弹性波测试在核电站基岩深孔中的应用

本文介绍了基岩深孔的弹性波测试原理和测试技术及深孔测试中所采取的有效防水防压措施。并用此完成我国某核电站反应堆基岩深孔(孔深120米)的跨孔和单孔的测试任务,取得预期的结果。同时,对测得的资料进行处理和分析,为该核电站的建造提供了数据。     

Experimental Study of Damping Characteristics of the Bedrock in A Nuclear Power Station

The damping characteristics of the bedrock in a nuclear power station are studied experimentally by free vibration system with one degree of freedom. On the basis of a numeridal analysis of the results, we come to the conclusion that the damping coefitciemt C of the bedrock is not constant, but a function of the frequence. This conclusion indicates that the subject we studied has non-linear behaviour. This point of view seems to be useful especially for the further study of dynamic constiutive equations of the rock mass.Also the damping coeficient C reported in this paper is of referential value to the engineering design.     

某核电站基岩阻尼特性的实验研究

本文采用“自由振动法”,设计了一个等效单自由度振动体系,对某核电站基岩的阻尼特性进行了实验研究。通过对实验结果的整理、分析,得到了基岩阻尼系数C不是常数,而是与频率有关的结论。从而揭示了阻尼系数C的非线性性质,这对进一步研究岩石动态本构方程具有意义。同时,文中给出的阻尼系数C的数据,对工程设计也具有参考价值。     

北京市地面沉降监测标设计与施工技术

地面沉降监测要求精度最高。本文介绍了北京地面沉降站内,监测配置和基岩标、分层标孔的结构设计,施工特点,以及适用于冲洪积平原的地面沉降监测方法。     

岩石坚硬程度对核电厂地基-基础地震响应特征的影响分析

考虑核电厂地基-基础的动力相互作用,应用显式动力有限差分法分析了地震作用下极软岩、较软岩、坚硬岩上核电厂建筑结构基础的地震响应特征,比较了岩石坚硬程度对基础加速度反应谱的影响。研究表明：随着岩石坚硬程度的提高,核电厂建筑物结构基础的地震响应有增加的趋势;在周期轴上,基础处的加速度反应谱曲线会随着岩石坚硬程度的提高逐渐向短周期（高频段）方向移动。在高频段,建造于较坚硬岩石上基础结构的加速度反应谱值偏大;在中等频段,建造于较软岩石上基础结构的加速度反应谱值偏大;在低频段,岩石坚硬程度对加速度反应谱的影响不显著。     

绥中某电力设备站场区地震危险性分析

绥中某电力设备站是东北地区较重要的电力设施,场址位于长期隆起的绥中剥蚀丘陵上。通过现场实地勘察,获得区域、近区域地震活动、地质构造、地球物理场等资料,并对工程场址进行了地震危险性分析。按工程建筑物抗震设计规范要求,分别给出了50年63%、10%和2%超越概率水平的基岩峰值加速度及反应谱,计算出地震动参数,为该电力设备站建设提供了抗震设计依据。     

湖南省核电厂侯选厂址的工程地质评价

１９９２年以来，湖南省电力勘测设计院在省内开展了核电普查选址工作，经过３年多的勘查，现已筛选出４个侯选厂址。作者著文探讨了这４个厂址的地震地质特征和工程地质条件，可供进一步选址参考     

航空磁测在我国核电站选址中的应用

为解决广东某核电站的选址问题,评价预选核电站厂址的核安全是否合格,94年航遥中心利用航空磁测资料,研究了该区域的深部构造特征及其地壳的稳定性,取得了重要的地质成果,为选择核电站厂址提供了深部地球物理依据,开拓了航磁的应用领域.     

遥感和物探在核电站选址中的应用

核能是一种安全、干净和廉价的能源。核电站的建立基于严格的地质勘察和技术设计。本文着重介绍核电站选址中不同阶段的遥感和物探工作的任务与要求,并根据我国国情提出的按系统工程的观点组织核电站选址中各阶段的遥感和物探工作。     

岭澳核电站二期工程基岩爆破安全阈值分析

核电站基础爆破开挖过程中必须严格控制岩体爆破损伤深度,确保建基面安全。以广东岭澳核电站二期工程基础爆破开挖为例,通过现场爆破振动监测、岩体声波试验以及数值模拟,综合分析了岩体爆炸振动衰减规律和损伤特征,研究了距爆源一定距离处岩体振动速度与损伤特征的关系,提出了岭澳核电站二期工程岩体爆炸损伤深度的控制方法,确定了相应的安全阈值。分析结果表明,岭澳核电站二期工程基础爆破开挖时,当距爆源30 m处的岩体质点振动速度不超过5 cm/s时,可保证下卧基岩的损伤深度小于2 m,确保建基岩完整性。     

A study on the supply relations of different groundwater in Qingdao subway line R3

In this paper, the correlation between different groundwater in the study area is analyzed by using the hydrological data from the hydrogeological test holes and the long-term observation holes based on the hydrogeological data between the Jinggangshan Road Station and the Jianianhua Station on the Qingdao Subway Line R3. The conclusions are as follows. When the drills are near the seashore (less than 50 m) and the backfilled formation has a large permeability coefficient (the backfilled components being coarse particles), the Quaternary pore water is connected with the seawater and there is correlation between the two. When the drills are far from the seashore (more than 50 m) or the backfilled formation has a small permeability coefficient, there is no correlation between the two. When the drills are near the seashore (less than 50 m) with developed bedrock fissure, the bedrock fissure water is connected with the seawater and there is correlation between the two. When the drills are far from the seashore (more than 50 m), or when the bedrock fissure is undeveloped, there is no correlation between the two. There exists an aquifer (mainly marine muddy silt clay layers and partially silt clay layers) between the Quaternary pore water and the bedrock fissure water, which blocks the connectivity between the two. Consequently, there is no correlation.     

波力电站岩坎爆破的技术与工艺

本文根据波力电站岩坎爆破的特点,提出了用多段毫秒雷管一次起爆进行周边预裂爆破、深孔削坡爆破和主坎斜孔抛掷爆破的程序,建立了药量计算的公式,分析了爆破震动对波力电站气室和机房的影响,论述了波力电站岩坎爆破的技术理论与工艺方法。     

Blasting Technique and Process for Rock Ridge in a Wave Power Station

A technique of peripheral presplitting blast with multi-ignitions of millisecond detonaters is put forward in this paper based on the characteristics of ridge blast for wave power station, the main ridge blasting with deep hole smooth blasting and casting blast of inclined holes. The formula to calculate explosive charge is established. Finally, the theory and process of this technique for ridge blasting are discussed.     

核岛结构设计地基场地及计算基底效应研究

针对新型核电工程结构AP1000核岛结构设计地基中的5类非坚硬岩场地,即硬岩场地、软岩场地、上限软-中等土场地、软-中等土场地和软土场地,采用一维土层场地模型开展场地土和计算基底条件对设计地震动影响计算分析。分析中,场地模型的计算基底剪切波速分别取为700、1 100、2 438 m/s,计算基底输入地震动分别选择基于核电建设相关技术文件和规范规定的反应谱RG1.60谱、AP1000谱和HAD101/01谱（5个阻尼比）合成的人工地震动时程。计算分析表明：非坚硬岩场地会导致场地地震动峰值加速度及频谱特性显著变化,场地越软影响程度越显著;除软土场地外,场地对地震动峰值加速度和反应谱的影响均为放大作用,软土场地对地震动较低频段反应谱有放大作用,但对峰值加速度和较高频段反应谱具有强烈的减小作用;对于各类场地,计算基底及其剪切波速的变化均会导致地表地震动峰值及频谱特性明显甚至显著变化,其影响程度与计算基底剪切波速成正比;随着场地由硬变软,计算基底剪切波速的变化对场地地震动的影响程度大为减小,至软土场地几乎不产生影响。考虑到场地类型及计算基底选取对场地地震动的显著影响,我国核电厂建设引用AP1000标准设计时应合理分析场地的适宜性。     

正确对待放射性与核安全

通过天然放射性的变化,放射性安全标准体系知识介绍,以及日本3.11大地震及引发的海啸和核泄漏对环境影响范围的分析,说明福岛第一核电站核泄漏对中国领域没有任何影响;以WHO安全标准衡量,在本洲岛的影响范围小于1万km2.同时通过实例讨论,强调了加强对核电站周边环境的日常监测,重视核电站周边放射性环境微小变化,是保障核安全的重要环节之一.最后介绍了大亚湾核电站周边水库水质重金属元素分析结果,并评价了核电站环境的安全性,指出具有好的安全保障体系的核能利用是清洁、环保的能源.     

炸药触地爆炸后核电站安全壳基底振动响应分析

现代战争或恐怖活动中,核电站很可能受到精确制导炸弹的攻击。运用有限元软件LS－DYNA3D,以5 000 kg等效TNT当量的装药在安全壳100 m外触地爆炸为例,将装药爆炸、土中传播和结构构成有限元分析体系,对安全壳基底的振动响应进行了分析。结果表明,安全壳基底和壳体的压力呈环状分布,在基底和壳体的连接处有明显的应力集中;等效应力-时程曲线和径向应力-时程曲线显示,壳体的最大等效应力为35 kPa、最大径向应力为32 kPa,均在安全范围。在给定的条件下,基底和壳体的响应值远未超出设计值,核电站的运行安全可靠。     

地面核磁共振技术在隐伏火烧区富水性探测中的应用

煤层隐伏火烧区上覆基岩复合含水层(包括风化基岩和烧变岩含水层)是煤层开采的主要威胁之一, 明确隐伏火烧区的富水性对矿井水害防治具有重要意义。基于此, 以发生过较大突水事故的柠条塔煤矿为研究对象, 利用地面核磁共振(SNMR)技术开展隐伏火烧区含水层富水性探测并对其进行分析和验证。结果表明, 隐伏火烧区共有2个含水层位, 分别为第四系松散砂层含水层和1-2 上煤上覆基岩含水层; 第四系砂层含水层富水性受地表地形及其下隔水层顶部起伏形态影响水平变化较大; 1-2 上煤上覆基岩含水层富水性总体西南较低、北东较高, 该含水层厚度9~30 m, 局部相对较厚, 推测为1-2 上煤火烧区风化基岩和烧变岩含水层的叠加反映; 研究区内1-2 上煤上覆基岩含水层总体呈现出西部及中部偏东南区域富水性相对较大, 其余区域富水性相对较小。利用SNMR得到的含水层富水程度与探放水孔及水文孔的涌水量结果大致相同, 表明该方法的勘探结果相对可靠, 可用于隐伏火烧区富水性的探测。      

广东核电站地应力测量及其应用

基于广东省3个核电站厂址区的水压致裂地应力测量结果,获得了各核电站厂址区现今地应力场分布特征,结果表明,各核电站厂址区以水平应力为主导;大亚湾、阳江核电站水平应力值随深度增加而呈线性增大,台山核电站水平应力随深度线性增加不明显;大亚湾、阳江核电站厂址区最大水平主应力方向为NW-NWW,台山核电站为NNW。根据地应力测量结果、相关理论及判据分析认为,大亚湾核电站拟建隧洞长轴方向较不利于隧洞围岩的稳定,台山和阳江核电站拟建隧洞长轴方向利于围岩的稳定和维护;各核电站拟建隧洞横截面形状以水平长轴、垂向短轴且长、短轴比近似于各隧洞截面上侧压力系数的椭圆形为宜;各隧洞在埋深范围内开挖时均没有发生岩爆的可能性。最后,依据Byerlee滑动摩擦准则,探讨了核电站外围现今活动断层的稳定性。     

Geoscientific R&D for high level radioactive waste disposal in Sweden — current status and future plans

SKB (Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB) is responsible for all handling, transport and storage of the nuclear wastes outside the Swedish nuclear power stations. According to Swedish law, SKB is responsible for an R&D-programme needed to take care of the radwastes. The programme comprises, among others, a general supportive geo-scientific R&D and the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) for more in-situ specific tasks.

Sweden is geologically located in the Fennoscandian shield which is dominated by gneisses and granitoids of Precambrian age. The Swedish reference repository concept thus considers an excavated vault at ca. 500 m depth in crystalline rocks. In this concept (KBS-3), copper canisters with high level waste will be emplaced in deposition holes from a system of tunnels. Blocks of highly compacted swelling bentonite clay are placed in the holes leaving ample space for the canisters. At the final closure of the repository, the galleries are backfilled with a mixture of sand and bentonite. This repository design aims to make the disposal system as redundant as possible. Although the KBS-3 concept is the reference concept, alternative concepts and/or repository lay-outs are also studied. The main alternative, currently under development at SKB, is disposal in boreholes with depths of 4–5 km. The geoscientific research will to a great extent be guided by the demands posed by the performance and safety assessments, as well as the constuctability issues. Some main functions of the geological barrier are fundamental for the long-term safety of a repository. These are: bedrock mechanical stability, a chemically stable environment as well as a slow and stable groundwater flux. The main time-table for the final disposal of long-lived radioactive waste in Sweden foresees the final selection of the disposal system and site during the beginning of next decade.     

Geomorphology and the location of nuclear power plant sites: the Czechoslovakian experience

The need for secure sites for such sensitive installations as nuclear power plants and radioactive waste storage has brought increasing significance to the study of the geodynamic processes of the Earth's crust. Among other Earth sciences, geomorphology in Czechoslovakia is also participating in the study of both planning and operating nuclear power station sites. The experience of Czech geomorphologists has shown that the geomorphological information is necessary part of the accurate prediction of events and time which can endanger the security of nuclear power plants, radioactive waste storages, pipelines and other large installations. Geomorphological mapping and morphostructural analysis are important tools for such studies.