息,也可以为解释古气候代用指标的环境意义提供基础。本文整理了黄土高原44个站点的实测降水δ¹⁸O数据,基于纬度和海拔构建回归模型并得到了黄土高原降水δ¹⁸O的同位素景观图谱,结合实测资料和图谱结果分析了降水δ¹⁸O的年内变化和空间分布特征,并评价了两种全球降水同位素景观图谱产品的适用性,得出以下结论：（1）黄土高原降水δ¹⁸具有明显的年内变化特征,春夏季相对富集,秋冬季较为贫化。（2）黄土高原降水δ¹⁸O高值区多出现在南部的渭河谷地一带,低值区则主要出现在西部高原山地和北部边缘。（3）黄土高原北部与西部降水δ¹⁸温度效应更为明显,向南和向东延伸,温度效应逐渐弱化。（4）两种全球降水同位素景观图谱产品对δ¹⁸值的最佳模拟结果均出现在夏季,冬季模拟较差。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.